Peach

Peach

1. Welcome 1

2. AN Assignment on ‘ PEACH BREEDING’ Submitted by Mr. Pawan Nagar Reg. No .- 04-2690-2015 M.Sc (Hort.) Fruit Science 1 st semester AAU, Anand.

3. Peach Scientific classification B.N : Primus persica Kingdom : Plantae Order : Rosales Family : Rosaceae Genus : Prunus Subgenus : Amygdalus Species : P.persica

4. FLOWERING The peach flower is termed perigynous . The receptacle is cup-shaped and encloses the ovary. The air space between the receptacle and ovary is thought to provide some insulation during spring frosts. Following bloom, the cup-like receptacle dries and is called the shuck, which splits and falls off as the fruit grows. Diagram of a peach flower .

5. FLOWER BUDS : The flower buds of peach develop in leaf axils on current season's growth. These buds will bear the following season's fruit. The terminal bud on a peach shoot is vegetative. Flower buds on peach trees are said to be "simple" or "pure," as they contain only flower tissue, which contrasts with the apple's mixed buds from which both flower and leaf tissues arise. Arrangement of flower and vegetative buds on a peach shoot

6. FLOWER BUDS : In the peach, one flower comes from each bud. In winter, examination of a peach shoot about 1-1/2 feet in length reveals several bud arrangements . Near the upper end, single buds (one at a node) of two types predominate. There are single, small, pointed vegetative buds, and the somewhat larger, rounder, more pubescent (hairy) flower buds. In the lower two thirds of the shoot, many of the nodes have three buds arranged side by side. The two outer flower buds are larger and rounder; the center leaf bud is frequently very inconspicuous, small, and pointed. Arrangement of flower and vegetative buds on a peach shoot

7. Breeding objective of p each : The main objective of peach (Primus persica) improvement for low chilling areas would be to develop cultivars with low chilling requirement. Recent investigations in peach breeding are concerned less with the inheritance of qualitative characters and more with an understanding of the transmission of quantitative traits. Extension of season of maturity remains an important objective in many breeding programs.

8. Breeding objective of Peach : Tolerance to high summer temperature. Maturity between 60 and 70 days after full bloom, firm flesh, freedom from loose fiber, attractive colour, Non browning of flesh, resistance to root-knot nematode, iron chlorosis and water logging. For processing peaches, firmness of flesh, freedom from loose fiber, attractive colour and non-browning of flesh are the important characters to be improved.

9. Ideal Characteristic of PEACH : The  peach  tree,  Prunus persica , is a  deciduous   tree . Prunus persica  grows to 4–10 m (13–33 ft) tall and 6 in. in diameter. The  leaves  are lanceolate , 7–16 cm (2.8–6.3 in) long, 2–3 cm (0.79–1.2 in)broad,  pinnately  veined. The flowers are produced in early spring before the leaves; They are solitary or paired, 2.5–3 cm diameter, pink, with five petals. The  fruit  has yellow or whitish flesh, a delicate aroma, and a skin that is either velvety ( peaches ) or smooth ( nectarines ) in different  cultivars .

10. Ideal Characteristic of Peach : The flesh is very delicate and easily bruised in some cultivars, but is fairly firm in some commercial varieties, especially when green. The single, large seed is red-brown, oval shaped, approximately 1.3–2 cm long, and is surrounded by a wood-like husk. Peaches, along with cherries, plums and apricots, are stone fruits (drupes). There are various heirloom varieties, including the Indian peach, which arrives in the latter part of the summer.

11. Breeding Method of Peach : Introduction and selection : A large number of low chilling peach varieties, e.g. Floradasun, Sun Red and Sun Gold and some other selections, Floradared and Flordabelle were introduced at the PAU, Ludhiana, during late sixties from Florida and California states in USA. Of these introductions, Flordasun, Flordared, Sun Red and 16-33 (named Shan-I-Punjab) became very popular. Of the later introductions from USA, TA 170, known as 'Partap ' , has been identified as early (7 days earlier than Flordasun).

12. Breeding Method of Peach : Introduction and selection : Its flesh is yellow, firm, with red colouration and better keeping quality. Another two introductions from Florida, Flordaprince and Earligrande, have been recommended for commercial cultivation for the plains of Punjab and adjoining areas. Flordaprince is an early ripening, whereas Earligrande is a mid-season variety. Clonal selection 'Sharbati' is a chance seedling selected at Saharanpur.

13. Hybridization Redhar is a cross between ‘ Halehaven ’ and ‘ Kalhaven bred’ at USA. Interspecific hybrdization has been also attempted in peaches especially in the development of rootstock resistant to nematodes. Nemagcrad, a hybrid between P.persica x P.davididasa is a widely used root-knot nematode resistant rootstock, which is immune to Meloidogyne incognita.

14. Hybridization Planned hybridization work on peach was started in 1957 at Saharanpur. Peach Saharanpur Prabhat ( Sharbati x Flordasun ) was released. Fruits of this variety are attractive, sweet, maturing at least 4 days earlier than Flordasun .

15. Approach for crop improvement of Peach : Development of Peach Molecular marker & their use for finger print & for the evaluation of Genetic resources . The modern peach cultivar should be propagated through Vegetative propagation. Many Prunes microsatellites have been developed in Peach. Many of them were tested for their usefulness to fingerprint Peach varieties. Several sets of Prunus microsatellite markers were chosen and proven to be highly effectives for this purpose. Single nucleotide polymorphism also development progress in peach .

16. Peach Germplasm Collection : 5 species & 16 varieties were identified within a genus Prunus. 3 national germplasm of peach identified in Beijing, Zhengzhou and Nanjing. Peach germplasm collection occurred in Shanghai,Dalian and Shanxi. More than 1000 germplasm accessions have been collected and maintained to safeguard again genetic erosion. A number of foreign cultivars were introduced to china. Screening and evolution effects at the repositories have resulted in a marketed increase in the understanding of special genotypes and the effect use of genotypes.

17. Bio-Technology including to Peach : Micro propagation Regeneration Soma clonal variation and selection in-vitro Transformation Enzyme and molecular marker