past-modals-powerpoint_160jjjjjjjjjjj218.pptx

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1. PAST MODALS We use past modals to express degrees of certainty about the past

2. Before we go into the grammar, try to say a sentence that gives a reason for this situation: Hannah didn’t go to school last week . To speculate about past situations, we tend to use past modals. These allow us to make guesses that express how certain we are.

3. What are modals? Can you give any examples? Modals are used to say something is certain, possible, or impossible Ex: may, might, could, must, etc. Modals can also be used to talk about ability, give permission, to offer, suggest, or request something Ex: should, can, could, shall, etc.

4. Tim was really late to work today . Why? Affirmative guesses: 95% certainty – He must have missed the bus. (It’s not the first time Tim is late, and the last time he had missed the bus) 50% certainty - He might have missed the bus. He may have missed the bus. (It’s one logical possibility)

5. Annie doesn’t know where her phone is. Why? Negative guesses: 95% certainty – She can’t have left it in the kitchen. She couldn’t have left it in the kitchen . (She hasn’t been in the kitchen all evening.) 50% certainty - She may not have brought it with her. She might not have brought it with her. (It’s an educated guess, she came to my house two hours ago and I haven’t seen her phone)

6. “Formula” for past modals modal + have + past participle (of main verb) Try to complete the sentence with the modal and main verb: AFFIRMATIVE They didn’t come to the party.  They ______________________________. (I think they were busy that evening) NEGATIVE The little boy didn’t eat his ice cream.  He ______________________________. (I think he wasn’t hungry) must / might / may have been busy can’t / might not have been hungry

7. She might have had an accident. She can’t have been badly injured.

8. The student must have done very well on an exam. The teacher can’t have been angry with that student.

9. The building must have been demolished . Someone might have ended up injured. There can’t have been an earthquake. She must have been studying for a long time. She might have had an exam the next day.