Periodontal Instruments & Instrumentation

1. DEPT OF PERIODONTICS
Dr shabeel pn
RDC

2. PERIODONTAL PROBES
EXPLORERS
SCALING, ROOT-PLANING &
CURETTAGE
PERIODONTAL ENDOSCOPE
CLEANSING & POLISHING
INSTRUMENTS

3. PERIODONTAL PROBES-
used to locate, measure and mark pockets as well
as determine their course on individual tooth
surfaces
EXPLORERS-
to locate calculus deposites and caries

4. SCALING, ROOT-PLANING AND
CURETTAGE INSTRUMENTS-
for removal of plaque and calcified deposites
from crown and root of tooth, removal of
altered cementum from the subgingival root
surface, and debridement of the soft tissue
lining the pocket.
Sickle scaler- to remove supragingival calculus

5. Curettes- for subgingival scaling, root planing
and removal of the soft tissue lining the pocket
Hoe, chisel and file scaler- to remove tenacious
calculus and altered cementum
Ultrasonic and sonic instruments- for cleansing
and polishing tooth surface and curetting the
soft tissue wall of the periodontal pocket

6. CLEANSING & POLISHING INSTRUMENTS-
eg: rubber cups, brushes, dental tape,
air-powder abrasive system

8. A.Marquis colour coded
probe
B.Unc-15 probe
C.University of Michigan
“o” probe
D.Michigan “o” probe with
marking 3, 6 and 8
E.W.H.O. probe
NABERS PROBE

9. TAPERED ROD LIKE INSTRUMENT
CALIBERATED IN MILLIMETERS, WITH A
BLUNT ROUND TIP
FUFCATION AREAS BEST EVALUATED BY
THE CURVED BLUNT NABERS PROBE
PLASTIC PROBES IN CASE OF IMPLANTS
PROBE IS INSERTED WITH A FIRM GENTLE
PRESSURE TO THE BOTTOM OF THE
POCKET. SHANK SHOULD ALLIGN WITH
THE LONG AXIS OF THE TOOTH

12.  USED TO
REMOVE LARGE
CALCULUS
DEPOSITS FROM
THE ENAMEL
SURFACE
USED WITH A
PULL STROKE.

13. LATERAL SURFACE:- STRAIGHT, MEET IN A
POINT TIP
NO OF CUTTING EDGE:- 2 CUTTING EDGE
WORKING END IN CROSS SECTION:-
TRIANGULAR
SICKLE SCALERS WITH STRAIGHT SHANKS ARE
DESIGNED FOR USE ON ANTERIOR TEETH
SICKLE SCALERS WITH CONTRA ANGLED
SHANKS ADAPT TO POSTERIOR TEETH
U15/30 & UNIVERSITY SICKLE SCALER ARE
LARGE
JAQUETTE SICKLE SCALERS HAVE MEDIUM SIZE

14. HOE SCALERS ARE USED FOR SCALING OF
LEDGES OR RINGS CALCULUS
 BLADE IS BENT AT 99 ANGLE
CUTTING EDGE BEVELED AT 45 DEGREE
BLADE IS SLIGHT BOWED SO THAT IT CAN
MAINTAIN TWO CONTACT AT TWO POINTS ON A
CONVEX SURFACE
 THE BLADE IS INSERTED TO THE BASE OF THE
PERIDONTAL POCKET SO THAT IT MAKES TWO
POINT CONTACT WITH THE TOOTH .THIS
STABLIZES THE INSTRUMENT AND PREVENT
NICKING OF THE ROOT.
THE INSTRUMENT IS ACTIVATED WITH A FIRM
PULL STROKE TOWARD THE CROWN,

15. IT IS DESIGNED FOR THE PROXIMAL SURFACE
OF TEETH TOO CLOSELY SPACED TO PERMIT
THE USE OF OTHER SCALERS
IT IS USUALLY USED IN ANTERIOR PART OF
THE MOUTH
CHISEL INSERTED FROM FACIAL SURFACE
INSTRUMENT IS ACTIVATED WITH A PUSH
MOTION WHILE THE SIDE SIDE OF THE
BLADE IS HELD FIRMLY AGAINST THE ROOT

16. THEIR PRIMARY FUNCTION IS TO FRACTURE OR
CRUSH LARGE DEPOSITE OF TENACIOUS
CALCULUS
FILES CAN EASILY ROUGHEN ROOT SURFACES
WHEN USED IMPROPERLY THEREFORE, THEY
ARE SUITABLE FOR FINE SCALING
MINI BLABE CURETTE ARE
NOW PREFERRED

17. SHORT, POWERFUL PULL STROKE THAT IS
USED FOR THE REMOVAL OF BOTH
SUPRAGINGIVAL & SUBGINGIVAL
CALCULUS


18. CURETTES ARE OF TWO TYPES
2.UNIVERSAL
3.AREA SPECIFIC
UNIVERSAL CURETTES
-USED IN ANY AREA
-BOTH CUTTING EDGES USED
-CURVED IN ONE PLANE
-FACE OF BLADE AT 90 DEGREE TO SHANK
AREA SPECIFIC
-USED IN SPECIFIC AREAS
-ONE CUTTING EDGE USED
-CURVED IN TWO PLANE
OFFSET BLADE

19. GRACEY CURETTES
1-2 & 3-4 ANTERIOR TEETH
5-6 ANTERIOR TEETH &
PREMOLARS
7-8 & 9-10 FACIAL & LINGUAL-
POSTERIORS
11-12 MESIAL- POSTERIORS
13-14 DISTAL- POSTERIORS

20. EXTENDED SHANK CURETTES
-MODIFICATION OF GRACEY CURETTES
-TERMINAL SHANK IS 3mm LONGER,
ALLOWING EXTENSION INTO DEEPER
PERIODONTAL POCKET OF 5mmOR MORE
-THINNED BLADE FOR SMOOTHER
INSERTION
Eg HU-FRIEDY AFTER FIVE CURETTES
CHICAGO AFTER FIVE CURETTES

21. MINI BLADED CURETTES
-MODIFICATIONS OF AFTER FIVE
CURETTES
-BLADES ARE HALF THE LENGTH OF AFTER
FIVE OR STANDERD GRACEY CURETTES
-SHORTER BLADES ALLOWS EASIER
INSERTION AND ADAPTATION IN
DEEP,NARROW POCKETS;FURCATIONS
eg HU-FRIEDY MINI FVE CURETTES

23. SCHWARTZ PERIOTRIEVERS
A SET OF DOUBLE ENDED HIGHLY
MAGNETISED INSTRUMENTS DESIGNED
FOR THE RETRIEVEL OF BROCKEN
INSTRUMENT TIPS
PLASTIC INSTRUMENTS
FOR IMPLANTS TO AVOID SCARRING AND
PERMANENT DAMAGE TO IMPLANTS

24. DIAMOND COATED FILES
UNIQUE INSTRUMENTS USED FOR FINAL
FINISHING OF ROOT SURFACES
QUETIN FURCATION CURETTES
HOES WITH A SHALLOW, HALF MOON
RADIOUS THAT FITS INTO ROOF OR
FLOOR OF FURCATION &
DEVELOPMENTAL DEPRESSIONS OF ROOT
SURFACE

27. USED FOR REMOVING PLAQUE, STAINS, FOR
SCALING & CURETTAGE
2 TYPES-MAGNECTOSTRICTIVE & PIEZOELECTRIC
ALTERNATING ELECTRIC CURRENTS GENERATES
OSCILLATIONS THAT CAUSES SCALER TIP TO
VIBRATE
20,000-45,000 CYCLES PER SEC
IN MAGNETOSTRICTIVE, PATTERN OF
VIBRATION IS ELLIPTICAL- ALL SIDES OF THE TIP
ARE ACTIVE
IN PIEZOELECTRIC, VIBRATION IS LINEAR- TWO
SIDES OF TIP ARE ACTIVE

28. CONSISTS OF A HAND PIECE THAT
ATTACHES TO A COMPRESSED AIR LINE.
2000-6500 cps
LESS POWER FOR CALCULUS REMOVAL
THAN ULTRASONIC UNITS
SONIC AND PIEZOELECTRIC- NO HEAT GENERATED
MAGNETOSTRICTIVE- HEAT IS GENERATED
WHICH REQUIRE WATER FOR COOLING

30. MAGNETOSTRICTIVE ULTRASONIC UNIT

31. MOST EFFICIENT AND LEAST TRAUMATIC
INSTRUMENTS FOR CORRECTING
OVERHANGING OR OVERCONTOURED
PROXIMAL ALLOY OR RESIN
RESTORATION
THESE FILES ARE MADE OF ALUMINIUM
IN THE SHAPE OF A WEDGE PROTRUDING
FROM A SHAFT
ONE SIDE OF THE WEDGE IS DIAMOND
COATED AND THE OTHER SIDE IS
SMOOTH

33. RUBBER CUPS:- CONSIST OF A RUBBER WITH
OR WITHOUT WEBBED CONFIGURATIONS IN
THE HOLLOW INTERIOR
USED IN HANDPIECE WITH A SPECIAL
PROPHYLAXIS
A GOOD CLEANSING & POLISHING PASTE
THAT CONTAIN FLOURIED SHOULD BE USED
& KEPT MOIST TO MINIMIZE FRICTION HEAT

34. AVAILABLE IN WHEEL & CUP SHAPES
USED IN PROPHYLAXIS ANGLE WITH A
POLISHING PASTE
DENTAL TAPE
DENTAL TAPE WITH POLISHING PASTE IN
USED FOR POLISHING PROXIMAL SURFACE
THAT ARE INACCESSIBLE TO OTHER
POLISHING INSTRUMENTS

36. USED FOR GINGIVECTOMY

37. USED IN PERIDONTAL SURGERY

38. NEEDED TO REFLECT & MOVE THE FLAP
AFTER THE INCISION HAS BEN MADE FOR
FLAP SURGERY

39. USED TO HOLD THE FLAP DURING SUTURING
USED TO POSITION & DISPLACE THE FLAP
AFTER THE FLAP HAS BENN REFLECTED
DEBAKEY TISSUE FORCEPS

40. USED TO REMOVE TABS OF TISSUE DURING
GINGIVECTOMY, TRIM THE MARGIN OF
FLAP, ENLARGE INCISION IN PERIDONTAL
ABSCESES ,REMOVE MUSCCHMENT IN
SURGERY
GOLDMAN – FOX SCISSORS

41. USED TO SUTURE THE FLAP AT THE
DESIRE PORTION AFTER SURIGAL
PROCEDURE HAS BEEN COMPLETE.
CASTROVEJO NEDDLE HOLDER

42. ACCESSIBILITY:POSITIONING OF PATIENT
AND OPERATOR
VISIBILITY, ILLUMINATION &RETRACTION
CONDITION AND SHARPNESS OF
INSTRUMENT
MAINTAINING A CLEAN FIELD
INSTRUMENT STABILISATION
INSTRUMENT ACTIVATION

43. ACCESSIBILTY FACILITATES THOROUGHNESS OF
INSTRUMENTATION
POSITION OF PATIENT & OPERATOR SHOULD PROVIDE
MAXIMAL ACESSIBILITY
INADEQUATE ACCESSIBILITY IMPEDES THROUGH
INSRUMENTATION, PREMATURELY TIRED THE
OPERATOR DIMINISHES EFFECTIVENESS OF CLINICIAN
CLINICIAN SHOULD DE SEATED COMFORTABLELY ON
A OPERATING STOOL, SO THAT CLINICIAN’S FEET ARE
ON THE FLOOR WITH THE THIGHS TO THE FLOOR
BE IN A STRAIGHT & HEAD ERECT POSITION
PATIENT SHOULD BE IN SUPINE POSITION & PLACED
SO THAT THE MOUTH CLOSE TO THE RESTIG ELBOW OF
THE CLINICIAN
FOR INSTRUMENTATUON OF THE MAXILLARY ARCH,
THE PATIENTS CHIN SHOULD BE RISE SLIGHTLY
FOR MANDIBULAR ARCH, LOWER CHIN UNTILL
MADIBLE IN PARALLEL TO FLOOR.

44. DIRECT VISION WITH DIRECT
ILLUMINATION FROM DENTAL LIGHT
INDIRECT VISION BY USING MOUTH
MIRROR
RETRACTION PROVIDES VISIBILITY,
ACESSIBILITY & ILLUMINATION
MIRROR ALSO USED FOR RETRACTION
CHEEKS OR TONGUE
INDEX FINGER IS USED FOR RETRACTION
OF THE LIP

45. MAKE SURE THAT ARE CLEAN, STERILE &
IN GOOD CONDITION
WORKING END OF POINTED OR BLAED
INSTRUMENT MUST BE SHARP TO BE
EFFECTIVE
SHARP INSTRUMENTS ENCHANCE
TACTILE SENSITIVITY & ALLOW YHE
CLINICIAN TO WORK MORE PRECISELY

46. INSTRUMENTATION CAN BE HAMPERED
IF THE OPERATIVE FIELD IN OBSCURED BY
SALIVA, BLOOD & DEBRIS

47. INSTRUMENT GRASP
MODIFIED PEN GRASP
STANDARD PEN GRASP
PALM AND THUMB GRASP
FINGER REST
CONVENTIONAL
CROSS ARCH
OPPOSITE ARCH
FINGER ON FINGER

48. PEN GRASP
THE THUMB, INDEX FINGER, & MIDDLE
FINGER ARE USED TO HOLD INSTRUMENT AS
PEN IN HELD

49. MODIFIED PEN GRASP:-ENSURE
GREATEST CONTROL IN PERFORMING
INTRAORAL PROCEDURES

50. FOR STABILIZING
INSTRUMENTS DURING
SHARPENING AND FOR
MANIPULATING AIR
AND WATER SYRINGES

51. CONVENTIONAL FINGER REST IS
ESTABLISHED ON TOOTH SURFACE
IMMEDIATELY ADJACENT TO WORKING
AREA

52. CROSS ARCH FINGER REST IS
ESTABILISHED ON TEETH SURFACE ON
THE OTHER SIDE OF THE SAME ARCH
OPPOSITE ARCH FINGER REST IS
ESTABLISHED TOOTH SURFACE ON THE
OPPOSITE ARCH

53. FINGER ON FINGER REST IS ESTABLISHED ON
THE INDEX FINGER OR THUMB OF THE
NONOPERATING HAND

54. FOR EFFECTIVE INSTRUMENTION OF SOME
ASPECTS OF THE MAXILLARY POSTERIOR
TEETH
PALM UP:- FULCRUM IS ESTABLISHED BY
RESTING THE BACKS OF THE MIDDLE &
FOURTH FINGER ON THE SKIN OVERLYING
THE LATERAL ASPECTS OF THE MANDIBLE
ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE SIDE

55. THE PALM DOWN FULCRUMM IS ESTABLISHED
BY RESTING THE FRONT SURFACE OF THE
MIDDLE & FOURTH FINGER ON THE SKIN
OVERLYING THE LATER ASPECT OF THE
MANDIBLE ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE

56. ADAPTATION
ADAPTATION REFERS TO THE MANNER IN WHICH
THE WORKING END OF THE INSTRUMENT IS
PLACED AGAINST THE TOOTH
ANGULATION
ANGULATION REFERS TO THE ANGLE BETWEEN
THE FACE OF A BLADED INSTRUMENT AND THE
TOOTH SURFACE
-ALSO CALLED TOOTH-BLADE RELATIONSHIP
DURING INSERTION—0
SCALING & ROOT PLANING– 45-90

57. LATERAL PRESSURE
IT REFERS TO THE PRESSURE CREATED WHEN
FORCE IS APPLIED AGAINST THE SURFACE OF
THE TOOTH WITH THE CUTTING EDGE OF A
BLADED INSTRUMENT
MAY BE FIRM, MODERATE OR LIGHT
UNCONTROLLED APPLICATION OF HEAVY
FORCES SHOULD BE AVOIDED
STROKES
3 TYPES -EXPLORATORY
SCALING
ROOT PLANING
ANY OF THESE STROKES MAY BE ACTIVATED BY A
PULL OR PUSH MOTION IN VERTICAL OBLIQUE
OR HORIZONTAL DIRECTION

58. EXPLORATORY STROKE
LIGHT FEELING STROKE USED WITH PROBES
AND EXPLORERS TO EVALUATE THE
DIMENTION OF POCKET & TO DETECT
CALCULUS & IRREGULARITIES ON TOOTH
SURFACE
SCALING STROKE
SHORT POWERFULL PULL STROKE USED WITH
BLADED INSTRUMENTS FOR THE REMOVAL
OF BOTH SUBGINGIVAL & SUPRAGINGIVAL
CALCULUS.
SCALING MOTION SHOULD BE INITIATED IN
THE FORE ARM &TRANSMITTED TO THE
WRIST TO THE HAND WITH A SLIGHT
FLEXION OF FINGERS
PUSH SCALING MOTION IS RARELY USED

59. ROOT PLANING STROKE
MODERATE TO LIGHT PULL STROKE USED
FOR FINAL SMOOTHENING & PLANING OF
THE ROOT SURFACE
HOES, FILES, CURETTES & ULTRA SONIC
INSTRUMENTS CAN BE USED

61. MOUNTED ROTARY STONES
MOUNTED ON A METAL MANDRILL
CYLINDRICAL CONICAL OR DISC SHAPED
DIFFICULT TO CONTROL, CREATES HEAT,
TENDS TO WEAR THE INSTRUMENT
EASILY
UNMOUNTED STONES
RECTANGULAR, CYLINDRICAL OR CONE
SHAPED
EITHER INSTRUMENT STABLIZED & STONE
DRAWN ACROSS IT OR STONE STABLIZED
& INSTRUMENT DRAWN ACROSS STONE
Eg INDIA STONE
ARKANAS STONE
CERAMIC STONE