PEAS production technology and seed production

pea production

1. Pea

2. Features of legumes All legumes vegetables are self pollinated due to cleistogamous nature.Flowers are zygomorhic with papilionacious corolla, mono adelphous or di-adelphous stamens. All are direct sown crops and do not respond to transplanting Specific verieties are available for snap bean, green shelled bean dry pulse bean forage purpose and green mature purpose. Verieties specific to each season are to be selected for sowing.

3. Legume vegetables require light and well drained soil for maximum yield. They are sensitive to excess irrigation and water stagnation. Frequent and light irrigation are required for high yield in climbing/pole varieties. Helps in Nitrogen fixation and Rhizobium inoculation.

4. Pea Botanical Name : Pisum sativum Family : Fabaceae Centre of Origin : Ethiopia Pollination System : Self pollinated Chromosome no : 2n=14 The genus pisum include 6-7 species, mostly found in Mediterrinian area West Asia out of which P.sativum is cultivated. Menjkova divided cultivated pea into two species , the field pea( P. arvense ) and (P.sativum).

5. P.sativum can be divided into 2 group. P.saccharatum-No or very thin lining membrane in the pod Types with thin pod walls 1.Type with smooth seeds 2.Type with wrinkled seeds B.Type with thick pod seeds 1.Type with smooth seeds 2.Type with wrinkled seeds

6. P.pachylobum-Well developed lining membrane in the pod walls. Type with thin pod walls 1.Type with smooth seeds 2.Type with wrinkled seeds B. Type with thick pod walls Type with smooth seeds Type with wrinkled seeds.

7. Area Under Cultivation The major pea growing states are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and Karnataka. Area and production National horticulture Board U.P is leading state in both area and production about 196.28(ha) and 2143.48 (tonne) respectively.(2014-15) year Area(ha) Production( mt ) 2014-15 476 4652 2015-16 497 4814

8. states 2013-14 2014-15 Area(ha) Production t0nne Area production U.P 171.17 1782.63 196.28 2143.48 M.P. 56.12 474.20 57.80 607.00 Jharkhand 24.14 359.28 24.38 368.24

9. Nutritional Value of Peas One cup of boiled peas with no salt added contains 8.58 grams of protein, 134 calories and 8.8 grams of fibre. Minerals: Potassium - 434 mg  Phosphorus - 187 mg  Magnesium  - 62 mg  Calcium- 43 mg  Sodium - 5 mg  Selenium - 3.0 mg  Iron - 2.46 mg  Zinc - 1.9 mg  Manganese - 0.84 mg  Copper - 0.277 mg  Also contains small amounts of other minerals.

10. Vitamins: Vitamin A - 1282 IU  Vitamin C - 22.7 mg  Niacin - 3.234 mg  Folate - 101 mcg  Vitamin B1(thiamine) - 0.414 mg  Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) - 0.238 mg  Vitamin B6- 0.346 mg  Pantothenic Acid - 0.245 mg  Vitamin K- 41.4 mcg  Vitamin E- 0.22 mg  Contains some other vitamins in small amounts.

11. Health benifits 1.Weight loss 2. Stomach cancer prevention 3. Anti-aging, strong immune system, and high energy: 4. Prevention of wrinkles, Alzheimer’s, arthritis, bronchitis, osteoporosis and candida:5.  Blood sugar regulation:   6. Heart disease prevention: 7. Healthy for the environment: 8. Prevent constipation: 9. Healthy bones 10. Reduces bad cholesterol

12. Plant Discription : It is a tender annual and vigorous, knee-high vines . Leaves are modified into tendrils used for attachment to support and climbing. The plants bears white flowers and pods having a number of seeds. Inflorescence is a receme arising from axils of leaves and individual flowers are typical papilionaceous to placenta. Style bend at right angle to ovary and stigma is sticky.

13. Soil & Climate Soil : Peas can be cultivated in a variety of soil types. However well drained, loose, friable and heavy soils with a pH range of 6.0-7.5 are considered as ideal. Light soils are preferred for cultivating early cultivars. Soils rich in organic matter promote excessive vegetative growth and poor pod development.

14. Climate : Peas favour a cool climate with an average temperature range of 10-18 C during its growth period. Seed germination is hampered when the temperature at the time of planting is below 5°C. Peas can tolerate frost at early stages of the growth. However, frost during the later stages of crop growth causes considerable injury to the newly opened flowers and young developing pods. Pods grow best in those regions where there is a slow transition from cool to warm weather in spring.

15. Groups The cultivars in pea are grouped on the basis of various characters(Chauhan,1968, MacGillivray,1961) According to seed 1.Round or smooth seeded cultivars 2. Wrinkled seeded cultivars According to height of plant 1.Bush or dwarf types 2.Medium tall 3.Tall

16. According to maturity period Early -65-80 days Medium-90-100 days Main season0-110-120 days D) According to use of pods Fresh market types Freezing types Canning types Dehydration types

17. Early Wrinkled-Seeded Arkel;Intrduced from England by IARI Vigorous growing variety, pods are attractive, deep green, about 8 cm long, well filled with 7-8 seeds when fully developed. It is suitable as fresh vegetable and for dehydration. Pods are harvested in 50-55 days. Sylvia;Released by IARI.Suitable for kitchen garden . Lincoln;Released by IARI Regional station, katrain . Mature seeds wrinkled.Medium plants bearing double pods of 8-9 cm length and sickle shaped. Early Badger Dwarf cultivar evolved at wisconsin. Flowers in 40-45 days and first blossom appears at 10-11 th node.Shelling percentage of 36, resistant to Fusarium wilt and tolerates draught and heat. Kelvender wonder Dwarf plants ,flowers in about 40 days, first blossom appears at 8-9 node. Shelling percentage is about 40.

18. Early Smooth-Seeded Type : Asauji; released by IARI Suitable for early sowing, dwarf, green and smooth-seeded cultivar and flowers in 30-35 days. The pods are produced singly, about 8 cm long, curved, darkgreen, narrow and appear round, fully developed pods are 7-seeded. Lucknow Boniya Dwarf white-seeded cultivar, flowers in 40 days. The pods are borne singly, small, narrow, green, and 4-5 seeded when fully developed.. Alaska Early growing cultivar, flowers in 38 days. Pods are borne singly, light green in colour and contain 5-6 small green seeds when fully developed. Suitable for canning purpose. Early Superb Dwarf cultivar with yellowish green foliage and flowers in about 45 days. The pods are borne singly, dark green and curved with 6-7 seeds when fully developed.

19. Wrinkled-Seeded Main Season and Late Types : Bonneville:Released by IARI. A double podded cultivar, plants medium-tall in height and flowers in 55-60 days. Pods are light green, straight, about 9 cm long and 6-7 seeded when fully developed. T-19:U.P developed this cultivar A double podded cultivar. Plants are medium-tall in height and flowers in 55-60 days. Pods are yellowish green, slightly curved, 8.5 cm long and 6-7 seeded when fully developed. Khapar Kheda A popular double- podded cultivar in Madhya Pradesh. Plants are tall growing and flowers in 65-70 days. Pods are 5-6 cm long and 4-5 seeded when fully developed. NP 29 Developed at IARI, New Delhi. It is a double- podded cultivar. Plants are medium-tall with dark green foliage and flowers in 75-80 days. Pods are green, straight, about 7 cm long and 6-7 seeded when fully developed. Suitable for dehydration purpose.

20. Land preparation Thorough preparation of the land is necessary for pea crop or better growth and spread of root system which fix large quantities of atmospheric nitrogen. This is achieved by plough in field with soil turning plough followed by one or two harrowing.

21. Planting Season of Planting The land should be thoroughly ploughed so that it is free from clods. The early varieties of pea are sown in October where as the mid-season varieties are sown in November. In the hills, first crop of pea is sown from the middle of March to the end of May while a second crop is sown in autumn. Spacing Seeds can be sown in ridges and furrows or flat beds. The seeds are dibbled at 5-7.5 cm depth on either sides of the furrow at a spacing of 60 x 10 cm and at a spacing of 30 x 10 cm in flat beds.

22. Cropping systems Being a legume, pea fits well in many cropping systems. It is advisable to include pea in crop rotations for building up of Nitrogen in the soil. In regions where early crop are taken like kharif paddy ,a cash crop of early pea can be easily before the winter crop.

23. Method of Planting Seed rate depends on the method of planting, varieties, season of planting and purpose of growing. The seed-rate should be about 30-35 kg/ha. Seed treatment ; Pre-soaking of the seeds for 12 hours in water prior to sowing helps to improve the seed germination. Soaking of seeds in GA3 (10ppm) for 12 hrs has given the highest germination. In plots where a pea crop has not been grown earlier, treating the seeds with bacterial culture is recommended. The culture material is coated to moisten seed. These seeds are then spread in a thin layer in shade to dry. This helps in quick nodulation and early fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.

24. Irrigation The crop is lightly irrigated immediately after sowing. For proper germination, a pre-sowing irrigation is advisable. Subsequent irrigation are given at the time of flowering and pod development stage. In case of light and sandy soils, frequent irrigation is necessary. Normally during the dry periods, light irrigation is given at an interval of 10-12 days however excessive irrigation should be avoided.

25. Manuring & Fertilization The fertilizer dose depends upon the fertility of soil and amount of organic manure applied to the crop. For a good yield, 15-20 t/ha of well-decomposed FYM is incorporated into the soil. Generally, application of 20-30kg N, 50-60 kg P O and 30-80 kg K per hectare is recommended for optimum yield. Half the dose of N and full dose of P and K is given at the time of sowing. The balance N is applied when the plant is in flowering stage. Ring method should be used for applying the fertilizers. A high dose of nitrogenous fertilizer has a deleterious effect on nodule formation and nitrogen fixation.

26. Intercultural Operations Weeding Weeds compete with the crop and affect its growth and yield. The crop should be kept weed free during its entire growth period. Weeding is done either manually or by using chemicals. Pre-emergence application of Basalin (2-3 litres/ha) controls most of the weeds. Training and staking; This is important process in tall pea varieties . If the plants are not trained and stakes properly , the plants get damaged during harvesting results in reduction in yield. Vine Support Mostly all tall varieties are staked with bamboos or wooden poles. In some areas wire trellis supported by strings is also used. However, the dwarf variety do not require any support.

27. Growth regulators Spraying 15 ml of 10M solution of growth regulator CCC @ the 5 node stage of development has favorable effect on the growth and yield of crop.

28. Harvesting The early varieties sown in October are ready to be hand picked in 50 days after planting while the midseason varieties sown in November are ready in 80-85 days. At maturity, the colour of the pods changes from dark green to light green and they are well filled up. Such mature pods are hand picked. As all the pods do not mature at the same time usually, 3-4 pickings are made at 7-10 days interval. Picking should be done either early in the morning or late in the afternoon to avoid quality deterioration due to high day temperatures. Care should be taken to avoid injury to the pods at the time of picking.

29. Yield Early varieties on an average yield about 5-6 t/ha while the mid-season varieties yield 9-10 t/ha

30. Post Harvest Technology Grading : Generally the edible-pods should be uniformly bright green (light to deep green but not yellow green), fully turgid, clean, and free from damage. The Bureau of Indian Standards has fixed four grades for peas used for processing depending on the seed size. Packaging : The pods are generally packed in gunny bags for sending the produce to short distance markets. For long distance markets, the bamboo baskets are generally preferred.

31. Storage : Fresh unshelled peas may be kept for two weeks at 0°C with 90-95 % relative humidity. Peas are highly perishable and will not maintain good quality for more than 2 weeks. Wilting, yellowing of pods, loss of tenderness, development of starchiness and decay are likely to increase following storage beyond 14 days. Frozen peas can be stored at 23 to 18°C for one year when packed in gas tight packaging.

32. Cool Chain: Cool chain is essential during the transport of export quality commodity all the way from the farm to the customer. This helps in maintaining the temperature inside the box at the same low level as in the cold storage. The various stages of the cool chain are: 1. Cold store at the farm. 2. Refrigerated truck from farm to the airport 3. Cold store at the airport. 4. Building up of the pallet in a cold store at the airport. 5. Loading the aircrafts directly from the cold store in a short time. 6. Cargo aircraft maintains cold store temperature in hold. 7. Off loading direct into a cold store in the receiving country. 8. Refrigerated truck to the customers.

33. Pests Pea Aphid ( Acyrthosiphon pisi): It is one of the serious pests of pea crop. The aphids attack from January onwards. The green soft-bodied nymphs and the adults attack the young vines and suck the sap of younger parts of plants. The affected plants become stunted and the pods curl, have rough spots and fail to fill. Control: The insect can be controlled by spraying Malathion (0.05%) or Dichlorvos (DDVP) (0.05%). Spraying should be started as soon as the pest is observed. Pod Borer ( Helicoverpa spp.): The disease is more serious on green pods especially at the stage of maturity. The caterpillars bore into the pods and feed on the seeds. Control: handpicking of the caterpillar and pupae during the early stages of infestation reduces pest damage.

34. Pea Weevil ( Bruchus pisorum): Adults feed in blossoms and lay eggs on young pods. Larvae after hatching from the eggs burrow into green seed. Control: Spraying Malathion (0.05%) or Dichlorvos (DDVP) (0.05%) at the blossoming stage effectively control the pest. Leaf Miner ( Phytomyza atricornis): It is a major pest of pea. The larvae attack tender leaves and feed in the epidermal layers of the leaf by making serpentine mines in which air gets trapped and gives them silvery appearance. The affected leaves turn pale yellow, get distorted and crumpled. Such leaves gradually dry and die away. Control: Spraying the plants with Dichlorvos (0.05%) at the emergence of new leaves is highly beneficial. Application of Phorate 10 G (1 kg a.i./acre) applied one day before planting is effective in reducing the larval population of leaf miner.

35. Stem Fly ( Ophiomyai phaseoli): The stem fly is a major pest of pea. The maggots bore inside the stem leading to wilting of the plants. Control: Seed treatment with Carbofuran (4%) protects the newly emerging seedlings from the infection. Spraying with Malathion (0.05%) or Monocrotophos (0.04%) as soon as the pest symptom is observed effectively controls the pest.

36. Bacterial Blight ( Pseudomonas syrinagae pv. pisi): Cold and humid conditions favour the spread of the disease. The affected plants exhibit water-soaked lesions on the stems, leaves and pods. Lesions on the leaves appear as round-oval or irregular, reddish brown spots with translucent centre and a dark brown margin. Several such lesions may coalesce on the leaves to produce a blighted appearance. On the stem brown linear streaks are observed. The infected area eventually turns brown and papery. Control: Use of healthy and disease free seeds for planting helps to minimize the disease spread.

37. Powdery Mildew ( Erysiphe polygoni): It is an important disease of pea. The disease appears as on the foliage and pods. Infection is first apparent on the leaves as small slightly darkened areas, which later become white powdery spots. These spots enlarge and cover the entire leaf area. Severely infected leaves may become chlorotic and distorted before falling. Affected pods are small in size and malformed. Control: As soon as the disease symptoms are observed dusting Sulphur (2.5kg/ha) or spraying Calixin 75 EC (5 ml/10 litres of water) at 15 days interval helps to control the disease.

38. Rust ( Uromyces fabae): This often becomes serious in humid regions. The plants dry up quickly and the yield is considerably reduced. The initial symptoms of the rust infection are flecking of the leaves. These flecks soon develop into reddish brown pustules, frequently merging into one another, finally bursting to expose a mass of brown spores. The entire leaf blade and other affected parts give a brownish appearance even from a distance. Management:Spray the plantavax.

39. Seed production Pea is a self pollinated crop. Hence two cultivars can be grown in adjacent plots with out any danger of out crossing.care should be taken to avoid ,mechanical mixture. Isolation distance of 20m is recommended for production of foundation seed. Pea crop produces off types plants which multiply rapidly if not rouged out every year.Hence roughing off types plants at flowering and fruiting stage is necessary. The method of cultivation is same as in case of table crop except the pods are harvested when mature and dried seeds shelled out.

40. Package of practices Seed rate-40 kg/ha Spacing-60*10 cm F.Y.M-12.2 t/ha Nitrogen-38 kg/ha Phaspharus-60 kg/ha potash-50kg/ha Irrigation interval-3-5 days irrigate the land. Land should be keep free from weeds. Harvesting and yield ; When pods fully filled and mature. 3-5 pickings. 10 t/ha.