PATH- 365 Diseases and images with explaination.pptx

Plant pathology Agriculutre

1. Black / Stem Rust of Wheat C.O.: Puccinia graminis tritici P.I : Urediospores present in plant debris S.I: Teliospores through air Symptom: Uredial pustules (or sori ) are oval to spindle shaped and dark reddish brown (rust) in color. Mangement : 1. Grow resistant varieties like Kalyanasona , Sonalika , Choti Lerma, Lerma Rojo , Safed lerma , NP 700 & 800. 2. Spray twice or thrice with [email protected]% or [email protected]% or Plantavax @ 0.1% , at 15 days interval.

2. Brown or leaf rust C.O: Puccinia recondite P.I . : Urediospores present in plant debris S.I: Teliospores through air. SYM: Uredia are seen as small, circular orange blisters or pustules on the upper surface of leaves. Mang : 1. Grow resistant varieties like Kalyanasona , Sonalika , Choti Lerma, Lerma Rojo , Safed lerma , NP 700 & 800. 2. Spray twice or thrice with [email protected]% or [email protected]% or Plantavax @ 0.1% , at 15 days interval.

3. Ear cockle/ Ear rot/ Tundu Disease C.O: Anguina tritici P.I : Infected seeds S.I: Irrigation water SYM: The affected ears are shorter and broader with very short or no awns on the glumes. Mang : 1. Hot water treatment of seed, first soaking seed in cold water for 4-5 hours and treating at 54°C. 2 .Soil application of nematicides such as Nemaphos , Aldicap @ 10 kg a.i /ha.

4. Kernal Bunt of Wheat C.O: Neovossia indica P.I : Teliospores in plant seeds S.I: Air borne sporidia SYM: In this disease, some grains in the spike are partially or wholly converted into black powdery masses Mang : Treat seeds with Agrosan GN or Ceresan or Vitavax @ 2-2.5 g/kg seed for eliminating air borne infection.

5. Red rot C.O : Colletotrichum falcatum P.I.: Infected Sets S.I: Irrigation water SYM: In seed pieces, the entire seed piece may become rotted and the internal tissues turn various shades of red, brown or gray. Mang : 1. Use of resistant varieties 2. Clearing fields of excessive trash and efficient drainage .

6. Grassy Shoot Disease in sugarcane C.O : MLO/ Phytoplasma P.I: Infected sets S.I: Aphid( myzus persicae ) SYM: Phytoplasma -infected sugarcane plants show a proliferation of tillers , which give it typical grassy appearance. Mang .: Moist hot air treatment of sets is suggested to control infection before planting.

7. Sclerotinia stem rot of sunflower C.O : Sclerotium rolfsii P.I: Sclerotium or plant debris S.I: Irrigation water, farm implements SYM: The lower portion of stem is covered with white or brownish white fungal colonies. In extreme cases the plants wilts and dies. Mang : 1 . Seed treatment with captan or thiram at the rate of 3 g/kg of seed. 2 .Seed treatment with carbendazim at 0.2% followed by the addition of Trichoderma harzianum 10 g/kg soil and spraying Carbendazim at 0.2 % to 15 days old seedling.

8. Rust of Sunflower C.O.: Puccinia helianthi P.I: Urediospores present in plant debris S.I: Teliospores through air SYM: Small, reddish brown pustules ( uredia ) covered with rusty dust appear on the lower surface of bottom leaves. Mang : 1. Grow tolerant variety like BSH-1 2. Spray Mancozeb or [email protected]%, 2-3 times at 10 days interval.

9. Alternaria blight of Mustard C.O: Alternaria brassicae P.I: Infected plant debris S.I: Air borne conidia SYM: The fungus attacks the lower leaves as small circular brown necrotic spots and slowly increase in size . Mang : Spraying Mancozeb @ 0.2 Kg in 100 l of water per hectare as soon symptoms appears.

10. White Rust of Mustard C.O : Albugo candida P.I: Oospores in plant debris S.I: Zoospores & sporangia SYM: White or creamy yellow pustules of various shape and size appears on the surface of the leaves, mainly on the lower surface. Mang : Seed dressing with Metalaxyl @6g/kg seed followed by a single spray with Metalaxyl + Mancozeb ( Ridomil gold) @ 0.2 %.

11. Wilt of Gram C.O: Fusarim oxysporum f. sp. ciceri P.I.: Chlamydospores in soil S.I.: Irrigation water & farm implements SYM: 1. All the leaves turn yellow and the light brown or straw colored. 2. Collapse and lie flat on the ground. Mang : Grow resistant variety : Avrodhi , Pusa - 2024 & Alok Samrat

12. Ascochyta blight of Gram C.O: Ascochyta rabiei P.I: Pycnidia present in plant debris S.I: Air borne conidia SYM: On leaflets , the lesions are round or elongated, bearing irregularly depressed brown spots, and are surrounded by a brownish red margin . Similar spots may appear on the stem and pods . Mang : Grow resistant/tolerant varieties like Gaurav , GG 588

13. Rust of Lentil C.O: Uromyces fabae P.I: Urediospores present in plant debris S.I: Teliospores through air SYM: Rust starts with the formation of yellowish- white pycnidia and aecial cups on the lower surface of leaflets and on pods, singly or in small groups in a circular form. Mang : Use of foliar fungicides as Hexaferb and Dithane M-45 give best control.

14. Alternaria bud blight of Linseed C.O: Alternaria lini P.I: Infected plant debirs S.I: Air borne conidia SYM: Bright orange and powdery pustules develop on leaves, stems and bolls but mostly on the underside of the leaves Mang : Seed treatment with Oxycarboxin . Spray of fungicides like oxathin derivatives, Dithane M-45, Cuman L.

15. Powdery Mildew of Pea C.O: Erysiphae pisi P.I: Dormant mycelium & pycnidia in infected plant debris S.I: Wind borne conidia SYM: White floury patches appear on both side of leaves as well as tendrils,stem,pods etc. Mang : Spray wettable sulphur @0.3% or karathane or calixin @0.2%

16. Rust of Pea C.O: Uromyces rabae P.I: Urediospores present in plant debris S.I: Teliospores through air SYM: The yellow aecia appear first on the under surface of the leaves, stems and petioles . Mang : Fungicidal application using Tridemorph 0.1 % or Mancozeb 0.25% effectively control the disease.

17. Vascular Wilt of Cotton C.O: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp . Vasinfectum P.I.: Chlamydospores in soil S.I.: Irrigation water & farm implements SYM: An outstanding symptom is the browning and blackening of the woody tissue . Mang : American varieties are resistant to wilt in India. Use of resistant varieties . G. hirsutum and G. barbedanse

18. Anthracnose of Cotton C.O: Colletotrichum capsici P.I : Infected plant debirs S.I: Air borne conidia SYM: The symptoms are prominent on bolls as water-soaked , circular, slightly sunken reddish-brown spots which turn black in colour . Mang : Seed treatment with Thiram 3 g OR Carbendazim 1g + Thiram 3 g/kg of seed. Spray the crop once or twice with Copper oxychloride (0.25%) or Zineb (0.25%) after boll formation.

19. Angular Leaf Spot /Black Arm of Cotton C.O: Xanthomonas axonopodis pv . Malvacearum P.I: Bacterial cells in infected seeds S.I: Wind & rain Splash SYM: Small water-soaked spots appear on the under surface of cotyledons, which may dry and wither. Elongated, sunken and dark brown to black lesions appear on stem, petioles and branches. Sunken black lesions may be seen on the bolls. Mang : Soaking seeds overnight in 100 ppm streptomycin sulphate or agrimycin .  Spraying the crop with Streptomycin sulphate 100 ppm+ Copper oxychloride (0.25%) at an interval of 15 days.

20. Die-back of Mango C.O: Botrioshaeria rhodina P.I : Infected plant debris S.I: Air borne conidia SYM: It is characterized by drying back of twigs from top downwards, particularly in older trees followed by drying of leaves which gives an appearance of fire scorch. Mang : Pruning of the diseased twigs 2-3 inches below the affected portion and spraying Copper Oxychloride (0.3%) on infected trees controls the disease.

21. Mango Malformation C.O: Fusarium moniliformae P.I: Chlamydospores in soil S.I: Wind Borne Conidia SYM: Y oung seedlings giving a bunchy top appearance. E ntire inflorescence is converted in to a compact mass of sterile flowers. Mang : Spray Benomyl or Carbendazim (0.1%).

22. Powdery mildew of Mango C.O: Oidium mangiferae P.I: Infected plant debris S.I : Bacterial cells through rain splashes SYM: The disease is easily recognized by whitish or grayish powdery growth on the inflorescence and tender leaves. Mang : Two preventive sprays with wettable sulphur 0.3% before flowers open and after fruit set. Resistant varieties: Neelum , Zardalu

23. Loranthus of mango C.O: Loranthus longiflorus P.I & S.I: Seeds disseminated by birds on the stem of host plant SYM: The seedling radicle is negatively phototrophic and thus grows towards a dark surface (often the host branch). Mang : Pruning of affected branches and burning them before the parasite flowers and sets seeds. Bird scaring

24. Gum mosaic of Citrus C.O: Phytopthora sp. P.I: Oospores & dormant mycelium in infected stem and plants parts S.I: Sporangia & zoospores by rain splash and irrigation water SYM: Reddish brown gum exudes from the bark of infected trunk. Mang : . Painting Bordeaux paste or with ZnSO4 , CuSO4, lime (5:1:4) to a height of about 60 cm above the ground level at least once a year . . Soil drenching with 0.2% Metalaxyl ( Metalaxyl + Mancozeb = Ridomil MZ 72 ).

25. Citrus Canker C.O: Xanthomonas oxanopodis pv . Citri P.I: Bacterial cells in infected plants parts S.I: Autonomous dispersal through infected seedlings SYM: On leaves first appears as small watery, translucent spots of yellow colour, than the surrounding tissue and with raised convex surface . On fruits infection spreads to the fruits on which typical cankerous spots are formed. The canker growth often encircles the twigs causing the death of the portions above the infected area leading to die-back of shoots Mang : The disease can be effectively controlled by spraying with Streptomycin sulphate 500 to 1000 ppm at 15 days interval. Also three sprayings with Streptomycin 100 ppm + Copper oxychloride (0.3%) check the canker disease.

26. Citrus Greening C.O: Liberibacter asiaticus P.I: Bacterial cells through bud woods & grafts S.I: Vector - Citrus Psylla ( Diaphorina citri ) SYM: Stunting of leaves, sparse foliation, twig die-back, poor crop of predominantly green and worthless fruits are important symptoms . Mang : Certified pathogen free budwood should be used for propagation. The insect vector can be controlled by spraying Metasystax @ 2 ml/lit at periodical intervals helps to check the spread of the disease.

27. Citrus Tristeza C.O: Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV) P.I: Infected bud woods & grafts S.I: Vector - Aphid ( Toxoptera citricida ) SYM: Tristeza affected trees look chlorotic and sickly in the early stages. Gradually the leaves drop and the defoliated twigs show die-back. Vein clearing or vein flecking Mang : For Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka, Rangapur lime is recommended as a root stock resistant to Tristeza . Sprays of insecticides like dimethoate or methyl S demeton at 2 ml/lit

28. Downey Mildew of Grapes C.O: Plasmopara viticola P.I : Oospores in plant debris S.I : Zoospores and sporangia SYM : Affected leaves become yellow and brown and dried due to necrosis . No cracking of the skin of the berries MANG : Grow resistant varieties like Champa , Red Sultana. The disease can be effectively managed by giving 3-5 prophylactic sprays with Bordeaux mixture 1% or Fosetyl -Al ( Aliette ) 0.2% or curative spray with Metalaxyl + Mancozeb ( Ridomil MZ 72) 0.2 %.

29. Grapes fan leaf Virus SYM: Fan leaf cause unusual chlorotic (yellow) patterns on leaves such as a yellow mosaic or yellow veins. Reduction of areas between the veins gives the impression of half closed fan. Mang : Eradicate weeds and host crops completely to reduce inoculum of pathogen. Soil application with nematicide ( Aldicarb , Carbamate ) controls the nematode vectors and reduce the spread of the disease. C.O: Grapevine fan leaf virus P.I: Virus present in planting materials S.I: Vector - Nematode ( Xiphenema index)

30. Apple Scab C.O: Venturia inaequalis P.I: Ascospores in infected leaves S.I: Wind borne conidia SYM: Affected leaves become twisted or puckered and have black, circular spots on their upper surface . Scabby spots on fruit begin as sooty, gray -black lesions and may have a white or red halo . Mang : Resistant varieties: Emira , Red free, Ambstraking , Ambroyal , Ambrich and Ambred . Spray Dodine 0.25% or captan 0.2% at short intervals after petal fall.

31. Fire blight of Apple C.O: Erwinia amylovora P.I: Bacterial cells in buds and woody tissues S.I: Vector- bees, flies and ants SYM: The floral receptacle, ovary, and peduncles become water soaked and dull, greyish green in appearance. Later these tissues shrivel and turn brown to black giving a burnt appearance . Mang : Bordeaux mixture + streptomycin is effective as blossom spray

32. Leaf Curl of Peach C.O: Taphrina deformans P.I: Infected plant debris S.I: Wind borne conidia SYM: The leaves of the affected trees become thickened, puckered , curled downwards and often greatly distorted Mang : The timely spraying with Bordeaux mixture (1%) is a good control of leaf curl.

33. Leaf spot of Strawberry Causal organism: Mycosphaerella fragariae P.I: Infected plant debris S.I: W ind borne conidia SYM: Small deep purple, round to irregularly shaped spots appear on the upper leaf surface. Mang : Give two to three sprays at an interval of 15 to 21 days starting from 20 days after planting with Copper oxychloride (0.3%) or Zineb (0.2%) or Mancozeb (0.3%).

34. Early blight of Potato C.O: Alternaria solani P.I: Infected plant debris S.I: Wind borne conidia SYM: Dark brown necrotic spots with yellow halo develop on older leaves Mang : Grow resistant varieties such as Kufri Naveen , Kufri Sindhuri , Kufri Jeevan . Spraying Zineb 0.25 or Mancozeb 0.25%

35. Late blight of Potato C.O: Phytophthora infestans P.I: Oospores in soil S.I: Wind borne sporangia & zoospores SYM: Initially starts from leaf tips or margins and spread inward. Small water soaked or faded green patches on upper surface of leaf which turn brown. Mang : Grow resistant varieties such as Kufri Jyothi , Kufri Badshah , Kufri Jeevan , Kufri Sherpa. Dip sprouted tubers in 0.2% Metalaxyl for 30 min before

36. Downey mildew of Cucurbits C.O: Pseudoperenospora cubensis P.I: Oospores in soil S.I: Wind borne sporangia and zoospores SYM: Yellow , angular spots restricted by veins resembling mosaic mottling appear on upper surface of leaves. The corresponding lower surface of these spots shows a purplish downy growth in moist weather . Mang : Spray Metalaxyl + Mancozeb ( Ridomil ) 0.2% or Copper oxychloride 0.3%

37. Angular leaf spot of Cucurbits C.O: Pseudomonas syringae P.I: Bacterial cells in infected seeds S.I: Wind & rain splash SYM: Small water soaked circular spots appear first and soon after large, angular to irregular, water soaked areas develop on the leaves. Mang : 1. Spraying the plants with 400 ppm solution of Streptomycin sulphate or Copper oxychloride (0.25%) effectively controls the disease. 2. Resistance or tolerance to angular leaf spot is reported in Cucumber varieties/lines such as Turkey, Premier, Raider, Sweet slice etc.

38. Mosaic of Cucurbits C.O : Cucumber mosaic virus P.I: Virus particles on weed & collateral hosts S.I: Vector Aphid(Aphis craccivora ) & Beetles SYM: The characteristic symptom is yellow mottle on all leaves after infection. Affected leaves are wrinkled in appearance and become distorted and curled. The body of the fruit becomes a light yellowish green , intermingled with spots of a much darker green colour . Mang : Vectors should be controlled by spraying of suitable insecticides like Methyl demeton @ 0.005% Eradication of weed hosts should be carried out.

39. Purple Blotch of Onion C.O: Alternaria porri P.I: Infected plant debris S.I: Air borne conidia SYM: The infection starts with whitish minute dots on the leaves with irregular chlorotic areas on tip portion of the leaves, Then circular to oblong concentric, black velvety rings appear in the chlorotic area. Mang : Copper oxychloride 0.25 per cent or chlorothalonil 0.2 per cent or zineb 0.2 per cent . Use resistant varieties for planting (Red Creole, New selection, VL 67

40. Stemphylium leaf blight of Onion C. O .: Stemphylium vesicarium P.I : Infected platn debris S.I: Air borne conidia SYM: The symptoms appear as small yellowish to orange flecks or streaks in the middle of the leaves, which soon develop into elongated spindle shaped spots surrounded by pinkish margin . Mang : Spraying of Maneb or Mancozeb or Chlorothalonil .

41. Smut of Onion C.O : Uromyces cepulae P.I: Spore bolls in soil & bulbs S.I: wind & irrigation water SYM: Dark lesions occur on the cotyledons as they emerge. In the mature plants numerous blisters are found both on the leaves and bulb scales. Bulbs are usually small. Mang : Seed treatment with thiram @ 30 g or 30 to 50 per cent carboxin + thiram at 25 g per kg of seed is proved effective in the control of the disease.

42. Neck and Bulb Rot of Garlic C.O: Botrytis alli P.I : Sclerotial bodies as seed contsminants S.I: Air borne spores SYM: Neck rot is found commonly upon the bulbs at the time of harvest. Affected scale tissue become soft. Dense layer of grey mould appear at the neck. Mang : Bulb treatement with thiram or captan or carbendazim 2g/kg and spraying with carbendazim 0.1 per cent controls the disease.

43. Anthracnose/die-back/fruit rot of chilli C.O: Colletotrichum capsici P.I: Infected plant debris S.I: Air borne conidia SYM: A small, black, circular spot appears on the skin of the fruits and spreads in direction of the long axis thus becoming more or less elliptical. Mang : Seed treatment with Captan or Thiram 3-4g/kg . Resistant varieties : G3, G4, B61, Lorai , etc.

44. Leaf curl/churda-murda of chilli C.O: Gemini virus P.I: Infected plants & alternate hosts S.I: Vector – White Fly ( Bemicia tabaci ) SYM: It causes vein clearing on young leaves at the early stages of infection , upward curling young and old leaves and stunting in most cases . Mang : Raise 2-3 rows of Maize or Sorghum as border crop. Control of whitefly by using systemic and contact insecticides like Methyl demeton (0.02%)

45. Wilt of Coriander C.O: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp . Corianderii P.I: Chlamydospores in soil S.I: Irrigation water & farm implements SYM: In affected plants lower leaves turn yellow and later dry Later , the affected plants show wilt symptom The roots of affected plants shows vascular discolouration Mang : Seed treatment with  Pseudomonas fluorescens  @ 10g/kg of seeds Soil drenching with Carbendazim 0.1% or copper oxy chloride 0.25%

46. Leaf Spot of Turmeric C.O: Colletotrichum capsici P.I: I nfected plant debris S.I: Conidia dispersed by wind SYM: Mature spots have grayish center with dark brown margins surrounded by a yellow halo . Mang : Treat rhizomes with Copper oxychloride 0.25% solution Resistant varieties – Sudarshan , Suguna

47. Botrytis blight of Marigold C.O: Botrytis cinera P.I: Sclerotial bodies in soil S.I: Irrigation water & farm implements SYM: Rotting of stems may cause plants to collapse, flower buds may fail to open and diseased flowers that open become decayed and drop prematurely . Mang : Fungicides can also be used to control the pathogen

48. Alternaria blight of Marigold C.O: Alternaria tagetica P.I: Infected plant debris S.I: Air borne conidia SYM: small blackish brown, circular spots occur initially which spread fast and become irregular later and cover large areas . Mang : The disease is controlled by spraying with mancozeb or copper oxychloride 0.2 per cent.

49. Die-back of Rose C.O : Diplodia rosarum P.I: Pycnidia on diseased twigs S.I: Wind borne conidia SYM: The pruned surface of the twig dries from tip downwards. Twigs become brown to dark brown or black. Finally it kills the whole plant . Mang : Spraying with copper oxychloride 0.2 per cent

50. Powdery Mildew of Rose C.O: Sphacelotheca pannosa var. rosae P.I: Dormant mycelium & Pycnidia in infected plant debris S.I: Wind borne conidia SYM: The disease appears as slightly raised blister-like areas on the young leaves. Soon leaves are covered with a grayish white, powdery fungal growth. Mang : Dinocap 0.07 per cent or carbendazim 0.1 per cent controls the disease effectively.

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