part of micro minerals -iron its uses , sources, defeciency

uses of iron dietary sources, availability

1. MINERALS MICRO

2. Micro minerals are often referred to as trace minerals, meaning they are present at low levels in the body or required in smaller amounts in the animals diet. Micro minerals include chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc

3. I ron was used in very early years as a medicine. In the Ebers papyrus of Egypt, rust was prescribed as an ointment to prevent baldness. In early Greece, a solution of iron in wine was considered as a means to restore male potency. In the 17th century the treatment of chlorosis included iron supplementation. Later it was found that chlorosis is a iron deficiency. Even before the role was in nutrition of iron firmly established, the first clinical description of iron overload disease was reported in 1871. The major aspects of iron metabolism were elucidated before 1960.

4. FUNCTION Carrier of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide : The major role of iron is to permit the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide from one tissue to another. It does this as a part of haemoglobin in blood and myoglobin in muscle but also as a part of several tissue enzymes essential in cell respiration. The exchanges are involved primarily in the release of energy within the cell. Blood Formation : H aemoglobin is an essential component of the mature red blood cell. Erythrocytes begin in the bone marrow as immature cell lnown as erythroblasts, which contain a nucleus. mature in the bone marrow, they synthesize haem, an iron-containing protein from the amino acid glycine and iron along with vitamin B and copper. Haem now unites with a protein called globin, and forms haemoglobin. The RBC has no nucleus and so cannot synthesize the enzymes essential for metabolism. As a result it lives only as long as the enzymes present at its maturity remain functional--usually about 4 months. As RBCs die, they are removed from the blood by the cells of the liver, bone marrow and spleen. In the spleen, iron and amino acids of the haemoglobin molecule are salvaged and recycled.

5. Anti-infective Agent During iron deficiency, there is a decrease in the producion of iron-containing cnzymes and other immune substances neeiler to destroy infectious organisms, and iron-deficient people are less able to fight infections. Lactoferrin in human milk is an iron-containing substance that is effective against E. coli organisms in the gastrointestinal tract of infants. Here lactoferin binds iron and so it is not available for bacterial growth.

6. Other Functions Iron performs many other important functions including the following: б catalyses the conversion of B-carotene to vitamin A. б It is involved in the synthesis of purines which are required for formation of DNA and RNA. б It is involved in the synthesis of carnitine, which is needed for fatty acid transport. Synthesis of collagen, the structural protein surrounding the cell. It is necessary for antibody production. Other Functions Iron performs many other important functions including the following: catalyses the conversion of B-carotene to vitamin A. It is involved in the synthesis of purines which are required for formation of DNA and RNA. It is involved in the synthesis of carnitine, which is needed for fatty acid transport. Synthesis of collagen, the structural protein surrounding the cell. It is necessary for antibody production.

7. IR ON METABOLISM The metabolism of iron can be described as two loops, one internal and one external. The internal loop is represented mainly by the formation and destruction of red cells. When a red cell dies, after about 120 days, it is usually taken care of by the macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system of the body. The iron is released and delivered to the transferrin molecules in the plasma. Transferrin, a protein specially designated for iron transport in plasma, brings the iron back to the red-cell precursors in the bone marrow, or to other cells in different tissues under growth and development. There is thus a continuous reutilization of the iron from haemoglobin in the red cells back to new red cells or other tissues .

8. ABSORPTION:- Ingested inorganic iron is solubilized and ionized by the acid gastric juice, reduced to the ferrous(Fe++)form Absorption occurs at small intestine, most edficiently duodenum. MIBP( membrane iron binding protien) which tranfers iron into cell

9. IRON DEFICIENCY When iron can no longer be mobilized from the iron stores, insufficient amounts of iron will be delivered to transferrin, the circulating transport protein for iron. The binding sites for iron on transferrin will thus contain less and less of iron. This is called reduction of the transferrin saturation (TS). When the transferrin saturation drops to about 16% which is considered to be a critical level, the red-cell precursors get an insufficient supply of iron. Simultaneously the supply of iron to other tissues by transferrin will also be impaired. Cells with a high turnover rate, e.g. intestinal mucosa cells with a short lifespan are immediately affected. Hence an iron deficiency can be seen in growing tissues. The haemoglobin formation is also impaired. When the deficiency is sufficiently severe and longstanding will lead to a microcytic hypochromic anaemia.

10. IODINE IODINE

11. lodine is an essential constituent of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. The major role of iodine in nutrition arises from the importance of thyroid hormones to growth and development. Todine was discovered by Courtois in 1811 during the course of making gunpowder. Some seaweed ash was being used from which the iodine vaporized as a violet vapour. The element was discovered in the thyroid gland by Baumann in 1895. The relation of iodine deficiency to the enlargement of the thyroid gland or goitre was first shown by David Marine, who found that hyperplastic changes occurred regularly in the thyroid when iodine concentration fell below 0.1%. Subsequently Marine and Kimball (1922) demonstrated that endemic goitre could be prevented and substantially reduced by the administration of small amounts of iodine. Mass prophylaxis of goitre with iodized salt was first introduced in Switzerland and in Michigan.

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18. THANKS HELLO SUMMER