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Med

1. Medical Terminology
A LIVING LANGUAGE

CHAPTER
Fifth Edition
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Special Senses:
The Eye and the Ear
13

2. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Multimedia Directory
Slide 14 Eye Anatomy Animation
Slide 60 Optometrist Video
Slide 68 Cataracts Video
Slide 73 Macular Degeneration Video
Slide 77 Conjunctivitis Video
Slide 90 Snellen Chart Video
Slide 115Audiology Video
Slide 117Ear Anatomy Animation
Slide 135Inner Ear Anatomy Animation
Slide 153Otitis Media Video
Slide 159Tympanometry Video
Slide 162Audiometry Video

3. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Eye at a Glance
•Function of the Eye
▪Contains sensory receptors for vision

4. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Eye at a Glance
•Structures of the Eye
▪Sclera
▪Choroid
▪Retina
▪Eyeball
▪Conjunctiva
▪Eye muscles
▪Eyelids
▪Lacrimal apparatus

5. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Eye
Illustrated

6. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eye Combining Forms
•ambly/o – dull or dim
•aque/o – water
•blast/o – immature, embryonic
•blephar/o – eyelid
•chromat/o – color
•conjunctiv/o– conjunctiva
•corne/o – cornea
•cycl/o – ciliary muscle

7. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eye Combining Forms
•dacry/o – tear; tear duct
•dipl/o – double
•emmetr/o – correct, proper
•glauc/o – gray
•ir/o – iris
•irid/o – iris
•kerat/o – cornea
•lacrim/o – tears

8. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eye Combining Forms
•macul/o – macula lutea
•mi/o – lessening
•mydr/i – widening
•nyctal/o – night
•ocul/o – eye
•ophthalm/o – eye
•opt/o – eye, vision
•optic/o – eye, vision

9. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eye Combining Forms
•papill/o – optic disk
•phac/o – lens
•phot/o – light
•presby/o – old age
•pupill/o – pupil
•retin/o – retina
•scler/o – sclera
•stigmat/o – point

10. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eye Combining Forms
•uve/o – vascular
•vitre/o – glassy

11. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eye Suffixes
•–icianspecialist
•–metristone who measures
•–opiavision condition
•–opsiavision condition
•–tropiaturned condition

12. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomy and Physiology
•Ophthalmology (Ophth) is study of
the eye
•Eyeball
▪Organ of sight
▪Transmits external image using sensory
impulses via optic nerve to brain
▪Brain translates sensory impulses into
image

13. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomy and Physiology
•External structures important for vision
▪In addition to eyeball
▪Eye muscles
▪Eyelids
▪Conjunctiva
▪Lacrimal apparatus

14. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eye Anatomy Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the anatomy of the eye.
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15. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Eyeball
•Composed of three layers:
▪Sclera
▪Choroid
▪Retina

16. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Sclera
•Outermost layer
•Tough protective
layer
•Another term for
sclera is white of
eye
•Anterior portion is
cornea

17. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.1
The internal structures of the eye.

18. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Cornea
•Anterior portion of
sclera
•Clear, transparent
•Allows light to
enter
•Bends, or refracts,
light rays

19. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.1
The internal structures of the eye.

20. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Choroid
•Middle layer
•Provides blood
supply for eye
•Anterior portion:
▪Iris
▪Pupil
▪Ciliary body

21. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.1
The internal structures of the eye.

22. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Iris and Pupil
•Iris
▪Colored portion of
eye
▪Smooth muscle that
changes size of
pupil
•Pupil
▪Opening in center
of iris
▪Allows light to enter
into eyeball

23. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Ciliary Body and Lens
•Lens
▪Behind iris
▪Not actually part of
choroid layer
▪Attached to ciliary
body

24. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Ciliary Body and Lens
•Ciliary body
▪Pulls on edge of
lens
▪Changes shape of
lens so it can focus
light onto retina

25. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.1
The internal structures of the eye.

26. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Retina
•Contains sensory
receptor cells that
detect light rays
•Rods
▪Active in dim light
▪See gray tones
•Cones
▪Active only in bright
light
▪Color vision

27. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.1
The internal structures of the eye.

28. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Retina
•Macula lutea
▪Area of retina
where image forms
•Fovea centralis
▪Depression in
center of macula
lutea
▪High number of
cones
▪Point of clearest
vision

29. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.1
The internal structures of the eye.

30. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Optic Disk
•Point where the optic nerve leaves
eyeball
•Retinal blood vessels enter and leave
through optic disk
•No rods or cones
▪Results in blind spot in each eye’s field
of vision

31. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.2
Photograph of the retina of the eye. The optic disk appears yellow and the retinal arteries
radiate out from it.
(Photo Researchers, Inc.)

32. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eye Fluids
•Aqueous humor
▪Watery fluid
▪Located between cornea and lens
•Vitreous humor
▪Semi-solid gel
▪Located between lens and retina

33. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscles of the Eye
•Six muscles that connect eyeball to
skull
▪4 rectus muscles pull straight
▪2 oblique muscles pull on an angle
•Contract in combination to change
direction in which each eye is looking

34. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.3
The external eye muscles.

35. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eyelids
•A pair cover each eyeball
•Provide protection from foreign
particles, injury, sun, and trauma
•Both upper and lower edges have
eyelashes or cilia that protect eye
from foreign particles
•Sebaceous glands located in eyelids
secrete a lubricating oil onto surface of
eyeball

36. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.1
The internal structures of the eye.

37. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Conjunctiva
•A mucous membrane
•Forms continuous covering on
underside of each eyelid and across
anterior surface of each eyeball
•Protects eyeball

38. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.1
The internal structures of the eye.

39. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Lacrimal Apparatus
•Lacrimal gland
▪Located under outer upper corner of
each eyelid
▪Produces tears
▪Tears wash and lubricate anterior
surface of eyeball

40. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Lacrimal Apparatus
•Lacrimal ducts
▪Located in inner corner of eye socket
▪Collect tears
▪Drain into nasolacrimal duct
▪Ultimately drain into nasal cavity

41. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.5
The structure of the lacrimal apparatus.

42. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
How We See
•Light rays pass
through:
▪Cornea
▪Pupil
▪Aqueous humor
▪Lens
▪Vitreous humor
•Then strike retina
▪Stimulating rods
and cones

43. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.6
The path of light through the cornea, pupil, lens, and striking the retina.

44. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
How We See
•Upside-down
image forms on
retina
•Optic nerve
transmits this
image to brain
•Brain turns
upside-down image
into right-side up
image

45. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.7
The image formed on the retina is inverted. The brain rights the image as part of the
interpretation process.

46. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Vision
•Vision requires four mechanisms:
▪Coordination of external eye muscles so
that both eyes move together
▪Correct amount of light admitted by
pupil
▪Correct focus of light upon retina by
lens
▪Optic nerve transmitting sensory images
to brain

47. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Combining Forms
•aden/o – gland
•angi/o – vessel
•bi/o – life
•cry/o – cold
•cyst/o – sac
•esthes/o – sensation, feeling
•myc/o – fungus
•ton/o – tone
•xer/o – dry

48. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
•-al pertaining to
•-algia pain
•-ar pertaining to
•-ary pertaining to
•-atic pertaining to
•-ectomy surgical removal
•-edema swelling
•-graphy process of recording

49. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
•-ia condition
•-ic pertaining to
•-ism state of
•-itis inflammation
•-logist one who studies
•-logy study of
•-malacia softening
•-meter instrument to measure

50. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
•-metry process of measuring
•-oma tumor
•-osis abnormal condition
•-otomy cutting into
•-ous pertaining to
•-pathy disease
•-pexy surgical fixation
•-phobia fear

51. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
•-plasty surgical repair
•-plegia paralysis
•-ptosis drooping
•-rrhagia abnormal flow condition
•-scope instrument for viewing
•-scopy process of visually examining
•-tic pertaining to

52. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Prefixes
•a- without
•an- without
•anti- against
•de- without
•eso- inward
•exo- outward
•extra- outside of
•hemi- half

53. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Prefixes
•hyper- excessive
•intra- within
•micro- small
•mono- one
•myo- to shut

54. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomical Terms
aqueous pertaining to water
conjunctival pertaining to the conjuctiva
corneal pertaining to the cornea
extraocular pertaining to outside the eyeball
intraocular pertaining to inside the eyeball
iridal pertaining to the iris
lacrimal pertaining to tears
macular pertaining to the macula lutea
ocular pertaining to the eye

55. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomical Terms
ophthalmic pertaining to the eye
optic pertaining to the eye or vision
optical pertaining to the eye or vision
pupillary pertaining to the pupil
retinal pertaining to the retina
scleral pertaining to the sclera
uveal pertaining to choroid layer
vitreous pertaining to the vitreous humor

56. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Anatomical Terms
•Ophthalmic

▪Pertaining to the eye
•Lacrimal

▪Pertaining to tears
ophthalm/o+ -ic
lacrim/o+ -al

57. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Anatomical Terms
•Retinal

▪Pertaining to the retina
•Intraocular

▪Pertaining to within the eye
retin/o+ -al
intra- + -ar+ ocul/o

58. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Medical Specialties
ophthalmology
Branch of medicine involving the
diagnosis and treatment of
conditions and diseases of the eye
and surrounding structures.
optometry
Medical profession specializing in
examining the eyes, testing visual
acuity, and prescribing corrective
lenses.

59. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Medical Specialties
ophthalmologist
Medical doctor who has specialized in
the diagnosis and treatment of eye
conditions and diseases.
optometrist Doctor of optometry
optician
person trained in grinding and fitting
corrective lenses

60. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Optometrist Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the duties of an optometrist.
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61. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
blepharoptosis drooping eyelid
cycloplegia paralysis of ciliary body
diplopia double vision
emmetropia state of normal vision
iridoplegia paralysis of the iris

62. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
nyctalopia
difficulty seeing in dim light; also
called night blindness
ophthalmalgia eye pain
ophthalmoplegia
paralysis of one or more of the
extraocular eye muscles
ophthalmorrhagia bleeding from the eye
papilledema
swelling of the optic disk; also called
choked disk

63. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
photophobia strong sensitivity to bright light
presbyopia visual loss due to old age
scleromalacia softening of the sclera
xerophthalmia dry eyes

64. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
•Blepharoptosis

▪Drooping eyelid
•Diplopia

▪Double vision
blephar/o+ -ptosis
dipl/o+ -opia

65. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
•Papilledema

▪Swelling of optic disc
•Scleromalacia

▪Softening of the sclera
papill/o+ -edema
scler/o+ -malacia

66. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eyeball Pathology
achromatopsia
unable to perceive one or more colors;
color blindness
amblyopia
loss of vision not as a result of eye
pathology; commonly called lazy eye
astigmatism
blurred vision due to uneven cornea;
light rays do not focus sharply on retina
cataract
damage to lens causing it to become
cloudy
corneal abrasionscraping injury to cornea

67. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.8
Photograph of a person with a cataract in the right eye.

68. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Cataracts Video
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69. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eyeball Pathology
glaucoma
chronic increase in intraocular pressure;
results in atrophy of optic nerve
hyperopia
image comes into focus behind retina;
can see clearly at a distance but not up
close; also called far sightedness
iritis inflammation of the iris
keratitis inflammation of the cornes

70. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.9
Hyperopia (farsightedness). In the uncorrected top figure, the image would come into
focus behind the retina, making the image on the retina blurry. The bottom image shows
how a biconvex lens corrects this condition.

71. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eyeball Pathology
legally blind
severely impaired vision; having
20/200 acuity
macular
degeneration
deterioration of macula lutea area of
retina
monochromatism unable to perceive one specific color
myopia
image comes into focus in front of
retina; can see clearly up close but
not at a distance; also called
nearsightedness

72. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.10
Myopia (nearsightedness). In the uncorrected top figure, the image comes into focus in
front of the lens, making the image on the retina blurry. The bottom image shows how a
biconcave lens corrects this condition.

73. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Macular Degeneration Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of macular degeneration.
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74. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eyeball Pathology
oculomycosis fungus infection of the eye
retinal
detachment
separation of retina from choroid layer;
damages blood vessels and nerves
causing blindness
retinitis
pigmentosa
progressive disease in which retina
becomes hard and pigmented, then
atrophies
retinoblastoma
malignant eye tumor occurring in young
children

75. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eyeball Pathology
retinopathy
general term for disease affecting the
retina
scleritis inflammation of the sclera
uveitis inflammation of the choroid layer

76. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Conjunctiva Pathology
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva, usually
from bacterial infection; also called pink
eye
pterygium
hypertrophied conjunctival tissue in inner
corner of eye

77. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Conjunctivitis Video
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78. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eyelid Pathology
blepharitis inflammation of the eyelid
hordeolum
purulent infection of sebaceous gland of
eyelid; also called a stye (or sty)

79. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Lacrimal Apparatus Pathology
dacryoadenitis inflammation of the lacrimal gland
dacryocystitis inflammation of the lacrimal sac

80. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eye Muscle Pathology
strabismus
eye muscle weakness resulting in eyes
looking in different directions at same time
esotropia
(ST)
type of strabismus with inward turning of
eye; also called cross-eyed
exotropia
(XT)
type of strabismus with outward turning of
eye; also called wall-eyed

81. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.4
Examples of common forms of strabismus: (A) esotropia with the right eye turning
inward and (B) exotropia with the right eye turning outward.

82. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Brain-related Vision Pathology
hemianopia
loss of vision in half of visual field; often
result of a stroke
nystagmus
jerky involuntary eye movements;
indicator of brain injury

83. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Pathology Terms
•Oculomycosis

▪Abnormal condition of eye fungus
•Retinopathy

▪Disease of the retina
ocul/o + -osis+ myc/o
retin/o+ -pathy

84. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Pathology Terms
•Dacryoadenitis

▪Inflammation of lacrimal gland
•Esotropia

▪Condition of being turned inward
dacry/o + -itis+ aden/o
eso-+ -tropia

85. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eye Examination Tests
color vision
tests
use of multicolored charts to determine
ability to recognize colors
fluorescein
angiography
injection of fluorescein dye into
bloodstream to observe blood flow within
eye
fluorescein
staining
applying fluorescein eye drops to cornea
to look for corneal abrasions
keratometer
instrument to measure curvature of
cornea
keratometry measures curvature of cornea

86. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.11
An example of color blindness test. A person with red-green color blindness would not be
able to distinguish the green 27 from the surrounding red circles.

87. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eye Examination Tests
ophthalmoscopeinstrument to view inside the eye
ophthalmoscopyexamination of interior of eye
optometer
instrument to measure eye ability to
focus images onto the retina
refractive error test
vision test for defect in ability of eye to
focus image on retina; tests for
hyperopia and myopia
slit lamp
microscopy
examining posterior surface of cornea

88. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.12
Examination of the interior of the eye using an ophthalmoscope.
(Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock)

89. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eye Examination Tests
Snellen chart used for testing distance vision
tonometry measures intraocular pressure
visual acuity (VA)measures sharpness of vision

90. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Snellen Chart Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on using a Snellen chart.
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91. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Diagnostic Terms
•Angiography

▪Process of recording (blood) vessels
•Keratometer

▪Instrument to measure cornea
angi/o+ -graphy
kerat/o+ -meter

92. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Diagnostic Terms
•Ophthalmoscopy

▪Process of visually examining eye
•Tonometry

▪Process of measuring tone (pressure
inside eyeball)
ophthalm/o+ -scopy
ton/o+ -metry

93. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Treatments
blepharectomy surgical removal of eyelid
blepharoplasty surgical repair of eyelid
conjunctivoplasty surgical repair of conjunctiva
cryoextraction
use of extremely cold probe to lift
cataract from lens
cryoretinopexy fixation of retina using cold
enucleation surgical removal of eyeball
iridectomy surgical removal of the iris

94. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Treatments
iridosclerotomy cutting into iris and sclera
keratoplasty
surgical repair of cornea with a
cornea transplant
laser-assisted in-situ
keratomileusis (LASIK)
correction of myopia using laser
surgery to remove corneal tissue
laser photocoagulation
use of laser to destroy very small
precise areas of retina

95. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.13
LASIK surgery uses a laser to reshape the cornea.
(mehmetcan/Shutterstock)

96. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Treatments
phacoemulsification
use of high-frequency sound
waves to liquefy lens with a
cataract which is then removed
with a needle
photorefractive
keratectomy (PRK)
use of laser to reshape cornea;
treats myopia
prosthetic lens implant
using an artificial lens to replace
lens removed during cataract
surgery

97. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Treatments
radial keratotomy (RK)
spoke-like incision around cornea
to flatten it; treats myopia
retinopexy surgical fixation of retina
scleral buckling
placing band around outside of
sclera to stabilize detached retina
sclerotomy cutting into the sclera
strabotomy
incision into eye muscles to
correct strabismus

98. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Therapeutic Terms
•Keratoplasty

▪Surgical repair of cornea
•Iridectomy

▪Surgical removal of iris
kerat/o+ -plasty
irid/o+ -ectomy

99. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Therapeutic Terms
•Retinopexy

▪Pertaining to the cerebrum and spine
•Sclerotomy

▪Cutting into the sclera
retin/o+ -pexy
scler/o+ -otomy

100. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eye Pharmacology
anesthetic
ophthalmic
solution
eyedrops to deaden pain
Ocu-Caine,
Pontocaine
antibiotic
ophthalmic
solution
eyedrops to treat
bacterial infection
Del-Mycin,
Ilotycin
ophthalmic
decongestant
constricts arterioles of eye
to reduce redness and
itching
Visine,
Murine

101. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eye Pharmacology
antiglaucoma
medication
reduces intraocular
pressure
Betimol, Timoptic
artificial tears treats dry eyes
Akwa Tears,
Refresh Plus
miotic constricts pupil
Eserine Sulfate,
Miostat
mydriatic dilates pupil
Atropine-Care,
Atropisol Ophtalmic

102. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eye Abbreviations
ARMDage-related macular degeneration
Astigmastigmatism
c. gl. correction with glasses
D diopters (lens strength)
DVA distance visual acuity
ECCE extracapsular cataract extraction
EENT eye, ear, nose, throat

103. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eye Abbreviations
EM emmetropia
EOM extraocular movement
ICCE intracapsular cataract extraction
IOP intraocular pressure
LASIKlaser assisted in-situ keratomileusis
OD right eye
Ophth.ophthalmology

104. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eye Abbreviations
OS left eye
OU each eye/both eyes
PERRLA
pupils equal, round, reactive to light and
accommodation
PRK photorefractive keratectomy
REM rapid eye movement
s. gl. without correction or glasses
SMD senile macular degeneration

105. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eye Abbreviations
ST esotropia
VA visual acuity
VF visual field
XT exotropia

106. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Combining Forms Match Up
1.ambly/o
2.blephar/o
3.chromat/o
4.dipl/o
5.lacrim/o
a.tears
b.color
c.eyelid
d.double
e.dull

107. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Ear at a Glance
•Function of the Ear
▪Contains sensory receptors for hearing
and equilibrium (balance)

108. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Ear at a Glance
•Structures of the Ear
▪Auricle
▪External ear
▪Middle ear
▪Inner ear

109. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Ear
Illustrated

110. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Ear Combining Forms
•acous/o – hearing
•audi/o – hearing
•audit/o – hearing
•aur/o – ear
•auricul/o – ear
•cerumin/o – cerumen
•cochle/o – cochlea
•labyrinth/o – labyrinth (inner ear)

111. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Ear Combining Forms
•myring/o – tympanic membrane
(eardrum)
•ot/o – ear
•salping/o – auditory tube, eustachian
tube
•staped/o – stapes
•tympan/o – eardrum

112. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Ear Suffixes
•–cusishearing
•–otiaear condition

113. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomy and Physiology
•Otology (Oto) is study of the ear
•Audiology is study of hearing
disorders
•Ear responsible for two senses:
▪Hearing
▪Equilibrium or sense of balance

114. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomy and Physiology
•Sensory information carried to brain by
vestibulocochlear nerve
▪Cochlear nerve – hearing information
▪Vestibular nerve – balance information

115. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Audiology Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of audiology.
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116. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Ear
•Ear is subdivided into three regions:
▪External ear
▪Middle ear
▪Inner ear

117. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Ear Anatomy Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the anatomy of the ear.
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118. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
External Ear
•Auricle or pinna
▪Only portion visible
▪Captures sound
waves
▪Directs them
through external
auditory meatus

119. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
External Ear
•Auditory canal
▪Sound moves along
canal
•Cerumen
▪Produced by oil
glands in auditory
canal
▪Oily wax slowly
flows out of ear
canal removing dirt
that has stuck to it

120. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
External Ear
•Tympanic
membrane
▪Commonly called
eardrum
▪Sound waves strike
membrane
▪Causes it to vibrate
▪Tympanic
membrane
separates external
ear from middle ear

121. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.14
The internal structures of the outer, middle, and inner ear.

122. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Middle Ear
•Small cavity
•Located in
temporal bone of
skull
•Contains three tiny
bones called
ossicles
▪Malleus
▪Incus
▪Stapes

123. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.14
The internal structures of the outer, middle, and inner ear.

124. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Ossicles
•Tympanic
membrane vibrates
incus
•Vibrations amplify
as they move from
one ossicle to next
•Stapes transmits
vibration to oval
window
▪Start of inner ear

125. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.15
Closeup view of the ossicles within the middle ear.

126. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Eustachian Tube
•Also called auditory tube
•Connects nasopharynx with middle ear
•Opens with each swallow
•Equalizes pressure between middle ear
cavity and atmospheric pressure

127. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.14
The internal structures of the outer, middle, and inner ear.

128. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Inner Ear
•Labyrinth
▪Cavity within
temporal bone
▪Houses inner ear
•Contains sensory
organs

129. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Sensory Organs of Inner Ear
•Hearing
▪Cochlea
▪Organs of Corti
•Equilibrium
▪Semicircular
canals
▪Utricle
▪Saccule

130. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.14
The internal structures of the outer, middle, and inner ear.

131. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
How We Hear
•Sound waves travel
down external
auditory canal,
strike eardrum
•Eardrum vibrates

132. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
How We Hear
•Ossicles conduct
vibrations across
middle ear from
eardrum to oval
window
•Oval window
movements initiate
vibrations in fluid
that fills cochlea

133. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
How We Hear
•Fluid vibrations strike hair cells,
bending small hairs and stimulating
nerve endings
•Nerve ending sends electrical impulse
to brain on cochlear portion of
vestibulocochlear nerve

134. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.16
The path of sound waves through the outer, middle, and inner ear.

135. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Inner Ear Anatomy Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on inner ear anatomy.
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136. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Hearing Loss
Conductive hearing
loss
•Disease or
malformation of outer
or middle ear
•All sound is weaker
and muffled since it is
not conducted
correctly to inner ear
Sensorineural hearing
loss
•Damage or
malformation of inner
ear (cochlea) or the
cochlear nerve
•Sounds are distorted
because nerve impulse
is incorrect

137. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Combining Forms
•bi/o – life
•laryng/o – larynx
•myc/o – fungus
•neur/o – nerve
•presby/o – old age
•py/o – pus
•rhin/o – nose

138. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
•-al pertaining to
•-algia pain
•-ar pertaining to
•-ectomy pertaining to
•-emesis vomiting
•-gram record
•-ic pertaining to
•-itis inflammation

139. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
•-logy study of
•-meter instrument to measure
•-metry process of measuring
•-oma mass, tumor
•-ory pertaining to
•-osis abnormal condition
•-otomy cutting into
•-plasty surgical repair

140. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
•-rrhagia abnormal flow
•-rrhea discharge
•-rrhexis rupture
•-sclerosis hardening
•-scope instrument to visually examine
•-scopy process of visually examining
•-tic pertaining to

141. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Prefixes
•an- without
•anti- against
•bi- two
•macro- large
•micro- small
•mono- one

142. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Word Building with tympan/o
acoustic pertaining to hearing
auditory pertaining to hearing
aural pertaining to the ear
auricular pertaining to the ear
binaural pertaining to both ears
cochlear pertaining to the cochlea
monauralpertaining to one ear
otic pertaining to the ear
tympanic pertaining to the tympanic membrane

143. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Anatomical Terms
•Cochlear

▪Pertaining to the cochela
•Auditory

▪Pertaining to hearing
cochle/o+ -ar
audit/o+ -ory

144. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Anatomical Terms
•Monoaural

▪Pertaining to one ear
•Tympanic

▪Pertaining to the tympanic membrane
mono- + -al+ aur/o
tympan/o+ -ic

145. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Medical Specialties
audiology
Medical specialty involved with
measuring hearing function and
identifying hearing loss. Specialist
is an audiologist.
otorhinolaryngology
(ENT)
Branch of medicine involving the
diagnosis and treatment of
conditions and diseases of the ear,
nose, and throat. Also referred to
as ENT. Physician is an
otorhinolaryngologist.

146. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
macrotia having abnormally large ears
microtia having abnormally small ears
otalgia ear pain
otopyorrhea discharge of pus from the ear
otorrhagia bleeding from the ear

147. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
presbycusis normal loss of hearing with age
residual hearing
amount of hearing remaining after
damage has occurred
tinnitus ringing in ears
tympanorrhexisrupture of tympanic membrane
vertigo dizziness

148. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
•Otalgia

▪Ear pain
•Otopyorrhea

▪Discharge of pus from the ear
ot/o+ -algia
ot/o + -rrhea+ py/o

149. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
•Presbycusis

▪Old age hearing
•Tympanorrhexis

▪Ruptured tympanic membrane
presby/o+ -cusis
tympan/o+ -rrhexis

150. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Hearing Loss Pathology
anacusis total absence of hearing; total deafness
deafness
inability to hear or having some degree of
hearing impairment

151. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
External Ear Pathology
ceruminoma
excessive accumulation of earwax
forming hard wax plug
otitis externa
(OE)
external ear infection; often by fungus;
also called otomycosis or swimmer’s ear
otomycosis fungal infection of auditory canal

152. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Middle Ear Pathology
myringitis inflammation of tympanic membrane
otitis media
(OM)
infection of middle ear; most commonly
seen in children; watery fluid (serous
otitis media) or pus (purulent otitis
media) accumulates in middle ear cavity
otosclerosis
loss of mobility of stapes bone; leads to
hearing loss as it cannot vibrate
salpingitis inflammation of auditory canal
tympanitis inflammation of tympanic membrane

153. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Otitis Media Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of otitis media.
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154. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Inner Ear Pathology
acoustic
neuroma
benign tumor of cochlear nerve;
symptoms include tinnitus, headache,
dizziness, and hearing loss
labyrinthitis
inner ear infection; causes hearing and
equilibrium symptoms
Ménière’s
disease
progressive hearing loss, vertigo, and
tinnitus; causes not well understood

155. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Pathology Terms
•Ceruminoma

▪Mass of cerumen (ear wax)
•Otomycosis

▪Abnormal condition of ear fungus
cerumin/o+ -oma
ot/o + -osis+ myc/o

156. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Pathology Terms
•Otosclerosis

▪Hardening of the ear (ossicles)
•Neuroma

▪Nerve tumor
ot/o+ -sclerosis
neur/o+ -oma

157. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Audiology Tests
audiogram hardcopy record of hearing
audiometer instrument to measure hearing
audiometry
test of hearing ability in regards to
both intensity and pitch person is able
to hear
decibel (dB) measures loudness of sound
hertz (Hz) measures pitch of sound
Rinne & Weber
tuning fork tests
use of a tuning fork placed either next
to ear or against skull to assess both
nerve and bone conduction of sound

158. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.17
Audiometry exam being administered to a young child who is wearing the earphones
through which sounds are given.
(Capifrutta/Shutterstock)

159. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Tympanometry Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on performing tympanometry.
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160. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Otology Tests
otoscope
instrument to visually examine inside
ear canal
otoscopy examination of ear canal and eardrum
tympanogram graphic record results of tympanometry
tympanometer
instrument to measure movement of
tympanic membrane
tympanometry
measurement of movement of
tympanic membrane to asses pressure
inside middle ear

161. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.18
An otoscope, used to visually examine the external auditory ear canal and tympanic
membrane.

162. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Audiometry Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of audiometry.
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163. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Balance Tests
falling test
assesses equilibrium; balancing on
one foot with eyes open and then
closed

164. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Diagnostic Terms
•Audiogram

▪Record of hearing
•Audiometer

▪Instrument to measure hearing
•Audiometry

▪Process of measuring hearing
audi/o+ -gram
audi/o+ -meter
audi/o+ -metry

165. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Audiology Procedures
American Sign
Language
nonverbal method of communicating
using hands and fingers to represent
words and concepts
hearing aid
mechanical device used to amplify
sound

166. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.19
Two women having a conversationusing American Sign Language.
(Vladimir Mucibabic/ Shutterstock)

167. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Treatments
cochlear implant
mechanical device surgically placed
behind outer ear; converts sound into
magnetic impulses to stimulate
auditory nerve; treats sensorineural
hearing loss
labyrinthectomy surgical removal of labyrinth
labyrinthotomy cutting into the labyrinth
myringectomy
surgical removal or tympanic
membrane
myringoplasty surgical repair of tympanic membrane

168. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 13.20
Photograph of a child with a cochlear implant. This device sends electrical impulses
directly to the brain.

169. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Treatments
myringotomy
incision into eardrum to drain fluid
accumulated in middle ear cavity
otoplasty surgical repair of extgernal ear
pressure
equalizing tube
(PE tube)
surgical placement of tube in eardrum
to allow for continuous drainage of fluid
from middle ear cavity
salpingotomy cutting into the auditory tube
stapedectomy replacement of damaged stapes

170. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Treatments
tympanectomy
surgical removal of tympanic
membrane
tympanoplasty surgical repair of tympanic membrane
tympanotomy cutting into the tympanic membrane

171. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Therapeutic Terms
•Myringectomy

▪Surgical removal of tympanic membrane
•Myringoplasty

▪Surgical repair of tympanic membrane
•Myringotomy

▪Cutting into the tympanic membrane
myring/o+ -ectomy
myring/o+ -plasty
myring/o+ -otomy

172. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Ear Pharmacology
antibiotic otic
solution
eardrops to treat otitis
externa
Neomycin,
Otocort
antiemetics
treats nausea associated
with vertigo
Antivert,
Compazine
anti-
inflammatory
otic solution
reduces inflammation
and itching of otitis
externa
Allergan Ear
Drops
wax emulsifierssoftens ear wax Debrox Drops

173. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Ear Abbreviations
AD right ear
AS left ear
ASL American Sign Language
AU both ears
BC bone conduction
dB decibel
EENT eye, ear, nose, throat
ENT ear, nose, throat

174. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Ear Abbreviations
HEENThead, eyes, ears, nose, throat
Hz hertz
OM otitis media
Oto otology
PE tubepressure equalizing tube
PORP partial ossicular replacement prosthesis
SOM serous otitis media
TORP total ossicular replacement prosthesis

175. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Combining Forms Match Up
1.acous/o
2.aur/o
3.cochle/o
4.myring/o
5.salping/o
a.hearing
b.cochlea
c.ear
d.eardrum
e.auditory tube