To talk about a past action
that occurred before another in
the past.
Ex: He had already made the
necessary arrangements before
I arrived.
To talk about a continuous
action that was still in progress
when another action in the past
occurred.
Ex: they had been living in that
city for tem years when it was
destroyed by na earthquake.
Rule: had + past participle of the
main verb
Rule: had + been + past
participle of the main verb