pathophysiology of connective tissue.pptx

Pathophysiology

1. Pathophysiology of connective tissue 12/2/2023 1

2. Pathophysiology of connective tissue Connective tissue is a type of tissue in the body that provides structural support, connects and anchors different body parts, and plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall integrity and function of organs and tissues. 12/2/2023 2

3. Cont.… Pathophysiology refers to the abnormal changes that occur in connective tissue, leading to pathological conditions . These changes can be caused by autoimmune disorders, infections , inflammation , or other external factors. Here are some common pathophysiological conditions affecting connective tissue: 12/2/2023 3

4. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): RA is a chronic autoimmune disease primarily affecting the joints. In RA, the immune system attacks the synovial membrane, a connective tissue lining the joints, leading to chronic inflammation, joint destruction, and deformities. Extra-articular manifestations may also occur, affecting other connective tissues such as the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. 12/2/2023 4

5. Cont.…. 12/2/2023 5

6. P athophysiology an abnormal immune response in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues, specifically the synovium (lining of the joints). This immune response is believed to be triggered by a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. 12/2/2023 6

7. Cont.… Once the immune response is triggered, it leads to chronic inflammation in the synovium . This inflammation causes thickening of the synovium and the production of inflammatory cytokines, These cytokines further disseminate the inflammatory response and contribute to joint damage . 12/2/2023 7

8. Cont.… The chronic inflammation and thickening of the synovium eventually lead to destruction of cartilage and bone within the joints. The synovium becomes invasive and forms pannus , which erodes cartilage and bone. This results in joint deformities, reduced range of motion, and loss of joint function. 12/2/2023 8

9. Causes The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown . However, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, particularly the synovium (the lining of the joints), leading to inflammation and joint damage. 12/2/2023 9

10. Signs and Symptoms: joint pain and stiffness;- Swelling and warmth Joint deformity Fatigue Systemic symptoms Morning stiffness 12/2/2023 10

11. Systemic Sclerosis: Systemic sclerosis, also known as scleroderma, is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the connective tissue throughout the body . It is characterized by excessive collagen deposition , leading to fibrosis and thickening of the skin , blood vessels, and internal organs . This can result in symptoms such as Raynaud's phenomenon, skin tightening, joint pain, gastrointestinal issues, pulmonary fibrosis, and renal complications. 12/2/2023 11

12. Cont.… 12/2/2023 12

13. Cont.… The exact cause of systemic sclerosis is unknown , but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors . Genetic predisposition plays a role, as certain genes have been identified to be associated with an increased risk of developing the disease . Environmental triggers, such as exposure to certain chemicals or infections , may also contribute to the development of systemic sclerosis. 12/2/2023 13

14. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis involves activation of the immune system and abnormal activation of fibroblasts , which are cells responsible for producing collagen . In a normal immune response, the immune system protects the body from foreign invaders . However, in systemic sclerosis, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, leading to inflammation and activation of fibroblasts . 12/2/2023 14

15. Cont.… Activated fibroblasts produce excessive amounts of collagen, leading to fibrosis and scarring in various organs . This fibrosis can affect multiple systems in the body, including the skin, blood vessels, lungs, heart, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. The extent and severity of fibrosis can vary among individuals with systemic sclerosis, leading to a wide range of clinical manifestations. 12/2/2023 15

16. Clinical Features 12/2/2023 16

17. Osteoarthritis : Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that primarily affects the articular cartilage , a type of connective tissue that covers the ends of bones within joints . Over time, the cartilage breaks down, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced range of motion in the affected joints. Osteoarthritis can also involve changes in other connective tissues within the joint, such as the synovium and ligaments . typically affects weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, and spine. 12/2/2023 17

18. Cont.… 12/2/2023 18

19. Cause of osteoarthritis 12/2/2023 19

20. P athophysiology The pathophysiology of osteoarthritis involves a complex interplay of mechanical, biochemical and inflammatory processes . The breakdown of cartilage in the joints is a key feature of osteoarthritis . Cartilage is a smooth, elastic tissue that cushions the ends of bones in a joint, allowing for smooth movement. 12/2/2023 20

21. Cont.… In osteoarthritis, the cartilage becomes damaged and wears away over time. Mechanical factors, such as repetitive stress or abnormal joint alignment, can lead to increased pressure on the cartilage, causing it to break down more quickly. Biochemical factors also play a role, as the production and degradation of cartilage components become imbalanced. Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and enzymes, are released in the joint, promoting cartilage breakdown and inflammation. 12/2/2023 21

22. Clinical Manifestations 12/2/2023 22

23. Gout : is a form of inflammatory arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. These crystals can trigger an immune response and inflammation within the affected joint, leading to severe pain, swelling, and redness . While gout primarily affects the joints, it can also lead to the formation of tophi , which are deposits of uric acid crystals in connective tissues throughout the body . 12/2/2023 23

24. Cont … 12/2/2023 24

25. Pathophysiology : Gout occurs due to an imbalance in the production and elimination of uric acid in the body . Uric acid is a waste product that is formed when purines, substances found in certain foods and naturally occurring in the body, are broken down . Normally, uric acid is dissolved in the blood and excreted through the kidneys in urine . 12/2/2023 25

26. Cont.… However, in individuals with gout, there is either an overproduction of uric acid or a decreased ability to eliminate it , leading to its accumulation in the blood . When uric acid levels become too high, it can form crystals that are deposited in the joints, tendons, and surrounding tissues. These crystals trigger an immune response, causing inflammation and the characteristic symptoms of gout. 12/2/2023 26

27. C aused and Risk factors 12/2/2023 27

28. Cont.… 12/2/2023 28

29. Signs and symptoms 12/2/2023 29

30. Skin malfunctioning 12/2/2023 30

31. Skin malfunctioning refers to a variety of conditions and disorders that affect the normal functioning of the skin. The skin is the largest organ in the body and plays a crucial role in protecting the body from external factors, regulating temperature, and facilitating sensory perception. When the skin malfunctions, it can lead to various symptoms, discomfort, and potential complications . There are numerous skin malfunctioning conditions, including: 12/2/2023 31

32. Dermatitis : Dermatitis is a term used to describe inflammation of the skin. It can have various causes and can present with different signs and symptoms. Some common types of dermatitis include atopic dermatitis (eczema), contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and allergic dermatitis. 12/2/2023 32

33. Cont.… 12/2/2023 33

34. Risk factors for developing dermatitis 12/2/2023 34

35. Pathophysiology of dermatitis Allergic reactions : Allergic dermatitis occurs when the immune system reacts to an allergen, such as certain metals, chemicals, or substances like latex or fragrances . The immune response triggers inflammation in the skin, leading to the characteristic signs and symptoms of dermatitis. 12/2/2023 35

36. Cont.… Irritant contact : Irritant contact dermatitis occurs when the skin comes into direct contact with an irritant, such as soaps, detergents, solvents, or certain fabrics . These substances can damage the skin's protective barrier, leading to inflammation and irritation . 12/2/2023 36

37. Cont.… Genetic factors: Atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema, has a strong genetic component. Certain gene mutations can affect the skin's barrier function and immune response, making individuals more susceptible to developing dermatitis. 12/2/2023 37

38. Cont.… Environmental factors : Environmental factors, such as dry or cold weather, high humidity, or excessive heat, can contribute to the development of dermatitis. These conditions can disrupt the skin's natural moisture balance and compromise its protective barrier, making it more susceptible to inflammation. 12/2/2023 38

39. Cont.… Microbial factors: Certain types of dermatitis, such as seborrheic dermatitis, can be caused by an overgrowth of yeast or other microorganisms on the skin. These microorganisms can trigger an inflammatory response in susceptible individuals. 12/2/2023 39

40. Cont.… Autoimmune factors : In some cases, dermatitis can be associated with autoimmune disorders, where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells. This can lead to chronic inflammation and the development of dermatitis. 12/2/2023 40

41. Signs and symptoms of dermatitis 12/2/2023 41

42. Psoriasis: Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition that affects the skin cells . It is characterized by the rapid buildup of skin cells, leading to the formation of thick, red, and scaly patches on the skin. The exact cause of psoriasis is unknown, but several factors are believed to contribute to its development and symptoms. 12/2/2023 42

43. Cont.… 12/2/2023 43

44. Risk factors 12/2/2023 44

45. The mechanisms of psoriasis Abnormal immune response : Psoriasis is characterized by an overactive immune system that mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells. This immune response leads to inflammation and the rapid turnover of skin cells, resulting in the formation of psoriatic plaques 12/2/2023 45

46. Cont.… Genetic factors : Certain genetic variations are associated with an increased risk of developing psoriasis. These variations can affect the functioning of immune cells and contribute to the abnormal immune response seen in psoriasis. 12/2/2023 46

47. Cont.… Cytokine imbalance : Cytokines are proteins that play a role in cell signaling and inflammation. In psoriasis, there is an imbalance of certain cytokines, t his imbalance contributes to the chronic inflammation seen in psoriatic plaques. 12/2/2023 47

48. Cont.… Vascular changes: Psoriasis is associated with changes in blood vessels in the affected skin . These changes include dilation and increased blood flow, which contribute to the redness and warmth seen in psoriatic plaques. 12/2/2023 48

49. Cont.… Neurogenic inflammation : Psoriasis is also believed to involve neurogenic inflammation, where nerve fibers release substances that promote inflammation and contribute to the symptoms of itching and burning in psoriatic skin. 12/2/2023 49

50. Signs and S ymptoms Red patches of skin covered with thick, silvery scales. Dry and cracked skin that may bleed. Itching or burning sensation in the affected areas. Thickened and pitted nails. Stiff and swollen joints in cases of psoriatic arthritis. 12/2/2023 50

51. Acne: Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become congested with oil and dead skin cells . It is characterized by the presence of blackheads , whiteheads, and in some cases, cysts or nodules. 12/2/2023 51

52. Cont … 12/2/2023 52

53. Risk factors 12/2/2023 53

54. Pathophysiology Excess sebum production: Sebaceous glands in the skin produce an oily substance called sebum, which helps to lubricate and protect the skin . In individuals with acne, there is an overproduction of sebum, leading to an accumulation of oil on the skin's surface. 12/2/2023 54

55. Cont.… Clogged hair follicles : The excess sebum combines with dead skin cells and forms a plug that blocks the hair follicles . This plug, known as a comedo , can be open (blackhead) or closed (whitehead). 12/2/2023 55

56. Cont.… Bacterial overgrowth : The blocked hair follicles provide an ideal environment for the growth of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes ), a type of bacteria that normally resides on the skin . The overgrowth of these bacteria contributes to the inflammation and redness associated with acne. 12/2/2023 56

57. C ont.…. Inflammation : When the hair follicles become clogged and infected with bacteria, the body's immune system responds by releasing inflammatory chemicals . This inflammation leads to the formation of papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts. 12/2/2023 57

58. Cont.… Hormonal factors: Hormonal fluctuations, particularly increased levels of androgens (male hormones), can stimulate the sebaceous glands to produce more sebum . Hormonal changes during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and menopause can contribute to the development of acne. 12/2/2023 58

59. Cont.… Genetic factors : There is evidence to suggest that genetics play a role in acne development. If a person has a family history of acne, they may be more likely to develop the condition themselves. 12/2/2023 59

60. Cont.… Environmental factors : Exposure to certain substances, such as oily or greasy cosmetics, can clog pores and worsen acne. Additionally , friction from tight clothing or helmets can contribute to the development of acne. 12/2/2023 60

61. Signs and Symptoms 12/2/2023 61

62. Skin Cancer: Skin cancer is a condition characterized by the abnormal growth of skin cells, typically caused by damage to the DNA of skin cells . There are several types of skin cancer, with the most common being basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. 12/2/2023 62

63. Cont … 12/2/2023 63

64. Risk factors for skin cancer 12/2/2023 64

65. Pathophysiology Ultraviolet (UV) radiation : Exposure to UV radiation from the sun or tanning beds is a major cause of skin cancer. UV radiation damages the DNA in skin cells, leading to mutations and the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. 12/2/2023 65

66. Cont.… Genetic mutations : Certain inherited genetic mutations can increase the risk of developing skin cancer. 12/2/2023 66

67. Cont.… Chemical exposure : Exposure to certain chemicals, such as arsenic or certain industrial chemicals, can damage the DNA in skin cells and increase the risk of developing skin cancer. 12/2/2023 67

68. Cont.… Immune system suppression : A weakened immune system, such as in individuals with HIV/AIDS or those who have undergone organ transplantation and are taking immunosuppressive medications, can impair the body's ability to detect and eliminate abnormal cells, increasing the risk of skin cancer. 12/2/2023 68

69. Cont.… Chronic inflammation : Chronic inflammation, such as that seen in conditions like chronic wounds or inflammatory skin diseases, can promote the development of skin cancer by causing DNA damage and stimulating cell growth. 12/2/2023 69

70. Cont.… Age-related changes : As we age, our skin becomes less able to repair DNA damage , making older individuals more susceptible to developing skin cancer. 12/2/2023 70

71. Signs and symptoms 12/2/2023 71

72. Melasma : is a common skin condition characterized by brown or gray patches on the face , most commonly on the cheeks, forehead, nose, and upper lip. It is more common in women and is often associated with hormonal changes during pregnancy or while taking birth control pills . Sun exposure can worsen melasma. 12/2/2023 72

73. Cont … 12/2/2023 73

74. Risk Factors 12/2/2023 74

75. Pathophysiology Overproduction of melanin : Melasma is characterized by an increase in melanin production in the affected areas of the skin. Melanin is the pigment responsible for giving color to the skin, hair, and eyes . It is produced by specialized cells called melanocytes . In melasma, there is an overactivity of melanocytes, leading to the excessive production and accumulation of melanin in the skin. 12/2/2023 75

76. Cont.… Hormonal influences : Hormonal fluctuations, such as those occurring during pregnancy or with the use of hormonal therapies, are known to trigger or worsen melasma. The exact mechanisms by which hormones influence melanin production are not fully understood, but it is believed that estrogen and progesterone may play a role in stimulating melanocytes and increasing melanin production . 12/2/2023 76

77. Cont.… Sun exposure: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is a major trigger for melasma . Sunlight stimulates the production of melanin and can also activate existing melanocytes, leading to increased pigmentation in the affected areas. UV radiation can also cause DNA damage and inflammation, which may contribute to the development of melasma. 12/2/2023 77

78. Cont.… Genetic factors: There is evidence to suggest that certain genetic factors may make some individuals more susceptible to developing melasma. Specific genes involved in melanin production and regulation may play a role in determining an individual's risk of developing the condition. 12/2/2023 78

79. Cont.… Inflammation: Inflammation has been implicated in the development of melasma. It is believed that chronic low-grade inflammation in the skin may contribute to the activation of melanocytes and increased melanin production. 12/2/2023 79