Pea cultivation presentation

pea ppt

1. Welcome

2. Presentation on Production Technology of Pea ( Pisum sativum ) Presented by, Mr. Padalkar D. A. Jr. M.Sc. Hort.

3. Introduction Pea is a very common nutritious vegetable grown in the cool season throughout the world. Pea ( Pisum sativum L.)is grown as a vegetable crop for both fresh and dried seed. Present world production is about 13.5 million tonnes dry pea and 4.8 million tonnes fresh pea. In India, it is grown as winter vegetable in the plains of North India and as summer vegetable in the hills.

4. Maximum cultivation of pea is in Uttar Pradesh, about 60 %, followed by Bihar, Madhya Pradesh. Pea is containing high percentage of digestive protein, along with carbohydrates and vitamins. Being nitrogen fixing legume, its value as a green manure crop has long been recognized.

5. Origin The origin and progenitors of Pisum sativum are not well known. The Mediterranean region, Western and Central Asia and Ethiopia have been indicated as center of origin. Recently the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) designated Ethiopia and western Asia as centers of diversity, with secondary centers in southern Asia and the Mediterranean region. Archaeological evidence of the use of peas dating from 8000 BC has been found in the Fertile Crescent. The first cultivation of peas appears to have been in western Asia, from where it spread to Europe, China and India. In classical times, Greek and Roman authors mentioned its cultivation as a pulse and fodder crop.

6. Taxonomy Kingdom - Plantae Subkingdom - Tracheobionta Superdivision - Spermatophyta Division - Magnoliophyta Class – Magnoliopsida Subclass - Rosidae Order – Fabales Family - Fabaceae Genus - Pisum L. species - Pisum sativum L.

7. Description of the plant P. sativum is an annual plant, with a life cycle of one year. It is a cool-season crop grown in many parts of the world; planting can take place from winter to early summer, depending on location. The pea is a green, pod-shaped vegetable, widely grown as a cool-season vegetable crop. There are generally three types of peas that are commonly eaten: garden or green peas ( Pisum sativum L .), snow peas ( Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon ) and snap peas ( Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon ser. cv.)

8. Garden peas have rounded pods that are usually slightly curved in shape with a smooth texture and vibrant green colour. Inside of them are green, rounded pea seeds that are sweet and starchy in taste. Snow peas are flatter than garden peas and are not fully opaque. Snap peas, a cross between the garden and snow pea, have plump pods with a crisp, snappy texture. The pods of both snow peas and snap peas are edible, and both feature a slightly sweeter and cooler taste than the garden pea.

9. Botany Pea is an annual herbaceous plant and leguminous crop . Roots : Plants have a taproot system with nodules on the surface. Stem : Stems are hollow, slender, succulent and ridged.

10. Leaves : It bears innately compound leaves with three pairs of leaflets and the terminal one is modified into a branched tendril. At the base of the petiole, a large pair of stipules or bracts is found, and they cover the petioles in such a way that the leaves appear to be sessile.

11. Leaves Development

12. Flower: Flowering usually begins 40 to 50 days after planting. Flowering is normally two to four weeks, depending on the flowering habit and weather during flowering. The flowers are arranged in the form of an axillary raceme. The flowers may be reddish, purple or white. They are self-pollinated and develop into 5 cm to 9 cm long, inflated or cylindrical pods containing five to 11 seeds inside them.

13. Calyx : Calyx is the lowermost green tubular part of the flower. It consists of five slightly unequal lobes called sepals. It protects the other whorls in the bud stage from possible external injuries .

14. Corolla : It consist of five petals of different shapes and sizes. The outermost petal is the largest and spreading and is known as standard or vexillum which covers the other petals in the bud stage. The next two lateral petals look like wings. Hence they are called wings or alae. The two innermost ones unit loosely along their ventral margins to form a boat-like structure and are known as keel or carina. The attractive colour and sweet scent of the corolla attract insects for pollination.

15. Androecium : The third whorl of pea flower is called androecium or male whorl. It consists of ten stamens, of which nine are arranged in a bundle and one is free. A stamen has two parts – filament and anther. The filament is a long stalk which is capped by a sac-like structure called anther. The anther carries pollen grains within it. Gynoecium : The fourth whorl is gynoecium or female whorl, which is located at the center of the flower. It consists of three parts viz. ovary, style and stigma. The flattened, broad basal portion is known as ovary which continues into a short stalk known as style. The style ends into a sticky, feathery body called stigma. The ovary is transformed into a fruit.

16. FLORAL IMAGES OF PEA

17. Seed Seeds are globes or angled, smooth or wrinkled, whitish, grey, green, or brownish; 100 seeds can weigh from 10 to 36 g.

18. Uses Highly nutritive . Containing high percent of digestible protein along with carbohydrates and vitamins A & C. Rich in minerals Ca and P. Excellent food for human consumption. Large proportion is processed for off-season consumption as: - Canned pea. - Frozen pea . - Dehydrated pea. Soil building crop. Being used in growing snack market.

19. Groups The cultivars in pea are grouped on the basis of various characters A) According to seed Round or smooth seeded cultivars Wrinkled seeded cultivars B) According to height of plant Bush or dwarf types Medium tall types Tall types

20. C ) According to maturity period Early 65-80 days Medium 90-100 days Main season 110-120 days D) According to use of pods Fresh market types Freezing types Canning types Dehydration types

21. Some important cultivars 1) Early smooth seeded- 65 to 80 days Asauji Lucknow boniya Alaska Early superb Meteor Early wrinkled seeded- Arkel Early badger Little marvel Kelvedon wonder Early december

22. 2) Mid season types- Pods will be ready for harvest by 85-90 days after sowing. Arka Ajit Un 53-6 Bonneville Vrp-3 Kashi Shakthi Pant Uphar

23. 3) Late Main season types- Pods will be ready for harvest by 110 days after sowing. Lincoln Azad P-1 PB-89 VL-3 Edible podded peas: Sylvia Punjab Mithi Phali Alaska Early Superb Meteor Commercial varieties for MH: Bonneville Arkel Phule Priya

24. Commercial varieties Bonneville: It is very popular variety in India Introduced from USA Yield 10t/ha, susceptible to powdery mildew

25. Arka Ajit : Released from IIHR, Bangalore Resistant to powdery mildew and rust Yield 10t/ha in 90 days Arka Ajit

26. Jawahar Matar - 2: Bigger size pods Yield 10-12t/ha Susceptible to powdery mildew

27. Arkel : Most popular exotic pea introduced from England Susceptible to collar rot Yield 5t/ha

28. Soil Well drained, loose and friable - Loamy soil - early crop . - Clayey soil - high yield . pH - 6.0-7.5. Grows under alkaline soil. If soil is acidic liming is required .

29. Climate Cool season crop. Thrive well in cool weather . Seed germination - 22 C. Avg. monthly mean temperature for growth - 10-18.3 o C. Early stage of crop is tolerant to frost . Adverse effect of high temperature: If 5 ℃ - Speed of germination high . High temperature - decay of seedlings is more. Flowering and fruiting - adversely affected by frost Maturity - hastened Yield - reduced Low quality of pods due to conversion of sugars to starch.

30. Sowing season In Plains of North India - Sown from beginning of October to middle of November . - Sowing after 4 th December - yield is drastically reduced . - Sown in September - Susceptible to wilt disease . In Hills :- - March for summer crop - May for Autumn crop. seeds are sown in flat beds by broadcasting or by dibbling at 2.5-5.0 cm depth.

31. TYPES Spacing(cm 2 ) Seed Rate (Kg/ha) Early season (Closer spacing) 30 × 5-10 100-120 Mid/ late season (Wider spacing) 45x10 80-90 Land preparation and sowing Soil prepared to fine tilth by disc ploughing followed by one or two harrowing . Seeds are sown in flat / raised beds by broadcasting / dibbling . Sowing depth – 2.5-5.0 cm . Overnight soaking of seed in water / GA 3 (10ppm) –Improve germination .

32. Seed Treatments Treat the seeds with Trichoderma 4 g/kg or Thiram or Captan at 2 g/kg of seed To avoid seed borne diseases Apply 2 kg Phosphobacterium as soil application before sowing

33. Leguminous crop, fixes atmospheric N through root nodules so N requirement is less . FYM- 10 tonnes /ha time of land preparation . 25kg: 70kg: 50 NPK kg/ha are recommended . Entire dose is drilled at the time of sowing seeds. Fertilizers should be applied in bands at7-8 cm away and 2.5 cm deeper from seeds. - High N – Adverse effect on nodule formation and N fixation . P fertilizer – increases yield and quality . K fertilizer – increase N fixation ability of plants and yield. Manure And Fertilizers

34. Tall varieties - Plants 15cm high - should be stacked with wooden. sticks or twigs for trailing. Earthing up and hoeing help in root development and growth of plants. Weeds - removed in early stages of crop. Alachlor @ 0.75 Kg a.i. or pendimethalin 0.5 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence spray along with one hand weeding at 25-45 days after sowing is effective. Intercultural Operation

35. Sensitive to drought and excessive irrigation. Excessive irrigation immediately after sowing – poor germination due to hard crust formation . Excessive irrigation in earlier stages – increase vegetative growth . Light irrigation :- 10-15 days intervals . C ritical stages for water application :- - Flowering - Fruit set and - Grain filling Irrigation

36. Diseases Powdery Mildew: Clear our previous planting residues. Dust with sulphur or spray sulphux (2.5kg/ha) Avoid sowing in end Nov. and Dec. Hot water treatments Resistant varieties, Rachna Pant P-8 Sugar Giant Plant Protection Measures

37. Downey Mildew :- Uproot affected plants Follow crop rotation Seed treatment with hot water may be tried Spray with Dithane Z-78 at 0.2%.

38. Major Pest Pod borer: Heliothes sp. Symptoms: Larvae feed on foliage and pod Destroys buds, flowers, and pods Management: Spray Carbaryl 50 WP at 2 g/lit

39. Pea aphid: Acyrthosiphon pisum Symptoms: Adults and nymphs suck sap from leaves Leaves turn yellowish green and wilt Management Spray Phosphamidon at 1 ml/lit

40. Harvested when pods are fully green and well developed. Harvested tender peas with high sugar content fetch premium price in market . During maturity, sugar contents decreases and polysaccharides and protein increases. Harvesting

41. Calcium migrates to seed coat and becomes Tougher during ripening . Peas for fresh market are harvested when they are well filled and colour changes from dark green to light green. Early varieties gives 2-3 pickings while 3-4 pickings at 7-10 interval are taken from main season.

42. Yield Sr. No. Type Yield 1. Early varieties 2.5-4.0 t/ha 2. Mid season varieties 6.0-7.5 t/ha 3. Late varieties 8.0-10.0 t/ha Green pod yield :- Shelling percentage ranges between 35-50. Seed yield varies from 2.0 to 2.5 t/ha.

43. Hydro cooling (to 32 o F) is preferred method for precooling. At 32 o F & 95-98% RH, green pea can be stored for 1-2 weeks. If the crop is packed with crushed ice, storage may be extended for one additional week. Packed in gunny bags or crates. Post Harvest Management

44. Self pollinated crop Isolation distance: - 50 m for foundation seed production - 25 m for certified seed production. Roguing : - At least, three rouging are essentially done at following stages: Before flowering Flowering Pod formation stage. - Foundation seed plot requires more rouging than certified seed plot. Seed Production

45. Harvesting : - Harvesting is done when about 25-30 % pods are ripe and almost all pods are mature. Seed extraction : - Dried plants of pea are subjected to threshing operation followed by cleaning of the seeds. Drying: Allowed to dry in sun for about 5 days. The moisture of seed should be nearer to 9.0%. Stored in gunny bags The bags stacked in well ventilated, dry rooms for next season use.

46. Lodging habits of plant leads to collapse of canopy result in yield losses and deteriorate the quality of seeds. Susceptibility to powdery mildew Sensitive to adverse environmental conditions. Sensitive to over ripeness. Lack of linkages between production, marketing and processing. Constraints

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