PEER EDUCATION PROGRAM, KWTA, MACHAKOS PRESENTATION.pptx

PEEER EDUCATION

1. PEER EDUCATION PROGRAM, KWTA, MACHAKOS; 07 th to 09 th OCTOBER, 2020 TOPIC: UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOUR BY Dr. VIRGINIA NYAGAH

2. DEFINITION OF TERMS Human- A person Behavior- A response/s which is observed directly/ indirectly -Actions and mannerism Human behavior- The way humans act and interact. -It is based on and influenced by several factors, such as genetic make-up, culture and individual values and attitudes

3. INTRODUCTION The existence of the organization depends on the employees/individuals and how they behave. It is very essential to understand human behavior, failure to which makes work in an organization very difficult. All organizations are composed of individuals, with different personality, attitudes, values, perception, motives, aspirations and abilities. The main reason to understand human behavior is that individuals are different. No two individuals are similar.

4. IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR Human behavior is very much unpredictable. Therefore, we cannot assume one set pattern of behavior. Behavior can either be caused, motivated or goal oriented. By understanding behavior one can predict, direct, change and control behavior of individuals or group. It is essential for managers to understand behavior as they are constantly with people, interacting with them in terms of communication Understanding past behavior is important for developing effective human skills, and also provides a framework for predicting behavior. It also gives an idea to managers as to how behavior is similar in certain circumstances and changing in changing environmental conditions.

5. MODELS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOUR 1. Psychoanalytic Model: P roposed by Sigmud Freud . Behavior is not always consciously explained but "Unconscious" is the major factor which guides the individual's behaviour . Behavior depends on three factors: id, Ego and Super ego. Id: Means pleasure seeking. Id in an individual can be constructive but may also lead to destructive tendencies like being aggressive, dominating, fighting and generally destroy. This kind of instinctive is more dominating in childhood. But once individuals develop and mature they learn to control the id

6. Psychoanalytic Model Cont’D Ego: represents `conscious' stage in one's behavior. It is the reasoning principle. Though Id comes in conflict with ego, the ego depends on the super ego. Superego : It represents "conscience". An individual is not aware of the superego's functioning. The conscience is dependent on two factors that is cultural values and moral of a society. Superego's development depends mostly on parent's influence. Once the child grows up the child will unconsciously identifies with parents value and morals. There is always tussle between id, ego and superego. The degree of each of them varies from person to person. So the variations in individual's behavior can be better understood with the help of this model.

7. 2. Maslow’s Theory of Learning and Behavior Changes Proposed by Abraham Maslow. Maslow’s theory came up with Hierarchy of Needs. The theory suggests that we have divergent needs at different times and motivation occurs due to those needs. The lower level needs must be satisfied before higher-order needs which influence behavior. People have an internal drive to realize their potential (self actualization) and we naturally have to do so unless the social environment constraints their opportunities.

8. 3. Biological bases of behavior The physical structure of the body plays an important role in the behavior of an individual The Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS) – brain and spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system – nerves that lie outside the central nervous system • Somatic nervous system – voluntary muscles and sensory receptors • Autonomic nervous system (ANS) – controls automatic, involuntary functions – Sympathetic – Go (fight-or-flight) – Parasympathetic – Stop

9. Nervous System Cont’D The basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron . It has 3 functions Receive signals (or information). Integrate incoming signals (to determine whether or not the information should be passed along). Communicate signals to target cells (other neurons or muscles or glands).

10. Structure of a neuron

11. Nervous System Cont’D Synapses Neuron-to-neuron connections are known as synapses. They are the sites at which information is carried from the first neuron, the presynaptic neuron, to the target neuron (the postsynaptic neuron). At most synapses and junctions, information is transmitted in the form of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters . Neurotransmitter molecules cross the synapse and bind to membrane receptors on the postsynaptic cell, conveying an excitatory or inhibitory signal.

12. Neurotransmitters and their functions

13. 4. Heredity and Behavior We inherit characteristics from our parents in the form of genes. At birth, a child possesses a unique combination of genes received from both parents. These genes are located on chromosomes found in the nucleus of the cell The genes carry DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) which determines the information to be inherited The information determines the characteristics exhibited in some behaviors.

14. 5. Socio-cultural Basis of Behavior Human behavior is fundamentally social Culture- it is an idea created and shared by a group of people It includes behavioral products of others who preceded us Culture shapes our behavior in a significant manner Culture can be transmitted through

15. Enculturation This refers to all learning that takes place without direct, deliberate teaching We learn certain ideas, concepts and values simply because of their availability in our cultural context. Concepts are transmitted both directly and indirectly and are learned very well because they are an intergral part of life of a cultural group and are never questioned. Key element of enculturation is learning by observation

16. Socialization Process by which individuals acquire knowledge, skils and dispositions which enable them to participate as effective members of groups and society. This process continues the entire life span The probabibility of our behaving in a particular way is greatly affected by people who relate to us. Agents of socialization include: parents, schools, peer groups, media influences

17. Acculturation Refers to cultural and psychological changes resulting from contact with other cultures. Whenever acculturation occurs, it requires relearning of norms, values, dispositions and patterns of behaviors. Acculturation can take place through Intergration - interest in both maintaining ones original cultural and identity while staying in daily interaction

18. Acculturation Cont’D Assimilation- Refers to an attitude which people do not wish to maintain their cultural identity and want to identify with other peoples culture Separation- Refers to attitude in which people seem to place a value of holding on to their original culture and wish to avoid interaction with other cultural group. Marginalization - Refers to an attitude in which their is little possibility of interest in ones cultural maintenance and little interest in having relations with other cultural groups.

19. CONCLUSION Behavior of individuals is caused, and is unpredictable. Understanding of human behavior is however, rewarding and necessary for management as it helps in organizational design, training and development This leads to improved behavior of the members of an organization in terms of how they relate in work place and end result is increased work performance.