Pedagogy of science

Basic: Meaning, Definition, Importance etc.

1. Pedagogy Of Science Prepared By: GUNJAN SHARMA Assistant Professor Pragati College, Raipur

2. INTRODUCTION The  history of science  is the study of the development of science, including both the natural and social sciences (the history of the arts and humanities is termed history of scholarship). Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real-world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, studies the methods employed by historians of science.

3. INTRODUCTION

4. Meaning Of Science : The word Science comes from Latin word " scientia “ {Noun} meaning "knowledge" and siere {Verb} meaning “To Know” in the broadest sense it is any systematic knowledge-base or prescriptive practice capable of resulting in prediction. Science can also be understood as a highly skilled technique or practice.

5. Definition Of Science A branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws: for example, mathematical science Science is defined as the observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena. Systemic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation. Science is the systematic knowledge gained by man by natural observation and subsequent experimentation. According to Dr. D.S.Kothari : “To learn Science is to do science there is no other way of learning science.”

6. Awareness Curiosity Inquiry Investigation Innovation Research Positive Attitude Developed Skill Science

7. Science as a Product: facts faiths laws principles ideas recognition Science as a Process: method manner behaviour mortality

8. Why study of science is important? Nature of subject Language of the subject Relation with the living beings History of the subject Life Research Growth and Development Understanding yourself Evolution Development of the subject Cause and Effect Teaching of science Wholeness Organization Classification Human health Food Space Teaching method Changes

9. The study and knowledge about the physical world and natural laws: Modern Science is typically divided into three major branches that consist of the natural sciences (e.g., biology (life), chemistry, and physics (non-living), which study nature in the broadest sense; the social sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which study individuals and societies; and the formal sciences(e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which study abstract concepts. There is disagreement, however, on whether the formal sciences actually constitute a science as they do not rely on empirical evidence. Disciplines that use existing scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as engineering and medicine, are described as applied sciences.

10. BRANCHES OF SCIENCE:

11. Importance of science Utilitarian value Intellectual value Cultural value Moral value Aesthetic value Psychological value Disciplinary value Adaptation Co-ordination Conservation Mental development Physical development Vocational development Emotional development Social development Contribution in adjustment Uses of leisure time

12. Nature Of Science Science is an attempt to explain natural phenomena. People from all cultures contribute to science. Scientific knowledge, while durable, has a tentative character. Scientific knowledge relies heavily, but not entirely, on observation, experimental  evidence, rational arguments and scepticism. There is no one way to do science – therefore, there is no universal step-by-step scientific method. New knowledge must be reported clearly and openly. Scientists require accurate record-keeping, peer review and reproducibility. Observations are theory laden. Scientists are creative. Over the centuries, science builds in both an evolutionary and a revolutionary way. Science is part of social and cultural traditions. Science and technology impact each other. Scientific ideas are affected by the social and historical setting. Laws and theories serve different roles in science – therefore, students should note that theories do not become laws even with additional evidence.

13. PROFESSION IN THE AREAS OF SCIENCE Teaching Research Medical Health Environmental Management Space Pharmacologist Physiotherapist Service Agriculture Scientist Geologist Chemist Laboratory technician Mathematician Microbiology Consultant Engineer

14. Writing instructional objectives Introducing a lesson Fluencing in questioning Probing question Explaining Illustrating with example Stimulus variation Reinforcement of learning Nonverbal clues Increasing student participation Using blackboard Achieving closure Recognizing attending behavior ICT skill Classroom management Evaluation TEACHING SKILLS:

15. EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF SCIENCE TEACHING Validity Utility Establishment Logical Authentic Stability

16. IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON MODERN COMMUNITIES

17. Transportation and communication system. Construction of modern building and re- colonies. Water resources management and its purification modernization of the system of food production and its availability to the people. Modernization of the ways of working and laboring as work player. Health care and treatment of diseases. Providing modern means for the entertainment and leisure time hobbies. Development of inter relationship and inter dependence.

18. GENERAL AIM OF SCIENCE TEACHING The aims of the teaching and study of sciences are to encourage and enable students to:   Develop inquiring minds and curiosity about science and the natural world Acquire knowledge, conceptual understanding and skills to solve problems and make informed decisions in scientific and other contexts Develop skills of scientific inquiry to design and carry out scientific investigations and evaluate scientific evidence to draw conclusions Communicate scientific ideas, arguments and practical experiences accurately in a variety of ways Think analytically, critically and creatively to solve problems, judge arguments and make decisions in scientific and other contexts Appreciate the benefits and limitations of science and its application in technological developments Understand the international nature of science and the interdependence of science, technology and society, including the benefits, limitations and implications imposed by social, economic, political, environmental, cultural and ethical factors Demonstrate attitudes and develop values of honesty and respect for themselves, others, and their shared environment.