Personality

Personality

1. PERSONALITY Dr.Suresh Kumar Murugesan and Dr.Subasree Vanamali Yellow Pond

2. About the Presenters Dr.Suresh Kumar and Dr.Subasree V anamali are passionate Professors, Trainers and Positive Mental Health Practitioners from Tamil Nadu, India At present they are Heading the PG Department of Psychology respectively at Madras School of Social Work, Chennai and The American College, Madurai They are very keen in learning new research studies in behavioural Sciences and open to learn. Their ultimate aim is to make impression in the field of Knowledge Their area of specializations are Positive Psychology, counseling Psychology & Psychometry etc They are the founders of TNCCA, Yellow Pond, TNCPA Yellow Pond

3. Disclaimer This presentation is prepared for learning purpose only and anyone can use the content. All the images used in this presentation are taken from google image search. Due acknowledgement was given to all the material collected from the various sources. Any name or reference is not included kindly bring it to the notice of the presenters for inclusion. Email - [email protected] Thank you Yellow Pond

4. ORIGIN The term personality is derived from the Latin word “ Persona ” which means “ Mask ”. The mask put on by the theatre artist in ancient Rome theatre to portray their characteristics in a play. Yellow Pond

5. DEFINITION G.W. Allport (1937), “ Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psycho-physical systems that determine his unique adjustment to the environment .” Yellow Pond

6. PERSONALITY THEORIES Personality Type 1. Hippocrates [Blood] 2. Sheldon [Biological/ Somatotype ] 3. Kretschmer [Hand] 4. C.Jung [Nature] Trait 1. Allport [Cardinal, Central & Secondary] 2. Cattell [16PF] Type cum Trait Eysenck [NPE] Psychoanalysis 1. Sigmund Freud [Id, Ego & Superego ] 2. Alfred Adler [Life Style] 3. Carl Jung [Personal & Collective Unconscious] Humanistic Carl Roger [Humanistic Approach] Yellow Pond

7. TYPE THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Yellow Pond

8. TYPE THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Type Theories of Personality Hippocrates 1. Sanguine 2. Melancholic 3. Choleric 4. Phlegmatic Kretschmer 1. Pyknic Body Type 2. Asthenic Body type 3. Athletic Body Type 4. Dysplastic Body Type Sheldon 1. Endomorph 2. Mesomorphic 3. Ectomorph Carl Gustav Jung 1. Extrovert 2. Introvert Yellow Pond

9. TYPE THEORY OF PERSONALITY - HIPPOCRATES

10. HIPPOCRATES The Father of Modern Medicine Hippocrates was born around 460 BC on the island of Kos, Greece . He was regarded as the greatest physician of his time. He based his medical practice on observations and on the study of the human body. He held the belief that illness had a physical and a rational explanation. Yellow Pond

11. Temperaments 18th Century depiction of the four temperaments Phlegmatic choleric sanguine and melancholic Yellow Pond

12. Four Temperaments Choleric, sanguine, melancholic, and phlegmatic temperaments: 17c., part of the Grande Commande Yellow Pond

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15. Sanguine Personality Type People with a sanguine personality type tend to be lively, optimistic, buoyant, and carefree. They love adventure and have high risk tolerance. Sanguine people are typically poor at tolerating boredom and will seek variety and entertainment. Naturally, this trait can sometimes negatively affect their romantic and other relationships. Because this temperament is prone to pleasure-seeking behaviors, many people with sanguine personalities are likely to struggle with addictions. Their constant cravings can lead to overeating and weight problems. Sanguine people are very creative and can become great artists. Moreover, they are fantastic entertainers and will do well if they choose careers in the entertainment industry. Their natural abilities will also serve them well if they choose jobs related to marketing, travel, fashion, cooking, or sports. Yellow Pond

16. CHOLERIC PERSONALITY TYPE Someone with a pure choleric temperament is usually a goal-oriented person. Choleric people are very savvy, analytical, and logical. Extremely practical and straightforward, they aren’t necessarily good companions or particularly friendly. They dislike small talks and enjoy deep and meaningful conversations. They would rather be alone than in the company of shallow, superficial people. Ideally, they want to spend time with people who have similar professional interests. Ideal jobs for Cholerics are related to the following industries: management; technology; statistics; engineering; programming; business. Yellow Pond

17. PHLEGMATIC PERSONALITY TYPE Someone with a phlegmatic personality is usually a people person. They seek interpersonal harmony and close relationships, which makes phlegmatic people loyal spouses and loving parents. They make it a point to preserve their relationships with old friends, distant family members, and neighbors. People with phlegmatic temperaments tend to avoid conflict and always try to mediate between others to restore peace and harmony. They are very much into charity and helping others. Ideal careers for phlegmatic personality types should be related to nursing; teaching; psychology or counseling; child development; or social services. Yellow Pond

18. MELANCHOLIC PERSONALITY TYPE People with melancholic personalities love traditions. Women cook for men; men open doors for women. They love their families and friends and, unlike sanguine people, they do not look for novelty and adventure. Even more so, they avoid it as much as they can. Someone with a melancholic temperament is unlikely to marry a foreigner or leave their homeland for another country. Melancholic people are very social and seek to contribute to the community. Being extremely thorough and accurate, they are fantastic managers with good personalities. Perfect careers for melancholic personality type should be in: management; accounting; social work; or administration. Yellow Pond

19. RELATION OF VARIOUS FOUR TEMPERAMENT THEORIES Classical Element Adler Humor MBTI Carl Jung Melancholic Earth Avoiding Blood ISTJ Thinker Phlegmatic Water Getting Yellow Bile INFP Feeler Sanguine Air Socially useful Phlegm ESFP Intuitor Choleric Fire Ruling Black bile ENTJ Sensor Yellow Pond

20. COMPARISON Yellow Pond

21. TYPE THEORY OF PERSONALITY - SHELDON Yellow Pond

22. WILLIAM HERBERT SHELDON Born November 19, 1898, Warwick, Rhode Island, U.S. Died September 16, 1977, Cambridge, Massachusetts American psychologist and physician Who was best known for his theory associating physique, personality, and delinquency. Sheldon attended the University of Chicago, where he received a Ph.D. in psychology in 1926 and an M.D. in 1933. Yellow Pond

23. WILLIAM SHELDON BODY TYPE/ SOMATOTYPE Yellow Pond

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33. TYPE THEORY OF PERSONALITY - KRETSCHMER Yellow Pond

34. ERNST KRETSCHMER Born 8 October 1888 at Wüstenrot Died 8 February 1964 (aged 75) at Tübingen Nationality German Known for Typology and Scientific career He is specialised in Psychiatry Institutions - Marburg University

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36. KRETSCHMER’S HAND TYPE APPROACH Yellow Pond

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38. ERNST KRETSCHMER’S CLASSIFICATION German psychologist Kretschmer has attempted to correlate physique and character. From his studies on mental patients, he found that certain body types are associated with particular types of mental disorders. He has classified personalities into four types: a. Pyknic type: These are people who are short and having round body. They will have personality traits of extraverts. These people are more prone to suffer from a mental disorder called Manic Depressive Psychosis (MDP). b. Asthenic type: These people will have a slender or slim body. They will have the personality traits of introverts. These people are more prone to suffer from a serious mental disorder called Schizophrenia. c. Athletic type: These people will have strong body. They are more energetic and aggressive. They will be strong enough, determined, adventurous and balanced. They are comparable with ambiverts. They are more prone to suffer from MDP. Yellow Pond

39. KRETSCHMER TYPOLOGY Kretschmer typology is a controversial classification of individuals based on a “clear biological affinity” between specific physiques and specific personality tendencies. According to this classification, the short, stocky pyknic type tends to be jovial and subject to mood swings; the frail asthenic type is likely to be introversive and sensitive; the muscular athletic type is usually energetic and aggressive; and the disproportioned dysplastic type presents a combination of traits but tends toward the asthenic. These tendencies were attributed to endocrine secretions. [formulated in the 1920s by German psychiatrist Ernst Kretschmer (1888–1964)] Yellow Pond

40. TYPE THEORY OF PERSONALITY – CARL JUNG

41. CARL JUNG Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Who founded analytical psychology. Jung's work was influential in the fields of psychiatry, anthropology, archaeology, literature, philosophy, and religious studies. Jung worked as a research scientist at the famous Burghölzli hospital, under Eugen Bleuler. Source - Wikipedia Yellow Pond

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43. EXTROVERT VS INTROVERT Yellow Pond

44. EXTROVERT VS INTROVERT Yellow Pond

45. EXTROVERT VS INTROVERT Yellow Pond

46. EXTROVERT VS INTROVERT Yellow Pond

47. EXTROVERT VS INTROVERT Yellow Pond

48. EXTROVERT VS INTROVERT Yellow Pond

49. EXTROVERT - CAREERS Extroverts  are more like to enjoy careers which: Are people-oriented, i.e. tending to favour relationship maintenance and team collaboration. Involve frequent interactions with varied sets of people. Have a dynamic work environment, i.e. some aspect of the daily tasks and environment keeps changing. Involve coordination with large groups of people or teams. Are away from the predictable humdrum of daily life. Involve more action than thought. Have a work environment full of hustle bustle, action, chatter and activity, rather than peace and quiet. Inspire them to make things happen and take the lead. Make best use of their networking and people skills. Allow them to work on a number of different things simultaneously. Allow them to explore and discover new ideas and things. Yellow Pond

50. INTROVERT - CAREERS Introverts  are more like to enjoy careers which: Are task-oriented, i.e. tending to favour task accomplishment rather than fulfilling relationships. Allow them to spend time working alone in their independent space. Don’t involve quick results and targets, and gives them time to process, plan and think. Don’t involve too much social interaction, allowing time to replenish their energy. Allow them to introspect within and come up with ideas. Allow for change, but in small, infrequent dozes. Do not involve quick results and targets, as they take time to process things through contemplation, analysis and planning. Have a “noise-free”, i.e. quiet and serene work-environment. Don’t require projects to be completed through team collaboration. Don’t involve field-work or meetings with new people at different locations. Don’t require frequent social activities such as meetings, parties, meetings, and gatherings. Yellow Pond

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52. TRAIT THEORY OF PERSONALITY BY GORDON ALLPORT

53. GORDON ALLPORT Gordon Willard Allport (November 11, 1897 – October 9, 1967) Was an American psychologist. Allport was one of the first psychologists to focus on the study of the personality, and is often referred to as one of the founding figures of personality psychology He emphasized the uniqueness of each individual, and the importance of the present context, as opposed to past history, for understanding the personality. Yellow Pond

54. ALLPORT Allport and Henry Odbert worked through two of the most comprehensive dictionaries of the English language available and extracted around 18,000 personality-describing words . From this list they reduced the number of words to approximately 4,500 personality-describing adjectives which they considered to describe observable and relatively permanent personality traits . Yellow Pond

55. ALLPORT – TRAIT THEORIES Allport organized these traits into a hierarchy of three levels: Cardinal traits  dominate and shape an individual’s behavior, such as Ebenezer Scrooge’s greed or Mother Theresa’s altruism. They stand at the top of the hierarchy and are collectively known as the individual’s  master   control.  They are considered to be an individual’s ruling passions. Cardinal traits are powerful, but few people have personalities dominated by a single trait. Instead, our personalities are typically composed of multiple traits. Central traits  come next in the hierarchy. These are general characteristics found in varying degrees in every person (such as loyalty, kindness, agreeableness, friendliness, sneakiness, wildness, or grouchiness). They are the basic building blocks that shape most of our behavior. Secondary traits  exist at the bottom of the hierarchy and are not quite as obvious or consistent as central traits. They are plentiful but are only present under specific circumstances; they include things like preferences and attitudes. These secondary traits explain why a person may at times exhibit behaviors that seem incongruent with their usual behaviors. For example, a friendly person gets angry when people try to tickle him; another is not an anxious person but always feels nervous speaking publicly. Yellow Pond

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57. ALLPORT – TRAIT APPROACH Yellow Pond

58. TRAIT THEORY OF PERSONALITY BY RAYMOND CATTELL

59. RAYMOND CATTELL Raymond Bernard Cattell was a British and American psychologist, known for his psychometric research into intrapersonal psychological structure. Wikipedia Born: 20 March 1905, West Bromwich, United Kingdom Died: 2 February 1998, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States Full name: Raymond Bernard Cattell Known for: 16PF Questionnaire, Fluid and crystallized intelligence, Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test Yellow Pond

60. RAYMOND CATTELL’S TRAIT THEORY Unlike Eysenck, Cattell based his theory on various sources rather than just self reporting. Cattell’s trait theory has been built around the use of factor analysis, a mathematical technique devised by Charles Spearman. With the use of factor analysis, Cattell reviewed and categorized a large number of traits, seeking the most basic and useful ones, and developed a scheme for classifying them. This brought down the Allport’s initial list of over 4000 words to 171 different traits. He further identified the closely related terms and the final list was prepared of 16 basic source traits. According to him, these are the base of all human personality. Cattell discovered that some traits are surface traits, easily visible to any observer, and others are source traits, the underlying structures responsible for the surface traits. Surface Traits – clusters of related behaviors observed in a given situation. Source Traits – Sixteen basic dimensions of personality which are the roots of all behavior. Yellow Pond

61. 16 PF 1. Abstractedness:  Imaginative versus practical 2. Apprehension:  Worried versus confident 3. Dominance:  Forceful versus submissive 4. Emotional Stability:  Calm versus high-strung 5. Liveliness:  Spontaneous versus restrained 6. Openness to Change:  Flexible versus attached to the familiar 7. Perfectionism:  Controlled versus undisciplined 8. Privateness:  Discreet versus open 9. Reasoning:  Abstract versus concrete 10. Rule-Consciousness:  Conforming versus non-conforming 11. Self-Reliance:  Self-sufficient versus dependent 12. Sensitivity:  Tender-hearted versus tough-minded. 13. Social Boldness:  Uninhibited versus shy 14. Tension:  Inpatient versus relaxed 15. Vigilance:  Suspicious versus trusting 16. Warmth:  Outgoing versus reserved Yellow Pond

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64. TYPE CUM TRAIT THEORY OF PERSONALITY BY EYSENCK

65. HANS J Ü RGEN EYSENCK Hans Jürgen Eysenck was a German-born British psychologist who spent his professional career in Great Britain. He is best remembered for his work on intelligence and personality, although he worked on other issues within psychology. Wikipedia Born: 4 March 1916, Berlin, Germany Died: 4 September 1997, London, United Kingdom Full name: Hans Jürgen Eysenck Spouse: Sybil B. G. Eysenck (m. ?–1997) Known for: Intelligence, Personality psychology, MORE Yellow Pond

66. TYPE CUM TRAIT APPROACH HJ Eysenck identified the major components of personality as a number of personality types. Each type is made up of a set of personality characteristics. For example, people who fit Eysenck’s extroverts type are said to have such characteristics as sociability, liveliness and excitability. Each of these characteristics, according to Eysenck can be broken down into certain habitual response. Pattern that habitual response patterns can be broken down further into specific responses within specific situations. This progression from broad, global types down to specific situation bound, responses is what makes Eysenck’s approach a hierarchical theory. Yellow Pond

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76. PSYCHOTICISM Psychoticism is one of the three traits used by the psychologist Hans Eysenck in his P–E–N model (psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism) model of personality. Psychoticism is a personality pattern typified by aggressiveness and interpersonal hostility. High levels of this trait were believed by Eysenck to be linked to increased vulnerability to psychosis such as in schizophrenia. He also believed in a genetic basis to the trait, suggesting that blood relatives of psychotics would show high levels of psychoticism. Yellow Pond

77. PSYCHOTICISM - NATURE Psychoticism is conceptually similar to the constraint factor in Tellegen's three-factor model of personality. Psychoticism may be divided into narrower traits such as impulsivity and sensation-seeking. These may in turn be further subdivided into even more specific traits. For example, impulsivity may be divided into narrow impulsivity (unthinking responsivity), risk taking, non-planning, and liveliness. Sensation seeking has also been analysed into a number of separate facets. Eysenck argued that there might be a correlation between psychoticism and creativity. Yellow Pond

78. PSYCHOTICISM - CRITICISM Critics of the trait have suggested that the trait is too heterogeneous to be taken as a single trait. Costa and McCrae believe that agreeableness and conscientiousness (both of which represent low levels of psychoticism) need to be distinguished in personality models. It has also been suggested that "psychoticism" may be a misnomer and that "psychopathy" or "Impulsive Unsocialized Sensation Seeking" would be better labels. Yellow Pond

79. PSYCHOTICISM – BIOLOGICAL BASES Psychoticism is believed to be associated with levels of dopamine. Other biological correlates of psychoticism include low conditionability and low levels of monoamine oxidase; beta-hydroxylase, cortisol, norepinephrine in cerebrospinal fluid also appear relevant to psychoticism level. Eysenck's theoretical basis for the model was the theory of Einheitspsychosen (unitary psychosis) of the nineteenth-century German psychiatrist Heinrich Neumann. Yellow Pond

80. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY BY SIGMUND FREUD

81. SIGMUND FREUD Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire. Wikipedia Born: 6 May 1856, Příbor, Czechia Died: 23 September 1939, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom Children: Anna Freud, Ernst L. Freud, Jean Martin Freud, Mathilde Freud, Oliver Freud, Sophie Freud, Martin Freud Yellow Pond

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95. ICEBERG MODEL Yellow Pond

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99. PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY THEORY OF PERSONALITY BY CARL JUNG

100. CARL GUSTAV JUNG Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology. Jung's work was influential in the fields of psychiatry, anthropology, archaeology, literature, philosophy, and religious studies. Jung worked as a research scientist at the famous Burghölzli hospital, under Eugen Bleuler. Wikipedia Born: 26 July 1875, Kesswil, Switzerland Died: 6 June 1961, Küsnacht, Switzerland Movies: Matter of Heart Influenced by: Sigmund Freud, Arthur Schopenhauer, Otto Rank, MORE Yellow Pond

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109. ARCHETYPES Yellow Pond

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111. INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY BY ALFRED ADLER

112. ALFRED ADLER Alfred Adler was an Austrian medical doctor, psychotherapist, and founder of the school of individual psychology. His emphasis on the importance of feelings of inferiority, the inferiority complex, is recognized as an isolating element which plays a key role in personality development. Wikipedia Born: 7 February 1870, Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus, Vienna, Austria Died: 28 May 1937, Aberdeen, United Kingdom Spouse(s): Raissa Epstein Known for: Individual psychology, Superiority complex, Inferiority complex, Style of life Yellow Pond

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114. [email protected] Yellow Pond

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123. Humanistic Approach to Personality By Carl Roger

124. HUMANISTIC APPROACH Yellow Pond

125. HUMANISTIC APPROACH BY CARL ROGERS Yellow Pond

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127. Personality Assessment Objective Rating Scales Inventories, Check List, Questionnaire, Test, etc Subjective Sentence Completion, Open format, Essay Writing, Instant Speaking etc., Projective Inkblot Test Thematic Apperception Test [TAT], CAT, Cartoon test, Draw A man Test. Cloud Test, etc., Yellow Pond

128. OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT Yellow Pond

129. SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT

130. PROJECTIVE ASSESSMENT Yellow Pond

131. TAT

132. THANK YOU Yellow Pond

133. REFERENCE https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Eysenck https://www.slideshare.net/dpadmavathi/type-cum-trait-approach https://www.slideshare.net/psue4a/eysenck-three-personality-trait-theory https://study.com/academy/lesson/psychoticism-definition-lesson.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoticism https://www.psychologistworld.com/personality/pen-model-personality-eysenck https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/psychoticism https://exploringyourmind.com/dimensions-personality-hans-eysenck/ http://www.psychologyunlocked.com/eysenck-theory/ https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/574485.2-Electrophysiological-Differences-in-Sanguine-Choleric-Phlegmatic-and-MelancholicEnglish.pdf http://www.thetransformedsoul.com/additional-studies/miscellaneous-studies/the-four-human-temperaments https://larissapahomov.com/2012/09/05/whats-your-teacher-temperament/ http://www.thetransformedsoul.com/additional-studies/miscellaneous-studies/the-four-human-temperaments https://psychologia.co/four-temperaments/ Yellow Pond

134. REFERENCE https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung https://onedio.co/content/12-honest-illustrations-explaining-introverts-vs-extroverts-12299 https://www.mindler.com/blog/introverts-extoverts-careers/ https://quizzclub.com/stories/society/introverts-vs-extroverts-they-really-see-the-world-differently/ http://totallyhistory.com/alfred-adler/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler https://sites.google.com/site/psychologyofpersonalityperiod8/home/psychodynamic-theories/adler-s-personality-theory http://journalpsyche.org/alfred-adler-personality-theory/ https://alfredadler.edu/about/alfred-adler-theory-application https://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-jung.html http://journalpsyche.org/jungian-model-psyche/ https://www.psychologistworld.com/cognitive/carl-jung-analytical-psychology https://sites.google.com/site/psychologyofpersonalityperiod8/home/psychodynamic-theories/jung-s-personality-theory https://www.psychestudy.com/general/personality/carl-jung-theory https://www.verywellmind.com/what-are-jungs-4-major-archetypes-2795439 file:///C:/Users/Suresh%20Kumar/Downloads/ActiveImagination--Bowman.pdf Yellow Pond

135. REFERENCE https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Kretschmer http://www.psychologydiscussion.net/personality/notes-on-types-and-traits-theories-of-personality/710 https://study.com/academy/lesson/type-theory-in-psychology-definition-theorists.html https://dictionary.apa.org/kretschmer-typology https://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/142390-Classification-Of-Personality-Type-Approach-And-Trait-Approach.aspx https://managementmania.com/en/personality-typology-by-kretschmer https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-an-oedipal-complex-2795403 https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-fixation-2795188 https://www.verywellmind.com/defense-mechanisms-2795960 https://www.communicationtheory.org/psychoanalytic-theory-of-communication/ https://sites.google.com/site/psychologyofpersonalityperiod6/home/psychodynamic-theories/freud-s-personality-theory https://www.verywellmind.com/the-conscious-and-unconscious-mind-2795946 https://www.psychologistworld.com/freud/defense-mechanisms Yellow Pond

136. REFERENCE https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Allport https://exploringyourmind.com/allports-trait-theory-of-personality/ https://www.simplypsychology.org/personality-theories.html https://www.verywellmind.com/trait-theory-of-personality-2795955 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-psychology/chapter/trait-perspectives-on-personality/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Cattell https://www.verywellmind.com/cattells-16-personality-factors-2795977 https://www.psychestudy.com/general/personality/trait-theory https://www.psychestudy.com/general/personality/trait-theory https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/psychologists/raymond-cattell-and-his-theory-of-personality/ https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Book%3A_Personality_Theory_in_a_Cultural_Context_(Kelland)/10%3A_Trait_Theories_of_Personality/10.05%3A_Basic_Concepts_of_Cattell's_Theory

137. REFERENCE https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Sheldon https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/university-of-california-santa-barbara/personality-individual-differences/lecture-notes/traits-and-theories-of-personality/2919312/view https://sites.google.com/site/psychologyofpersonalityperiod8/home/type-and-trait-theories/sheldon-s-personality-theory https://temperaments.fighunter.com/?page=comparison Yellow Pond