Pathophysiology stroke

stroke types, etiology, sign and symptoms and pathogenesis

1. Pathophysiology STROKE Nem Kumar Jain MS (Pharm.) Pharmacology & Toxicology Assistant Professor, School of Pharmacy ITM University Gwalior

2. Stroke It is a medical emergency in which the blood supply to any portion of the brain is interrupted or reduced Leading to localized brain damage and subsequent brain dysfunction or neurological deficit For the brain to function, it needs a constant supply of blood to deliver vital nutrients like glucose and oxygen to the brain cells A Stroke occurs when this supply is impaired or cut off Other names: Cerebro - vascular accident/disease (CVA) Cerebral Infarction Cerebral Haemorrhage

3. Epidemiology* According to the World Health Organization , 15 million people suffer stroke worldwide each year. Of these, 5 million die and another 5 million are permanently disabled. High blood pressure contributes to more than 12.7 million strokes worldwide . Europe averages approximately 650,000 stroke deaths each year . Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in India. The estimated adjusted prevalence rate of stroke range, 84-262/100,000 in rural and 334-424/100,000 in urban areas. *2018, WHO & NHS

4. Stroke The symptoms of a stroke are dependent on what portion the brain is damage

5. Etiology and Risk Factors Sedentary lifestyle: Being overweight or obese Physical inactivity Unhealthy diet High blood pressure (hypertension) High cholesterol (Hypercholesterolemia or dyslypidemia ) Atherosclerosis or hardening Diabetes Cardiovascular disease (heart failure, heart defects heart attack, arrhythmia) Obstructive sleep apnoea: sleep disorder in which the oxygen level intermittently drops during the night Tumour Infection ( endocarditis ) Smoking Alcohol consumption Age more than 50 years Gender: men have higher risk to develop, in female onset is late but more deadly Female may develop stroke as secondary to use of birth control pill and hormonal therapy ( estrogen ), as well as pregnancy and child birth Race: african - american have higher risk of stroke than other races Asian> european Previous history of vascular event: myocardial infarction, peripheral embolism

6. Types of Stroke Most common type of stroke (85%)and is caused by blockage of the blood vessels supplying the brain This may be due to hardening and narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis) or by a blood clot blocking a blood vessel The most severe type of stroke. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain burst, allowing blood to leak and cause damage to an area of the brain weakening of an artery wall that creates a bulge, or distention

7. Stroke

8. Transient Ischemic attack (TIA) is one of the serious risk factor for developing Stroke and lethality

9. Sign and symptoms