Particles of-Matter PowerPoint presentation.pptx

Particles of-Matter PowerPoint presentation.pptx

1. The Particle Model of Matter

2. All matter is made up of tiny particles. Each pure substance has its own kind of particles. These particles are always in motion, have spaces between them, and attract each other. They move faster as the temperature increases (or with the addition of heat). What is the Particle Model? 🧪

3. The Particle Model of Matter is a scientific theory used to explain the properties and behavior of matter. It states that all matter is made up of tiny particles in constant motion. What is the Particle Model?

4. STATES OF MATTER Arrangement and Motion

5. STATES OF MATTER Matter exists in different states or phases, determined by temperature, pressure, and energy. Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)

6. ✔️ Characteristics: Definite shape and volume Particles are tightly packed in a fixed, orderly arrangement (lattice) Very little kinetic energy High density and incompressibility Particles only vibrate in place Solids 🧊

7. 📌 Types of Solids: Crystalline (e.g., salt, diamond): orderly, repeating structure Amorphous (e.g., glass, plastic): no fixed pattern Phase Change: Solid → Liquid = Melting Solid → Gas = Sublimation (e.g., dry ice) 🧪 Examples: Ice, wood, iron, sugar Solids 🧊

8. SOLID has definite shape and volume has particles that are packed closely together and usually arranged in a regular pattern

9. EXAMPLES OF SOLIDS cup shirt book eraser

10. Liquid 💧 ✔️ Characteristics: Definite volume, but no definite shape (takes the shape of the container) Particles are less tightly packed than solids Particles slide past each other Moderate kinetic energy Slightly compressible

11. Liquid 💧 ✔️ 📌 Properties: Surface tension Viscosity (resistance to flow) Cohesion and adhesion 🔁 Phase Change: Liquid → Solid = Freezing Liquid → Gas = Evaporation or Boiling 🧪 Examples: Water, oil, alcohol, mercury

12. LIQUID has definite volume, but has no fixed shape has particles that can move and are in close contact

13. EXAMPLES OF LIQUIDS maple syrup shampoo orange juice olive oil

14. Gas 💨 ✔️ Characteristics: No definite shape or volume Expands to fill any container Particles are far apart, move freely at high speed High kinetic energy Easily compressible

15. Gas 💨 ✔️ 📌 Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law: Pressure vs. Volume (P ∝ 1/V) Charles’s Law: Volume vs. Temperature (V ∝ T) Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure vs. Temperature (P ∝ T) 🔁 Phase Change: Gas → Liquid = Condensation Gas → Solid = Deposition 🧪 Examples: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, steam, helium

16. GAS has no definite volume and shape has particles that are widely separated

17. EXAMPLES OF GASES helium in a balloon steam from a kettle nitrogen in a tank argon in a tank

18. Plasma ✔️ Characteristics: Ionized gas – composed of free electrons and ions No definite shape or volume Very high kinetic energy Conducts electricity, responds to magnetic fields

19. Plasma 📌 Properties: Most abundant state of matter in the universe (e.g., stars) Produces light (e.g., neon lights, auroras) 🔁 Formation: Gas → Plasma = Ionization Plasma → Gas = Deionization 🧪 Examples: Sun, lightning, plasma TVs, fluorescent lamps

20. PLASMA has no definite volume and shape has charged particles that are widely separated

21. EXAMPLES OF PLASMA lightning comet's tail flame fireball

22. Bose-Einstein Condensate ✔️ Characteristics: Occurs at extremely low temperatures (close to absolute zero) Atoms clump together and behave as a single quantum entity Very low energy state Acts more like a wave than a particle

23. Bose-Einstein Condensate ✔️ 📌 Discovered: Predicted by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein in 1920s First created in a lab in 1995 using rubidium atoms 🧪 Examples: Supercooled alkali atoms in a lab (e.g., rubidium BECs)

24. BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE exotic state of matter that happens when certain particles—bosons Normal condition - atoms move around with lots of random energy As they cool, they move more slowly.

25. EXAMPLES OF BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE helium laser light rubidium sodium

26. Changes in state refer to the physical changes that matter undergoes when it transitions from one state (solid, liquid, or gas) to another. CHANGES IN STATE

27. Temperature is the measurement that tells how hot or cold a material is. When a material's temperature changes, its state may change. TEMPERATURE

28. CHANGES OF STATE Adding or removing energy (heat) affects the movement and arrangement of particles. Melting (Solid → Liquid): Particles gain enough energy to vibrate more vigorously and break free from their fixed positions. Boiling/Evaporation (Liquid → Gas): Particles gain enough energy to overcome their attractions and escape into the air. Condensation (Gas → Liquid): Particles lose energy, slow down, and are pulled closer together by their attractions. Freezing (Liquid → Solid): Particles lose enough energy to slow down and lock into a fixed, regular arrangement.

29. MELTING Melting is the process by which a solid is heated and transformed into a liquid. This occurs when the temperature of the material reaches its melting point.

30. EXAMPLES OF MELTING melting of a wax candle melting of an ice cube

31. FREEZING Freezing is the process by which a liquid is cooled and transformed into a solid. This occurs when the temperature of the material reaches its freezing point.

32. EXAMPLES OF FREEZING freezing of juice into popsicles freezing of water into ice

33. EVAPORATION Evaporation is the process by which a liquid is heated and transformed into a gas. This occurs when the temperature of the material reaches its boiling point.

34. EXAMPLES OF EVAPORATION boiling of water drying of clothes

35. CONDENSATION Condensation is the process by which a gas is cooled and transformed into a liquid. This occurs when the temperature of the material reaches its condensation point.

36. EXAMPLES OF CONDENSATION formation of dew drops formation of clouds

37. What are other examples of matter changing its state? Question

38. 🔁 PHASE CHANGES SUMMARY Change From → To Description Melting Solid → Liquid Heat causes particles to move freely Freezing Liquid → Solid Loss of heat causes solidification Vaporization Liquid → Gas Includes evaporation & boiling Condensation Gas → Liquid Cooling gas particles slow down Sublimation Solid → Gas Skips the liquid phase Deposition Gas → Solid Gas turns directly into solid Ionization Gas → Plasma Energy strips electrons Deionization Plasma → Gas Electrons recombine with ions BEC Formation Gas → BEC Extreme cooling and compression

39. 🌍 APPLICATIONS OF STATES OF MATTER Solids: Used for structures (buildings, bridges), electronics, tools Liquids: Essential for life, used in cooling systems, chemicals, fuels Gases: Breathing (O₂), cooking (LPG), medical (anesthesia), industry Plasma: Fusion research, display screens, medical sterilization BEC: Quantum computing, superconductivity research

40. 🧠 KEY CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER Energy and particle arrangement determine the state of matter. Temperature and pressure influence phase changes. The Kinetic Molecular Theory explains the behavior of particles in each state. Each state has unique physical properties and applications.

41. What is temperature? What happens to a material when it changes its state? What are examples of changes in states of matter? CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING