PATHOLOGY INTRODUCTION.pptx

Introduction of Pathology for Nursing Students

1. pathology Prepared By: Sana Usmani Department- O.B.G College- TPCON , Teerthanker Mahaveer University

2. INTRODUCTION  Pathology-  The word ‘Pathology’ is derived from two Greek words—pathos (meaning suffering) and logos (meaning study). Pathology is, thus, scientific study of changes in the structure and function of the body in disease. In other words, pathology consists of the abnormalities in normal anatomy (including histology) and normal physiology owing to disease. Another commonly used term with reference to study of diseases is ‘pathophysiology’ ( patho =suffering, physiology=study of normal function). Pathophysiology, thus, includes study of disordered function (i.e. physiological changes) and breakdown of homeostasis in diseases (i.e. biochemical changes).

3. Definition of pathology The study of the essential nature of disease, disease processes, and the structural and   functional changes in organs and tissues that   cause or are caused by disease. The study of the gross and microscopic patterns of disease.

4. Common terms in pathology Patient is the person affected by disease. Lesions are the characteristic changes in tissues and cells produced by disease in an individual or experimental animal.  Pathologic changes or morphology consist of examination of diseased tissues. These can be recognized with the naked eye (gross or macroscopic changes) or studied by microscopic examination of tissues. Causal factors responsible for the lesions are included in etiology of disease (i.e. ‘why’ of disease).  Mechanism by which the lesions are produced is termed pathogenesis of disease (i.e. ‘how’ of disease). 

5. Common terms in pathology Morphology- It is the study of structural changes   in disease (gross and microscopic)    Clinical significance of the morphologic and functional changes together with results of other investigations help to arrive at an answer to what is wrong (diagnosis), what is going to happen (prognosis), what can be done about it (treatment), and finally what should be done to avoid complications and spread (prevention) (i.e. ‘what’ of disease).    Pathogenesis- sequence and patterns of   cellular injury that lead to disease  

6. Diagrammatic depiction of disease and various terms used in pathology.

7. ETIOLOGY OF PATHOLOGY  Genetic Acquired (Environmental factors)

8. GENETIC FACTORS  AGE  GENES 

9. ENVIROMENTAL AGENTS  PHYSICAL  CHEMICAL  NUTRITION INFECTIONS  IMMUNOLOGICAL  PSYCHOLOGICAL 

10. Medical pathology  It is divided into two parts-   General Pathology- General pathology is  a broad and complex scientific field which seeks to understand the mechanisms of injury to cells and tissues, as well as the body's means of responding to and repairing injury . Areas of study include cellular adaptation to injury, necrosis, inflammation, wound healing and neoplasia. e.g.,-  Common Inflammation, Cancer, Ageing  Systemic Pathology- Specific changes in organs e.g.,- goiter, pneumonia, breast cancer

11. Clinical pathology  Definition- It is a medical specialty that is concerned with   diagnosis of disease based on laboratory   analysis of bodily fluids such as blood and   urine, using tools of chemistry, microbiology,   hematology and molecular pathology.   Histopathology-   I nvestigation and diagnosis   of disease from examination of tissues.   Cytopathology-   I nvestigation and diagnosis   of disease from the examination of isolated   cells  

12. Importance of pathology  General knowledge of how disease are caused. General patterns and classification of diseases Evolution of disease from its causes to clinical presentation  The signs and symptoms of disease  Nature, spread and precautions to prevent common diseases  Know the different disciplines that make up pathology  Better understand the patient and his disease.

13. Importance of pathology IN NURSING  •Nurses today are not merely restricted to providing  bedside care to sick and injured hospitalized patients;  they have more challenging expansions and  extensions of their role in health care delivery system.  •The study of pathology will prepare the nurses to  understand how the disease started, what was the  main cause of disease process, how diseases are  diagnosed and what changes may be expected at  cellular, tissue and organ level during the illness. 

14. IMPORTANCE OF PATHOLOGY IN NURSING  The significance of studying pathology as a separate  subject by nurses is discussed below:  1. Understanding the causes of disease: The knowledge  of pathology will equip the nurses with following  essential information related to etiology and  pathogenesis of diseases:  To understand the patterns and classification of diseases  Understanding the basic nature of diseases such as  inflammatory, degenerative, hemodynamic, infective,  autoimmune and neoplastic  To  understand  the  etiology  and  pathophysiological  mechanisms, which underlie a disease process  To familiarize the nurses with various diagnostic tests  and the terminologies used in pathological reports. 

15. IMPORTANCE OF PATHOLOGY IN NURSING  2. Knowledge about Progression of the Disease : The  knowledge of pathology helps the nurses to understand  the basic structural and functional changes that occur in  tissues, organs and the body as a whole. Furthermore,  knowledge of pathology helps the nurses:  To understand the morphological changes, which take  place in the body during various disease processes.  To appraise the evolution of disease from its causes to  the clinical presentation including signs and symptoms  of diseases.  To correlate the clinical features with the structural  and functional pathological alterations in the organs  due to the disease process.  Pathology serves as a foundation for nurses to  understand the pathophysiology of a disease, so that  nursing care can be planned more efficiently. 

16. IMPORTANCE OF PATHOLOGY IN NURSING  3. Early and Effective Diagnosis of Disorders : The  clinical manifestations of several diseases may be  similar, but the treatment of these conditions may  vary considerably. There are numerous pathological  tests available and the healthcare provider needs to  have a sound knowledge of pathology so as to order  the most relevant test to diagnose the condition  correctly.  4.  Prevention  of  Disease  Condition : There  are  several routine screening tests, which assist the healthcare  providers to diagnose a disease in the initial stages and  therefore take the preventive measures. For example  FNAC for Breast lumps.  5. Helps in Effective Management and Care of Patients:   The knowledge of pathology helps the nurses to  understand the ongoing health status of patient; and to  assess whether the patient is responding to treatment, by  monitoring a series of pathological laboratory results. 

17. REFERENCES  BOOK-  Mohan Harsh. 2015.  Textbook of PATHOLOGY. Seventh Edition. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. WEBSITE-  https://peoria.medicine.uic.edu/departments/hse-pathology/introduction-to-pathology/