Participatory journalism

1. PARTICIPATORY JOURNALISM PRACTICES IN THE MEDIA AND BEYOND Kankan Zhang Hyejin Cho

2. Research subject making conceptual sense of the phenomenon of participatory journalism in the framework of journalism research determining the forms that it is taking in eight European countries and the United States

3. Early Society Small & dense communities Direct interaction between community members Rare interaction between communities(messengers, travelers)

4. Complex(modern) society Large, complex social networks Stable groups ( institutionalised , enduring structures) vs. Fluid configurations Dense ‘clusters’ vs. weakly connected parts Central vs. peripheral nodes Limited individual ‘reach’

5. Postmodern Society Large, complex social networks Extension of reach by communication technology Partial de- institutionalisation

6. The study of initiatives in online newspapers (2007) Data sample: 16 online newspapers in 9 western countries Qualitative analysis of the opportunities for audience participation and the rules and criteria regulating them Identify in each stage who were the content contributors/ managers

7. Study results in general Most of the options explored by citizen media sites had not been widely adopted Most common features: users can act upon journalistic content, eg . r anking and commenting USA Today used community-building methods, which creates more communication between users

8. Study results in stages Access/Observation Relatively few websites explicitly invite the audience to submit story ideas. Selection/Filtering No participation opportunities. Processing/Editing Usually materials are carefully selected by journalists. The content produced by users are limited to topics like entertainment and travel. Exception: El Pais and Dnevnik

9. Study results in stages Distribution Restricted participation, mainly as the ranking of the news Interpretation Comments below the news or on a separate page. Users can recommend or ‘report abuse’ towards comments .

10. Case Study: Guardian.co.uk Community -building Interpretation Access/observation Interpretation Processing/editing

11. Case study: Guardian witness Invite people to share their stories in forms of text, video and photos https:// witness.theguardian.com/assignment/527bb34ce4b055987af674ef ‘Typhoon Haiyan /Yolanda: your photos and videos’

12. References David Domingo , Thorsten Quandt , Ari Heinonen , Steve Paulussen , Jane B. Singer & Marina Vujnovic (2008) PARTICIPATORY JOURNALISM PRACTICES IN THE MEDIA AND BEYOND,Journalism Practice, 2:3, 326-342 www.guardian.co.uk https://witness.theguardian.com/