Patient monitoring system and biotelemetry

Unit 6- Patient monitoring system and biotelemetry

1. Unit 6. Patient monitoring system and biotelemetry 6.1 ECG Monitoring 6.2 B.P monitoring 6.3 ICU monitoring instruments 6.4 Biotelemetry for general use 6.5 The components of a biotelemetry system 6.6 Design of a system. 6.7 Multichannel system 6.8 Frequency modulation techniques in telemetry link 6.9 Real time processing 6.10 Telemetry in operating room 6.11 Sports physiology studies through telemetry BY- SANJU SAH St. Xavier’s college, Maitighar , Kathmandu Department of Microbiology

2. 6.1 ECG Monitoring The most important physiological monitored in hospital are heart rate and morphology or shape of ECG. To detect arrhythmias or change in heart rate. Special monitors known as cardiac monitors are used. Also known as cardiosope .

3. 6.2 B.P monitoring BP is most often measured and intensively studied parameter in medical science. Pressure measurement are vital indication in successful in treatment. Type Direct method Indirect method: Non invasive BP monitoring.

4. Direct method S catheter or needle type electrode type probe is inserted through vein or artery. Two types of probe With sensor mounted in the tip of probe Fluid filled catheter type:- pressure exerted on its fluid filled column to external transducer Gives information likes stroke volume, duration of systole, ejection time.

5. ADVANTAGE OF IABP continuous beat-to-beat pressure measurement, close monitoring of critically ill patients on vasoactive drugs Pulse waveform analysis provides other important hemodynamic parameters reduces the risk of tissue injury and neuropraxias in patients who will require prolonged blood pressure measurement allows frequent arterial blood sampling more accurate than NIBP, especially in the extremely hypotensive or the patient with arrhythmias.

6. ICU monitoring instruments Repeated or continuous observations or measurements of the patient, his or her physiological function, and the function of life support equipment, for the purpose of guiding management decisions, including when to make therapeutic interventions, and assessment of those interventions is known as patient monitoring Required for accurately acquiring and assimilating information about patient under care. Capability of providing an immediate alarm in events of abnormalities.

7. Patient Monitoring in ICUs Categories of patients who need physiologic monitoring: Patients with unstable physiologic regulatory systems; Example: a patient whose respiratory system is suppressed by a drug overdose or anesthesia. Patients with a suspected life-threatening condition; Example: a patient who has findings indicating an acute myocardial infarction (heart attack). Patients at high risk of developing a life-threatening condition; Example: patients immediately post open-heart surgery, or a premature infant whose heart and lungs are not fully developed. Patients in a critical physiological state; Example: patients with multiple trauma or septic shock.

8. ICU Instruments Patient Monitors:- To monitor vitals of the patients which includes ECG, BP(IBP/NIBP), SPO2, respiration rate, temperature etc. Syringe and infusion pumps: to deliver drugs and nutrition to the patient in a controlled and precise dose. Ventilators: For artificial respiration in the patients who can not breath on their own.

9. Defibrillators: to deliver shock in case of cardiac abnormality like fibrillation, systole etc. Arterials blood gas Analyzer: To analyze the blood gas level in arterial blood of the patients.

10. 6.4 Biotelemetry for general use 6.5 The components of a biotelemetry system 6.6 Design of a system. 6.7 Multichannel system 6.8 Frequency modulation techniques in telemetry link 6.9 Real time processing 6.10 Telemetry in operating room 6.11 Sports physiology studies through telemetry

11. Biotelemetry Use of telemetry methods in order to remotely observe, document and measure certain physiological functions. Measurements in biotelemetry can be categorized in two category: Bioelectric variables: ecg , eeg etc Physiological variables: Bp, temperature etc.

12. The components of a biotelemetry system The Transmitter: Physiological variables are obtained form the subject, passed through a stage of amplification and processing circuits that includes generation of subcarrier and a modulation stage for transmission. Block Diagram of Transmitter.

13. The Receiver: receiver consist of a tuner to select the transmitting frequency, a demodulator to separate the signal from the carrier wave and a means of display or recording the signal. Block diagram of receiver circuit

14. Design of a system Most biotelemetry systems involves the use of radio transmission. Radio transmission involve transmission of RF carrier. RF carrier is a high frequency sinusoidal signal which, when applied to an appropriate transmitting antenna, is propagated in the form of electromagnetic waves.

15. Types of Modulation Amplitude modulation Amplitude modulation  (AM) is a modulation technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. In amplitude modulation, the amplitude (signal strength) of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to the waveform being transmitted. Frequency modulation Frequency modulation  ( FM ) is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. This contrasts with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the carrier wave varies, while the frequency remains constant.

16. Single Channel and Multichannel System Single Channel System: Single parameter is transmitted E.g ECG, temperature Multichannel System: Simultaneous transmission of several parameters Multiplexing technique is used.

17. Multichannel System Multiplexing technique Frequency division Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) is a scheme in which numerous signals are combined for transmission on a single communications line or channel. Each signal is assigned a different  frequency ( subchannel ) within the main channel. Time division Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting and receiving independent signals over a common signal path by means of synchronized switches at each end of the transmission line so that each signal appears on the line only a fraction of  time  in an alternating pattern.