Personality

PERSONALITY

1. PERSONALITY MRS U SREEVIDYA MSC NURSING

2. Meaning Latin word – persona -the mask worn by the actors while playing their role in the drama PERSONALITY P – Perception capacity E – Emotional maturity R – responsiveness to the situation S – Sociability O – Originality N – Neutrality A – Appearance (external) L – Leadership feeling I – Integrated T – Tendency Y – Young (in thinking)

3. INTRODUCTION AND C ONCEPT The word personality comes from the Latin root persona, meaning "mask." According to this root, personality is the impression we make on others; the mask we present to the world. Personality is defined as "a unique set of traits and characteristics, relatively stable over time.“ The definition further suggests that personality does not change from day to day. It can be understood in terms of a person’s behaviour, actions, postures, words, attitudes and opinions.

4. Definitions Personality is defined as the characteristic sets of behaviours, cognitions and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors. Or Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving.

5. Definitions J.B. Watson (1930) : “ Personality is the sum of activities that can be discovered by actual observations over a long enough period of time to give reliable information.” M. Prince (1929): Personality is the sum total of all biological t e ndenci e s , inna t e di s po s ition s , im p u l se s , appeti t e s , a n d in s tincts of t h e ind i v i d u a l a n d the di s posit i ons a n d t e n d enci e s acquired by experience.”

6. After analyzing 49 definitions by eminent persons, Allport (1948) defined “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment.”

7. It is relatively stable but dynamic in nature. Helps in adjusting the individual with the environment It is consistent. It is unique It is w hole rather than its parts It c omprises of heredity and environment It is m ade up of traits It is o rganized Characteristics and Nature of Personality

8. Development of Personality Physique Pituitary Gland Chemique E n vi r on m e n t Thyroid Gland Adrenal Gland Sex Gland Home School Society Cultural Difference Learni n g

9. Cl a ssification of factors is such as, Personal factors such as physique, sex, nervous system Environmental factors such as home and family, school, society etc. Another classification Biological factors Social and cultural (Environmental factors) Psychological factors Factors influencing Personality Development

10. 1. Biological factor s Hereditary influences Nervous system Body chemistry

11. Cont …

12. 2. Socio-cultural factors

13. 3. Psychological factors Intelligence and mental functioning – it helps in making adequate adjustments and in collecting facts and understanding relationships. Level of aspiration and achievement motivation – these factors determine our reactions in various situations and thus affect our personality growth and direction. Will power – An individual with a considerable amount of will power will be able to make decisions more quickly than others.

14. COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY Some psychologists have tried to describe personality in terms of traits. A trait is some particular quality of behaviour which characterises the individual in a wide range of his activities, and which is fairly consistent over a period of time. These traits are described as components of personality. (Trait perspective)

15. The Trait Perspective The “Big Five” Personality Factors Trait Dimension Description Emotional Stability Calm versus anxious Secure versus insecure Self-satisfied versus self-pitying Extraversion Sociable versus retiring Fun-loving versus sober Affectionate versus reserved Openness Imaginative versus practical Preference for variety versus preference for routine Independent versus conforming Warmth Soft-hearted versus ruthless Trusting versus suspicious Helpful versus uncooperative Conscientiousness Organized versus disorganized Careful versus careless Disciplined versus impulsive

16. TYPES OF PERSONALITY

17. Nine Types  Perf e c t ion i sts  Helpers  Romantics  Achievers  Asserters  Questioners  Adventurers  Observers and  Pe a c em ak ers.

18. Pe rf e c t io n i s ts Perfectionists: a r e realisti c , c o n sc i e n tio us a nd p r i n c ip l ed n u rt u r i ng a n d Ex: Narayan Murthy – Infosys. Hel p e r s – a r e w a r n , c o n c er n e d , sensitive to other people’s needs Ex: Mother Teresa. Achievers – are energetic, optimistic, self assured and goal oriented Ex: Sachin Tendulkar R o m ant i c s – h av e s e n s i t iv e f e e l i n g s a n d a r e w a r m and perceptive Ex: M. F. Hussain – great Indian Painter Obse rv e rs – h av e a n e ed f o r k n owled ge a nd a r e introverted, curious, analytical and insightful. Ex: Amartya Sen - Great economist

19. Questioners – are responsible and trustworthy. Ex: Shabana Azmi Adventurers – are energetic, lively and optimistic. They want to contribute to the world Ex: Vijay Mallya - NRI businessman. Asserters – are direct, self-reliant, self confident and protective. Ex: T. N. Seshan - Chief Election Commissioner. Peacemakers – are receptive, good-natured and supportive. They seek union with others and the world around them Ex: Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

20. Theories of Personality Type Theory Trait Theory Type cum Trait Theory Developmental theory

21. Type theory 1. Hippocrates’ Classification Choleric Emotionally weak, bodily strong and easily tempted Melencholic Emotionally and bodily weak – Pessimist Phlegmatic Emotionally strong – able to control his emotions - bodily weak – lazy type – always happy Senguine Bodily strong – Energetic – control type – an optimist

22. 2. Kretschmer’s Classification Body Type Body Characteristics Personality Characteristics Pyknic Fat types, in whom fat is more than muscle Social and helping to others Athletic Healthy, balance between muscles and bone development Energetic, optimist can adjust to any situation Asthenic Thin, and lean tall, no muscle, only bone Unsociable, shy, pessimist and always alone

23. 3. Sheldon’s Classification Body Type Body Characteristics Personality Cha r ac t eri s t i cs Endomorphy No muscle development etc. prominent stomach Takes everything easy, sociable and affectionate Mesomorphy Balance between development of stomach and bones Likes to work, interested in adventurous activities Ectomorphy Weak, tall, thin Pessimist, unsociable and alone

24. 4. Jung’s Classification Introvert Extrovert Ambivert

25. Jung Theory Extraversion - *Extraversion* is the tendency to look to the outside world, especially people, for one's pleasures. Extraverts are usually outgoing and they enjoy social activities, but they are uncomfortable when they are alone. Introversion - *Introversion* refers to a tendency to prefer the world inside oneself. The more obvious aspects of introversion are shyness, a distaste for social functions, and a love of privacy.

26. Trait theory 1. Allport Theory 2. Cattell 16 PF (personality factors) theory

27. 1. Allport theory He identified 17953 terms to define personality. After careful analysis he found 4541 term s to define an individual

28. Allport Trait theory cont.. Personality: A Psychological Interpretation (1937) Allport defined Trait as “ a generalized and focalized neuropsychsic system with the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent, and to initiate and guide consistent forms of adoptive and expressive behavior (Allport, 1937).

29. Classification of traits (Allport) Cardinal traits : the traits ruling the personality of the individual e.g sense of humour C ent r al t r aits : easi l y de t e c t ed t r aits tha t a l l pe o p le have a certain number. E.g. shyness, timidity, honesty Secondary traits : Less important, style of walking, etc

30. 2. Cattell 16 PF theory 171 basic traits Common traits : it is found widely distributed in general population . E.g - Honesty, cooperation Unique traits : these traits are possessed by particular persons . e.g - emotional stability Surface Traits : easily recognized . e.g - Curisioty, Source traits : it determines the behavior

31. Type –cum-trait theories Traits are combined to form super traits This theory tries to synthesize the type and trait approaches. The Eysenck theory of personality reflects this type.

32. Type-cum-Trait Theory – Hans J. Eysenck I n t r o v ert Extrovert Neurotic Psychotic

33. Neuroticism Tense Unrest etc Psychoticism Lacking in empathy Cruel Aggressive Troublesome Introversion Persistance Rigidity Subjectivity Shyness etc. Extraversion Talkative Friendly etc

34. Developmental theories

35. This can identify:  Value system  Emotional reaction to a critical situation  Moods and characteristic behaviour traits.  Maturity in handling a crisis.  A b i l i t y t o a dj u st h im self t o th e s t r e s s of day-to-day executive lifestyle.  S e l f- c o n f i de n ce, p e r s o n a l a m b i ti o n, emotional control and sociability etc.

36. Personality Assessme n t Techniques N o n - p r ojec t i v e Techniques Subjective Methods Objective Methods Projective T echniques

37. Assessment of Personality Subjective Methods Objective Methods Projective Methods

38. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a psychological test that assesses personality traits and psychopathology. It is primarily intended to test people who are suspected of having mental health or other clinical issues. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was developed in 1937 by clinical psychologist Starke R. Hathaway and neuropsychiatrist J. Charnley McKinley at the University of Minnesota. Today, it's the most frequently used clinical testing instrument and is one of the most researched psychological tests in existence. While the MMPI is not a perfect test, it remains a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of  mental illness .

39. MEMORY WORDS LIST NINE SWAP CELL RING LUST PLUGS LAMP APPLE TABLE HOLD BANK FIRE WORM CLOCK HORSE COLOUR BABY SWORD DESK ARMY

40. STORY COMPLETION TEST In this beginning of the story is given to the subject and ask him/her to complete it with their thoughts and imaginations. Eg : It was 11 PM. Seema was about to shut the door and retire for the day. Then she saw Bono, her pet dog, in the garden. When she went out to bring Bono inside, she saw Bono frantically digging. Seema screamed when she saw…………………………………………..

41. ALTERATION IN PERSONALITY

42. Application of personality

43. Assist in diagnosis:- Assist in the formulation of psychopathology and in the identification of areas of stress. Determine the nature of the deficits. Assess the severity of psychopathology and response of treatment. To assess general characteristics of the individual. Easy to get information and is more scientifically consistent. Used for forensic evaluation, family court issues, or criminal charges. Assess level of functioning or disability.