Particulate nature of matter

Describe the structure of solids, liquids and gases in terms of particle separation, arrangement and types of motion
State the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases
• Describe and explain diffusion (1 core)
• Describe evidence for the movement of particles in gases and liquids (1 core)
Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation and sublimation
Explain changes of state in terms of the kinetic�theory

1. YEAR 10 CHEMISTRY WELCOME TO IGCSE CHEMISTRY We will cover the objectives given in Cambridge syllabus. Every IGCSE syllabus has its own code. Chemistry syllabus code is 0620 You will have three papers when appearing in final exams for IGCSE (extended) Paper 2: MCQs (30% of overall marks) Paper 4: written answers (50 % of overall marks) Paper 6: alternative to practical. (20 % of overall marks)

2. PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER CHAPTER 1 PRESENTED BY: Mrs. Saima

3. OBJECTIVES Describe the structure of solids, liquids and gases in terms of particle separation, arrangement and types of motion State the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases • Describe and explain diffusion (1 core) • Describe evidence for the movement of particles in gases and liquids (1 core ) Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation and sublimation Explain changes of state in terms of the kinetic theory

4. INTORODUCTION Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space/ has some volume. Everything is made up of matter. The characteristics of matter are: Made up of particles – atoms, molecules or ions Particles are in constant motion Has a mass Has a volume EAXMPLES: Air, water, glass, cement, chair, table and everything around us is made up of matter.

5. PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER All type of matter is made up of tiny bits called particles. It is just like a wall made of bricks. Different arrngemnet , spacing and the movement of particles makes three different states of matter. The differnece in properties of states of matter arise due to ; Particles arrangemen t : regular or irregular Spacing : close/touching each other or far from each other Movement : resticted movement/vibrations, sliding past each other, freely moving in random directions

6. Describe the structure of solids, liquids and gases in terms of particle separation, arrangement and types of motion

7. Structure of solids, liquids and gases Note that: Particles in a: gas are well separated with no regular arrangement. liquid are close together with no regular arrangement. solid are tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern. Particles in a: gas vibrate and move freely at high speeds. liquid vibrate, move about, and slide past each other. solid vibrate (jiggle) but generally do not move from place to place.

8. State the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases :

9. Properties of solids, liquids and gases

10. STATES OF MATTER A quick look https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21CR01rlmv4

11. Describe and explain diffusion Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration . Diffusion happens in liquids and gases because their particles move randomly from place to place. What causes diffusion? In gases and liquids, particles move randomly from place to place. The particles collide with each other or with their container. This makes them change direction. Eventually, the particles are spread through the whole container. Diffusion happens on its own, without stirring, shaking or wafting.

12. DIFFUSION

13. Describe evidence for the movement of particles in gases and liquids

14. Describe evidence for the movement of particles in gases and liquids Brownian Movement in chemistry is said to be the random zig-zag / randommotion of a particle that is usually observed under high power ultra-microscope. This movement resembles the exact motion of pollen grains in water as explained by Robert Brown, hence, the name Brownian movement.

15. Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation and sublimation State changes Substances can exist as a solid, liquid or gas . Converting from one state to another usually involves heating or cooling . Heat must be supplied to a substance for it to melt, evaporate or boil. For example, you need to heat ice to melt it, and you need to heat water to make steam . Heat must be removed from a substance to condense or freeze it. In other words, the substance must be cooled down.

16. The kinetic particle theory The kinetic particle theory explains the properties of the different states of matter. The particles in solids, liquids and gases have different amounts of energy. They are arranged differently and move in different ways. The table below summarises the arrangement and movement of the particles in solids, liquids and gases, and shows simple diagrams for the arrangement of the particles.

17. The kinetic particle theory

18. Explain state changes in terms of particle theory of matter.

19. State changes

20. QUICK QUIZ https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zthyj6f/test