Pathology of parasitic diseases of poultry.pptx

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1. PARASITIC DISEASES OF POULTRY DR. MANEESH JATAV ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY PATHOLOGY, CO.V.SC & A.H., JABALPUR

2. Syllabus Gross and microscopic pathology of helminthic diseases, Protozoal diseases and ectoparasites.

3. PARASITIC DISEASE A. Helminthic diseases Round worms (Nematodes) Flukes (Trematodes) Tapeworm (Cestodes) B. Protozoal diseases Coccidiosis Histomoniasis C. Ectoparasites Fleas and Mites House flies and Mosquitoes Lice Ticks

4. Morphologically Differentiation of Nematode, Trematodes and Cestodes

5. Nematode infection in poultry s.no. Nematode Location I/M host Pathogenicity Features 1. Ascaridia galli SI None Wt. loss, intestinal obstruction, retarded growth and increased mortality Largest nematode Adult – Small intestine Larval stage- invade mucosa 2. Capillaria anatis SI, caecum, cloaca None Emaciation, diarrhea, hemorrhagic enteritis and death, less efficient utilization of feed Smallest , highly pathogenic 3. C. Annulata Oesophaus , Crop Earthworm 4. C. Bursata SI Earthworm 5. C. Caudinflata SI Earthworm

6. s.no. Nematode Location I/M host Pathogenicity Features Clinical signs and lesions 6. C. Contorta Mouth, oesophaus , Crop None 7. C. Obsignata SI, caecum None 8. Heterakis gallinarum Caecum None Not pathogenic, role in transmission of histomoniasis Found in lumen of caecum 9. Syngamus trachea Trachea None Causes “ gapes ” in chickens Dyspnea, characterized by outstretched neck with open mouth Lesions: nodules at the site of attachment Respiratory tract, found in trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. Gapeworm , redworm , forked worm, Y shaped Weakness, emaciation, they spend time with eye closed and head drown back against the body, throw their head forward and upward and open the mouth wide to draw in air (gape) 10. Trichostrogylus tenuis Caecum None

7. Nematodes Cause: L iving in the intestines of chickens fall mainly into categories. Roundworms (Ascarid), usually 5 to 7 cm (2-3 inches) long. Hairworms ( Capillaria ), only measure 1-1.5 cm long. Caecal worms ( Heterakis ), usually 1.5 cm long. Transmission: Round worms via worm eggs shed in the faeces Species affected: Chickens and turkeys. Avian worms have a broad host range.

8. CLINICAL SIGNS AND LESIONS Mature roundworms are not a major cause of disease, but the larvae can damage the intestinal lining , causing enteritis, anemia, decreased egg production and at times eggs with pale yolks . Capillaria cause more damage to the intestinal lining and can cause enteritis and anaemia with decreased egg production and the appearance of pale egg yolks (“platinum yolks”). Caecal worms are found in the caeca and do not cause serious damage, except that their eggs can transmit blackhead ( histomonas ) – mainly in turkeys.

9. Trematodes (Flukes) Phylum – Platyhelminths Class – Trematoda Subclass- Digenea Features – Hermaphrodites, dorsoventrally flattened with an unsegmented leaf like body Require at least two hosts one definitive host and another one or two intermediate host

10. Prosthogonimosis It is a disease caused by different species of the genus Prosthogonimus . P. ovatus , P. pellucidus and P. macrorchis in which the bursa of febricious , oviduct, cloaca and occasionally peritoneal cavity get involved. These are commonly called as oviduct flukes or ductal fluke. Besides fowl, the parasites are also found in ducks, geese and other aquatic birds. These are most pathogenic trematodes of poultry.

11. Silent information on the other flukes of birds S.No . Name of fluke Site of predilection 1 st I/M host 2 nd I/M Host 1. Echinostoma revolutum Rectum and caeca Stagnicola , Helisoma Physa & Lymnaea snails Vivipara snails or tadpoles 2. Echinoparyphium recurvatum Small intestine Lymnaea Planorbis & Vivipara snails Frogs & snails 3. Hypoderaeum conoideum Ileum Lymnaea & Planorbis Tadpoles 4. Notocotylus attenuatus Caeca and rectum Lymnaea , Planorbis & Bulinus 5. Catatropis verrucosa Caeca Planorbis Snails 6. Collyriclum foba Subcutaneous Snails Probably dragon fly 7. Philophthalmus gralli Eye Melanoides tuberculata

12. Cestodes S.No . Tapeworm Main Final Host Intermediate Host Pathogenicity Clinical signs 1. Amoebtania cuneata Chicken Earthworms 2. Choanotaenia infundibulum Chicken Housefly, beetles Block the intestine 3. Davainea proglottina ( usually 7 to 10 cm long, consisting of many small segments) Chicken Slugs, snails Most harmful in young birds Emaciation, dull plumage, breathing difficulties, weakness, paralysis and death 4. Hymenolepsis cantaniana Chicken Beetles 5. Hymenolepsis carioca Chicken Stable fly, dung fly 6. Raillietina cesticillus Chicken Beetles Block the intestine 7. R. Echinobathrida Chicken Ants Most pathogenic tapeworm Associated with nodular worm of chickens and produce parasitic granuloma 8. R. Tetragona Chicken Ants Wt. loss and decreased egg production

13. DIAGNOSIS & CONTROL Post mortem examination of the intestinal contents will reveal round-worms, caecal worms, and tape worms without difficulty. Capillaria can usually be found when intestinal contents are washed through a fine mesh sieve. Control: Prevent egg loading by strategic deworming and removing infected litter after each cycle.

14. COCCIDIOSIS Most important diseases of poultry Characterized by bloody diarrhea and high mortality Most devasting poultry disease Coccidia grow in the intestinal tract and cause damage, resulting in defective digestion and absorption, dehydration, blood loss and increased susceptibility to other infectious agents In India, coccidiosis is a serious problem and is one of the biggest cause of economic losses to poultry

15. CAUSE Coccidiosis is caused by single-celled parasites of the genus Eimeria . In chickens, there are 9 species. The five most economically important species are: E. acervulina , E. maxima , E. tenella , E. necatrix and E. brunetti . Other species can be highly pathogenic ( E. mivati ) but are less ubiquitous.

16. SPREAD Ingestion of the infective form of oocyst Oocyst can be spread mechanically by animals, insects, contaminated equipment, wild birds and dust Spread from one farm to another is facilitated by movement of people and equipment between farms and by the migration of wild birds, which may spread the oocyst mechanically Threat of coccidiosis is less during hot dry weather and greater in cooler wetter weather

17. HARMFUL EFFECTS S.NO. EFFECT SPECIES LOCATION 1. Most harmful E. tenella Affects caeca Cause high morbidity and high mortality E. necatrix Middle portion of small intestine E. brunetti Lower portion of small intestine 2. Moderate harmful E. Maxima Middle portion of small intestine E. Acervulina Upper portion of small intestine (duodenum) 3. Least harmful E. Mitis & E. Praecox Duodenum

18. SYMPTOMS SNO. SPECIES SYMPTOMS 1. Cecal coccidiosis – E. tenella blood droppings, high mortality, reduced weight gain and emaciation 2. Intestinal coccidiosis – E. necatrix Severe weight loss, morbidity and mortality, older birds most affected, affected bird drooping contain blood, fluid and mucus 3. E. Brunetti Moderate mortality, loss of weight gain, poor feed conversion 4. E. Maxima Poor weight gain, diarrhea, extreme emaciation, roughening of the feathers, loss of appetite 5. E. Acervulina Reduced weight gain, reduced egg production in laying hens 6. E. Mitis and E. praecox Reduced weight gain and poor feed conversion

19. SYMPTOMS

20. POST MORTEM FINDINGS Sno . Species PM Findings 1. E. tenella Enlarged caeca and distended with clotted blood 2. E. necatrix Middle portion of SI is usually distended to twice its normal size (Ballooning) and blood filled 3. E. Brunetti Lining of small intestine covered with tiny hemorrhages Clotted blood and mucosa are seen in drooping Mucosa may be thickened and swollen 4. E. Maxima Middle portion of SI may be loose and filled with fluid containing mucus and blood (ballooning) 5. E. Acervulina Changes seen in surface of SI and duodenum Mucosa covered with white plaques which arrange in transverse fashion and cause ladder like appearance

21. DIAGNOSIS The presence of faces with blood, dysentery and diarrhea suggests coccidiosis Post mortem examination is necessary to confirm diagnosis Microscopic examination: presence of schizonts without oocysts is typical for E. necatrix and presence of both schizonts and oocysts in the caeca indicates E. tenella infection

22. CONTROL Drugs: mainly for prevention Coccidiostat: compound that inhibits the lifecycle but does not kill the parasite Coccidiocide : compound that kill the parasite Anticoccidial: drugs that act against coccidia Main drugs currently used Ionophores: monensin , maduramicin , salinomycin , Iasalocid , narasin Thiamine analogues: Amprolium Sulphonamides : Diclazuril, toltrazuril Carbanilide: Nicabazin Pyridones : Clopidol Quinolones Decoquinate

23. HYGIENE Good hygiene

24. Black head ( Histomonosis , Enterohepatitis ) Cause : A protozoan parasite, Histomonas meleagridis Transmission: Direct transmission by infected water, feed, or droppings has been proved. Indirect transmission by infected eggs of the caecal worm. Heterakis gallinarum , is also a major factor. Raising turkeys and chickens on wire and indoors decreases the incidence of blackhead Species affected: Chickens and turkeys and peafowl are natural hosts to blackhead infections

25. CLINICAL SIGNS AND LESIONS Affected birds are depressed, stand or sit with ruffled feathers, and have yellowish diarrhea . Darkening of head parts, especially in turkeys , gave the name to the disease ( black head ). Gross lesions include circular necrotic areas in livers with a crater-like center and cheesy cores in the caeca . Blackhead can cause high mortality, particularly in young turkey poults, but the disease can also affect older birds. In chickens the mortality from blackhead infection is usually lower, young chickens being the most susceptible.

26. DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL Diagnosis: Clinical signs together with post mortem. Treatment : Treatment with protozoan chemotherapeutics is usually effective. Such drugs can also be given at preventive levels in turkeys starter and grower feed. Growing turkeys on wire and indoors can reduce the incidence of blackhead to a large extent, but even so, strict hygiene and elimination of caecal worms are important control measures.

27. Ectoparasites of poultry Lice: Common external parasites of birds Several species of biting (Chewing) lice may infect poultry Cause irritation by feeding on skin and feather S.No . Lice Feathers Pathogenicity 1. Menacanthus stramineus Commonest, found on the skin especially around the cloaca and on the breast and thighs. Consume blood by puncturing soft quills near the bases Severe lousiness leads to wt. loss and low production 2. Lipeurus caponis Wings and tails feathers 3. Cuclotogaster heterographus Feathers of the head 4. Goniocotes gallinae Down feathers

28. 2. Fleas : Echidnophaga gallinacea : cause irritation and blood loss 3. Mites : Two species of non-burrowing mite can be serious ectoparasites due to their blood-sucking habits. These are Dermanyssus gallinae – the red mite Ornithonyssus ( Liponyssus ) sylviarum : the northern fowl mite

29. RED MITE Cause: Blood sucking mite “ Dermanyssus gallinae ” that parasitize birds, Red mites are obligatory but temporary nocturnal blood feeders , they visit their hosts at night and after engorging blood for 30 to 60 minutes return to their hiding places. Transmission: Chicken mites live in large colonies or clusters (sometimes multi-layered) near the roosting or resting places of chicken and survive for more than 9 months Species affected : Chickens Can transmit Borrelia anserina

30. CLINICAL SIGNS Blood loss leading to anemia, irritation and stress due to disturbed sleep, increased feed intake. Blood spots on eggs resulting in egg downgrading, higher infestations lead to lowered egg production. Red mites can act as vectors for bacterial and viral diseases.

31. Borrowing mites: Cnemidocoptes (Genus) S.No . Mites Pathogenicity 1. C. gallinae Depluming itch mite 2. C. mutans Scaly leg mites 3. Cytodites nudis / nudus Emaciation, peritonitis, pneumonia and obstruction of air passage and predisposing factors for tuberculosis 4. Laminiosioptes cysticola Subcutaneous connective tissue

32. DIAGNOSIS & CONTROL Clinical signs, workers irritation to identify the red mite. Poultry house hygiene, whole flock replacement rather than partial culling Cleaning thoroughly after removing previous flock, avoid bringing in new mites: via egg cases, egg trays, egg containers, transport equipment, passive transmission by people, vaccination crew, rodents or wild birds.

33. Ticks Soft tick : Argas persicus Argas persicus transmits Borrelia anserine (cause of spirochetosis)