Pectinolytic enzymes like Pectinase.pptx

Pectinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of pectin, a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. This group of enzymes includes polygalacturonase, pectin lyase, and pectin esterase, each targeting different bonds within the pectin molecule.

1. Pectinolytic Enzymes and Microorganisms  

2. Pectin - Pectin is a complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide) found in the cell walls of plants, particularly in fruits. - Commonly used gelling agent in the production of jams, jellies, and other fruit preserves in which it is responsible for gel-like consistency. - Composed of a complex structure of polysaccharides, primarily made up of galacturonic acid units. The basic structure of pectin consists of linear chains of galacturonic acid residues linked by α-(1→4) glycosidic bonds. - A ttachment of other sugar molecules, such as rhamnose and galactose.   The basic structure of pectin is      -1,4-linked galacturonic acid with upto 95% of its carboxyl groups, esterified with methanol.

3. Pectic Substances complex polysaccharides found in plant cell walls, primarily in the middle lamella and primary cell walls. Homogalacturonan (HG) (Linear polymer of α-1,4- linked galacturonic acid residues) Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I): alternating galacturonic acid and rhamnose units Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II): backbone of galacturonic acid and rhamnose, with various branching structures, including borate diesters   The basic structure of pectin is      -1,4-linked galacturonic acid with upto 95% of its carboxyl groups, esterified with methanol.

4. Pectinolytic Enzymes Pectinases are an enzyme group that catalyzes pectic substance degradation through depolymerization (hydrolases and lyases) and deesterification ( esterases ) reactions. Protopectinase : - acts on Pectin precursors. - Protopectinases solubilize protopectin forming highly polymerized soluble pectin Pectin Methyl Esterases (PME) removes methyl groups from the carboxyl groups of galacturonic acid residues   The basic structure of pectin is      -1,4-linked galacturonic acid with upto 95% of its carboxyl groups, esterified with methanol.

5. Pectinolytic Enzymes Pectin Acetyl Esterases (PAE) hydrolyses the acetyl ester of pectin forming pectic acid and acetate . Polymethylgalacturonases (PMG) catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of -1,4-glycosidic bonds in pectin backbone Polygalacturonases (PG) catalyzes hydrolysis of -1,4-glycosidic linkages in polygalacturonic acid producing D-galacturonate ]   The basic structure of pectin is      -1,4-linked galacturonic acid with upto 95% of its carboxyl groups, esterified with methanol.

6. Microbial Pectinase Fungi: Aspergillus spp. ( extensively Aspergillus niger ), Penicillium, Trichoderma, Rhizopus, Botrytis, Fusarium, Alternaria, Mucor Yeasts: Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Kluyveromyces marxianus : Bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Erwinia. Actinomycetes: Micromonospora , Streptomyces Modification of synthesizing capability through Synthetic biology*  

7. Screening Pectinase Producer to identify strains with high pectinase production potential Use of Pectin containing media: Pectinase-producing microorganisms are often screened using growth media containing pectin as a carbon source.   The basic structure of pectin is      -1,4-linked galacturonic acid with upto 95% of its carboxyl groups, esterified with methanol.

8. Screening Pectinase Producer Reagent that can be used for qualitative detection: Congo Red, 1% CTAB, Lugol’s Iodine. Congo Red:   The basic structure of pectin is      -1,4-linked galacturonic acid with upto 95% of its carboxyl groups, esterified with methanol. - forms a complex with polymeric substances like pectin. - double bonds in the azo groups of Congo Red allows it to form interactions with electron-rich regions of polymeric substances - π-π stacking interactions giving a dark red comple x

9. Screening Pectinase Producer Reagent that can be used for qualitative detection: Congo Red, 1% CTAB, Lugol’s Iodine. 1% CTAB   The basic structure of pectin is      -1,4-linked galacturonic acid with upto 95% of its carboxyl groups, esterified with methanol. Pectinolytic isolates that depolymerized pectin produced colourless hydrolytic zones around colonies on pectic agar medium after colored by CTAB. The cetrimide or CTAB is an insoluble acidic precipitant of polysaccharide. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the pectic substrates inhibited their precipitation by using CTAB, which then lead to the appearance of cleared zones in front of the pectin hydrolases and lyases

10. Screening Pectinase Producer Reagent that can be used for qualitative detection: Congo Red, 1% CTAB, Lugol’s Iodine. Lugol’s Iodine Maybe similar to Starch Iodine molecules can penetrate the helical structure of pectin through the helical coils. Forming a deep blue or purple complex. .   The basic structure of pectin is      -1,4-linked galacturonic acid with upto 95% of its carboxyl groups, esterified with methanol.

11. Application 1) Food and Beverage Industry: Fruit Juice Extraction: Pectinase is used to clarify and extract juice from fruits. It helps break down pectin in the cell walls, improving juice yield and quality. Wine and Beer Production: Pectinase aids in the clarification and filtration of wines and beers by breaking down pectin, reducing haze formation.   The basic structure of pectin is      -1,4-linked galacturonic acid with upto 95% of its carboxyl groups, esterified with methanol.

12. Application 2) Textile Industry Fabric Processing: Pectinase is employed in textile processing to remove pectinaceous impurities from fibers, facilitating better dyeing and finishing processes. 3) Oil Extraction: Oilseed Processing: Pectinase aids in the extraction of oil from oilseeds by breaking down cell wall components, improving oil yield.   The basic structure of pectin is      -1,4-linked galacturonic acid with upto 95% of its carboxyl groups, esterified with methanol.

13. Application 4) Paper and Pulp Industry Paper Degumming: Pectinase is used for the degumming of plant fibers in the paper and pulp industry, improving the efficiency of the paper-making process. 5 ) Animal feed: Pectinase is used as a feed additive in animal nutrition to enhance the digestibility of feed components, particularly in monogastric animals. 6) Biogas Production: Biomass Pretreatment: Pectinase aids in the pretreatment of biomass feedstocks for biogas production, facilitating the release of fermentable sugars for microbial digestion.   The basic structure of pectin is      -1,4-linked galacturonic acid with upto 95% of its carboxyl groups, esterified with methanol.

14. Application 7 ) Textile and Detergent Industries: Desizing Agent: Pectinase is used as a desizing agent in the textile industry to remove pectin-based sizing agents from fabrics. Detergent Additive: Pectinase is employed in laundry detergents to enhance the removal of pectinaceous stains from fabrics. 8 ) Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications: Extraction of Pharmaceuticals: Pectinase is used in the extraction of pharmaceutical compounds from plant materials, where pectin may interfere with extraction processes.   The basic structure of pectin is      -1,4-linked galacturonic acid with upto 95% of its carboxyl groups, esterified with methanol.

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