Parts of Speech in English Grammar.pptx

A detail understanding of English Language through Parts of Speech

1. Parts of Speech By: Muhammad Karim Akhtar

2. Word A minimal meaningful unit of a language that can stand by itself is called a word. Words are divided into different types and categories in a language and this categorization or division is called Parts of Speech.

3. 1.Noun 2.Pronoun 3.Adjective 4.Verb 5.Adverb 6.Preposition 7.Conjunction 8.Interjection Parts of Speech

4. Word that names A Person An Idea A Thing A Place Noun :

5. Kinds of Noun There are basically 8 types of Noun but we study them in binary pairs. Common Noun VS Proper Noun Countable VS Un-countable Noun Abstract VS Concrete Noun Collective VS Material Noun

6. Common vs Proper Common Noun : is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind. Proper Noun: A Proper Noun is the name of some particular person or place. EXAMPLES: Akbar was a wise king . Lahore is a Famous City .

7. Countable Vs Uncountable Noun Countable Noun: The word which is used for those things which we can count. EXAMPLE: boy, girl, chairs, pens, etc. Uncountable Noun: The word which used for things which we cannot count. EXAMPLES: Milk, sugar, water, etc.

8. Abstract VS Concrete Abstract Noun: The word which is used as a name of a thing which we cannot touch, see etc. It does not have a physical form. Ideas, qualities, feelings, and states are abstract. EXAMPLES: Honesty, kindness, love, hate, happiness, childhood, brotherhood, patriotism etc. Concrete Noun: The word which is used as a name of those things which we can see, touch and feel as well. It has a physical form. EXAMPLES: Boy, girl, wall, laptop, table, chair etc.

9. Continue…. Quality - Goodness, kindness, whiteness, darkness, hardness, brightness, honesty, wisdom, bravery. Action - Love, theft, movement, judgment, hatred. State - Childhood, boyhood, youth, slavery, sleep, sickness, death, poverty Note: Abstract Nouns have no plural. They are uncountable. Hope, charity, love, kindness.

10. Collective VS Material Collective Noun: A Collective Noun is the name of a number (or collection) of persons or things taken together and spoken of as one whole. EXAMPLES: Crowd, mob, team, army, fleet, jury, family, nation, parliament, committee. Material Noun: The name of a material or a substance from which things are made are called material noun. EXAMPLES: bricks, cement, iron, silver etc.

11. Point out the Nouns in the following sentences 1. The crowd was very big. 2. Always speak the truth . 3. We all love honesty . 4. Our class consists of twenty students. 5. The elephant has great strength . 6. Solomon was famous for his wisdom . 7. Cleanliness is next to goodliness .

12. 8. We saw a fleet of ships in the harbor. 9. The class is studying grammar . 10. The Nile overflows its banks every year. 11. A committee of five was appointed. 12. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India . 13. The soldiers were rewarded for their bravery . 14.Without health there is no happiness . 15. He gave me a bunch of grapes.

13. Answers 1 Crowd collective 2 truth abstract 3 honesty abstract 4 Class collective 5 elephant common 6 Slomon proper 7 cleanliness abstract goodliness abstract 8 fleet collective ships Common 9 class collective grammar abstract

14. Answers 10 Nile proper bank, year common 11committee collective 12 Jawaharlal Nehru proper 13 soldiers common bravery abstract 14 health, happiness abstract 15 bunch collective grapes common

15. The Pronoun The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns. It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea. Personal Pronouns I, me, mine you, your, yours she, her, hers, it, its we,us, our, ours they, them, their, theirs myself yourself Indefinite Pronouns anybody everyone none someone, one, etc. Interrogative /Relative Pronouns who whom what which whose Demonstrative Pronouns this that these those

16. Kinds of pronoun Personal Pronoun : A word used instead of the names of persons is called personal pronoun. Examples: I, We, You, He, She, It, They, Them Etc . Indefinite Pronoun : A pronoun that does not refer to particular person or thing but refers to any person or thing in general way is called indefinite pronoun. Examples: S ome, one, none, another, any, all, few, etc.

17. Subjective Possessive Objective I WE MY/MINE OUR/OURS ME US YOU YOUR/YOURS YOU HE SHE IT THEY HIS HER ITS THEIR HIM HER IT THEM

18. Indefinite Pronoun One must not praise one's self. None of his poems are well known. None but fools have ever believed it. All were drowned. Some are born great. Some say he is a sharper. Somebody has stolen my watch. Nobody was there to rescue the child .

19. Interrogative Pronoun: These pronouns are used to ask questions. Examples: Who, whose, whom, which, what Who is knocking at the door? Whose is this umbrella?

20. Use the correct form of the Interrogative Pronoun in the following :- 1 . --- wishes to see you? 2. --- do you wish to see? 3. --- did she say was the winner? 4. --- did he invite? 5. --- shall I give this to?

21. Use the correct form of the Interrogative Pronoun in the following :- 1 . --- wishes to see you? WHO 2. --- do you wish to see? WHAT 3. --- did she say was the winner? WHO 4. --- did he invite? WHO(M) 5. --- shall I give this to? WHO

22. Relative Pronoun : It relates to one clause with another clause usually one is subordinate and other one is main clause. Examples: Who, whose, whom, which, that, what I met a professor who is my neighbour I met a girl whom I don’t know. The flowers that grow in our gardens are not for sale.

23. Relative and interrogative Pronoun The man who is honest is trusted. Blessed is he who has found his work. The moment which is lost is lost for ever. He who hesitates is lost. They never fail who die in a great cause. They are slaves Who dare not be Which of the boys saw him? Which of you has done this? Who gave you that knife?

24. Reflexive Pronoun : Refers back to the subject. They always end in self or selves. Examples: Myself, Yourself, Herself, himself, themselves, itself, etc. I hurt myself You will hurt yourself . She killed herself

25. Emphatic Pronoun: Pronouns are used for the sake of emphasis, and are therefore called Emphatic Pronouns. I feel myself comfortable here He himself was not ready to help me I myself will do it. I myself saw him do it. You yourself should do your work.

26. Identify reflexive and emphatic 1 . I will go myself . 2. Rama has hurt himself . 3. We often deceive ourselves . 4. I myself heard the remark . 5. You express yourself very imperfectly. 6. I wash myself when I get up. 7. The boys hid themselves . 8. They have got themselves into a mess. 9. She poisoned herself . 10. They loved themselves so much that they thought of no one else.

27. Identify reflexive and emphatic 11. The prisoner hanged himself . 12. The poor widow poisoned herself . 13. They enjoyed themselves . 14. Don't you deceive yourself ? 15. I myself heard the remark. 17. We exerted ourselves . 18. The dog choked itself . 19. They gave themselves a lot of trouble. 20. We seldom see ourselves as others see us.

28. Demonstrative Pronoun This pronoun is used to point out something. Examples: This, That, Those, These This is my pen. This pen is mine. That is your Book. That book is yours. Those are pretty girls. Those girls are pretty.

29. The Adjective Modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. Is that a wool sweater ? Just give me five minutes. Did you lose your address book?

30. Types of Adjective Qualitative/ adjective of quality Describes the quality of something. E.g . Beautiful, Honest, Happy, angry, ugly, red, green, mild, brave , coward, sever etc. Quantitative/ Adjective of quantity Describes the quantity of something. E.g. Five, many, all, etc.

31. Difference between the predicative and attributive adjective Predicative Works as a predicate of the sentence. Comes after the verb Example : She is beautiful . I am happy . We are honest . Attributive Works as an attribute of a noun. Often comes before noun. Example: There is a beautiful lady . The happy boy is watching. The Honest people are always respectful .

32. Activity: Pick out all the Adjectives in the following sentences 1 . The ship sustained heavy damage. 2. I have called several times. 3. Every dog has his day. 4. A live ass is better than a dead lion, 5. Every man has his duties.

33. Activity: Pick out all the Adjectives in the following sentences 6 . He comes here every day. 7. I have not seen him for several days. 8. There should not be much talk and little work. 9. Abdul won the second prize. 10. The child fell down from a great height.

34. The Verb The term ‘verb’ is from the Latin word ‘Verbum’ meaning ‘word’ Linking “ be” verbs & taste feel sound look appear become seem grow remain stay Subject predicate Action

35. Verb A word that shows an action, or a state is called verb. EXAMPLES: They study English grammar (action) We sleep at night. (state )

36. Kinds Of Verbs There are two broad types of Verb Finite Verb: a verb which is limited to Number , Person and Tense. It tells the tense and changes its form as number, person and tense changes They are called actual verbs Non-Finite Verb: a verb which is not limited to number, person, and tense. It takes the form of verb but gives the function of noun/adjectives. They are partly verbs and partly Noun/adjectives. Does not tell tense

37. Examples I want to watch a movie. He Wants to watch a movie. (Person changes) They want to watch a movie. (Number changes) I wanted to watch a movie. (Tense changes) In all above sentences , “want” changes its form with the change of person, number, and tense. But the word “to watch” does not changes its form in all these sentences. Therefore, “Want” is finite verb (actual verb) whereas “to watch” is non-finite verb.

38. Kinds of Finite verb 1. Transitive verb: which requires an object Examples: I play Cricket . I arranged an event . 2. Intransitive Verb: which does not require an object Examples: I play skillfully. I walk in the garden. 3. Helping Verbs: which help the main verb to express the tense Examples: I can swim well. I am writing a book.

39. Kinds of Helping Verbs A Modal verbs : used to indicate the function of modality – that is, likelihood, request, capacity, ability, permission, and obligation. Examples: can/ could ,  may / might , must ,  will / would , and  shall / should, need, ought to and have to, used to etc. Auxiliary Verbs: Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs which help us to form a tense or mood. Example: is, am, are, has, have, had, was, were, do, did

40. Kinds of Non-Finite Verb Gerund: When 1 st form of verb with – ing gives the function of a noun , it is called gerund. It is partly noun partly verb. Example: Smoking is injurious to health. Painting is my hobby . 2. Participle : when a form of verb gives the function of an adjective, it is called Participle. It is partly verb partly adjectives. Examples : I saw a smiling lady in the door. The laughing boy was enjoying. The broken window was looking hilarious.

41. Kinds of Participles Present Participle: When 1 st form of verb with – ing gives the function of an adjective, it is called present participle. It is partly adjective partly verb. Examples: I read an interesting book. This is a boring activity. The movie was frightening at the climax. Past participle: When 3 rd form of verb with gives the function of an adjective, it is called past participle. It is partly adjective partly verb. Examples: The confused boy was sweating. The broken vase was in the corner. The excited girl was over joyed.

42. 3. Infinitive When the base form of the verb with “to” or without “to” gives the function of a subject, an object or of an object compliment. Has two types Full Infinitive: when the base form of verb comes with “to” it is called full infinitive. Examples: To help someone is a divine act. I want to play cricket. ii. Bare Infinitive: when the base form of verb comes without “to” it is called d bare infinitive. Examples: I watched him cross the river. I made him work .

43. The Adverb Modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Answers the questions : How? He ran quickly. She left yesterday. When? We went there. Where? It was too hot! To what degree or how much?

44. The Preposition A preposition shows the relationship of a noun with another noun. They received a postcard from Ali telling about his trip to Canada.

45. The preposition never stands alone! preposition noun pronoun object of preposition preposition object You can press those leaves under glass . Her telegram to Sana and Ahmad brought good news . It happened during the last examination.

46. Some Common Prepositions aboard about above across after against along among around at before behind below beneath beside between beyond by down during except for from in into like of off on over past since through throughout to toward under underneath until up upon with within without

47. The conjunction A conjunction is a word that joins words or groups of words. and or But, Because, if, either/or neither/nor

48. The Interjection is an exclamatory word that expresses Emotion Sadness Alas! he has met an accident. Happiness Hurrah! We have won our match. Praise Bravo! you have done well.

49. Thank you!