PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT�Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

James McKeen Cattell (1860 – 1944) was the first professor of psychology in the United States, teaching at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. He was a long-time editor and publisher of scientific journals and publications, including Science, and served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as Society for Science from 1921 to 1944.

1. James McKeen Cattell  (1860 – 1944) was the first professor of  psychology  in the United States, teaching at the  University of Pennsylvania  in  Philadelphia . He was a long-time editor and publisher of scientific journals and publications, including  Science , and served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as  Society for Science  from 1921 to 1944. Cattell's research on individual differences played a significant role in introducing and emphasizing the experimental technique and importance of methodology in experimentation in America . Cattell's design of mental tests were influenced by Wundt's definition of psychology in regards to the achievements of psychophysics and by Galton's view on the importance of the senses for judgement and intelligence. Regarding the beginnings of his mental tests, in Leipzig, Cattell independently began to measure “simple  mental processes ” PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

2. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA Ivan Petrovich Pavlov  (1849 – 936) was a Russian and Soviet experimental neurologist and  physiologist  known for his discovery of   classical conditioning  through his experiments with dogs. Carl Gustav Jung  (1875 – 1961) was a Swiss  psychiatrist ,  psychotherapist  and  psychologist  who founded the school of  analytical psychology . He was a prolific author, illustrator, and correspondent, and a complex and controversial charecter , perhaps best known through his "autobiography"  Memories, Dreams, Reflections The central concepts of analytical psychology is  individuation —the lifelong psychological process of differentiation of the self out of each individual's conscious and unconscious elements . Jung considered it to be the main task of human development. His belief that some alcoholics may recover if they have a “spiritual or religious experience” led, in part, to the founding of  Alcoholics Anonymous . Jung was known for his Learning Based Theory of Personality Analytical psychologist  Carl Jung  is well known for his theory of personality . This theory suggests that personality is inherited and part of the  collective unconscious —which includes both conscious and unconscious aspects. According to Jung, personality appears in the form of archetypes, or universal patterns of thought and behavior that affect what we focus on and how we interact with the world.  Jungian archetypes  categorize people in terms of various personality patterns. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

3. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA The psychological types identified by Jung are based on factors such as general attitude and psychological functions . The four basic psychological functions or dimensions that are the focus of Jung's theory are: The psychological types identified by Jung are based on factors such as general attitude and psychological functions  The four basic psychological functions or dimensions that are the focus of Jung's theory are: Extraversion vs. introversion Sensation vs. intuition Thinking vs. feeling Judging vs. perceiving Jung's theory later led to the development of the famous personality test, the  Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Jungian Learning Styles The dimensions outlined by Jung can be used to describe various learning styles . While each dimension represents a unique aspect of a learning style, individual learning styles may include a combination of these dimensions. Your learning style might include elements of extraverted, sensing, feeling, and perceiving learning styles , for example. Here are the different learning styles based on Jungian theory. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

4. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA This Jungian learning style is based on how learners interact with the outside world .  Extraverted learners enjoy generating energy and ideas from other people; they prefer socializing and  working in groups . Activities that benefit extraverted learners include teaching others how to solve a problem, collaborative work, and problem-based learning. Characteristics of ExtravertLlearners include : Learns best through direct, hands-on experience (learning by doing) Enjoys working in groups, sharing both ideas and tasks Gathers feedback from outside sources Self-motivated , jumping in without guidance Often thinks out loud Introverted Learning Style While introverted learners can still be sociable, they prefer to solve problems on their own. They enjoy generating energy and ideas from internal sources such as brainstorming,  personal reflection , and theoretical exploration.  Introverted learners tend to like solitary studying, individual work, and abstract ideas. Characteristics of introverted learners include: Would rather work alone Enjoys quiet, solitary work Often generates ideas from internal sources7 Prefer to listen, watch, and reflect Want to observe others before attempting a new skill PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

5. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA Sensing Learning Style Jung described these individuals as being interested in the external world as they are focused on the physical environment. Sensing learners tend to be realistic and practical, preferring to rely on facts and well-established  problem-solving methods .  While people with a sensing learning style enjoy order and routine, they're also quick to adapt to changing environments and situations. Characteristics of sensing learners include: Work in a methodical way Pay attention to details Okay with repetitive work Prefer concrete vs. abstract information Generally take more time to solve problems Intuitive Learning Style intuitive learners focus more on the world of possibility. Unlike sensing learners who are interested in the here and now, intuitive learners enjoy considering ideas, possibilities, and potential outcomes. These learners like  abstract thinking , daydreaming, and imagining the future. Characteristics of intuitive learners include: Prefer to work in short sessions rather than finishing a task all at once Enjoy new challenges, experiences, and situations More likely to look at the big picture rather than the details Like  theories  and abstract ideas PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

6. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA Thinking Learning Style Individuals with a thinking learning style place more emphasis on the structure and function of information and objects. Thinking learners use rationality and logic when  dealing with problems  and decisions. These learners often base decisions on personal ideas of right, wrong, fairness, and justice. Characteristics of thinking learners include: Interest in logic and patterns Dislike basing decisions on emotions Make decisions based on reason and logic Feeling Learning Style People with a feeling learning style manage information based on the initial emotions it generates. They are interested in  personal relationships , feelings, and social harmony. Feeling learners also dislike conflict and make decisions based on what they feel in their hearts. Characteristics of feeling learners include: Interest in people and their feelings In tune with their own emotions and those of other people Base decisions on immediate feelings Generate excitement and enthusiasm in group settings PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

7. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA Judging Learning Style Judging learners are very decisive, sometimes making decisions too quickly, before learning everything they need to know. These learners prefer order and structure, which is why they often plan out activities and schedules very carefully. They're also  highly organized , detail-oriented, and have strong opinions. Characteristics of judging learners include: Do not like ambiguity or mystery Tend to be firm in their decisions Very organized and structured Have strong opinions Generally follow the rules Perceiving Learning Style Perceiving learners make decisions impulsively in response to new information and changing situations, focusing more on indulging their curiosity than decision-making. These learners prefer to keep their options open.They start many projects at once (often without finishing any of them), avoid strict schedules, and jump into projects without planning. Characteristics of perceiving learners include: Often make  impulsive decisions Change decisions based on new information Dislike structurand organization Are flexible and adaptable e Sometimes have trouble making decisions PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

8. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA Can You Change Your Learning Style? No matter how you feel you learn best, branching out and trying other learning strategies may help  maximize your learning potential . One reason is that learning styles can change over time. One study found that learning styles change for a variety of reasons. Factors that can contribute to changes in learning style include:12 Context Environment Teaching method Subject matter   Jean William Fritz Piaget  (1896 – 1980) was a Swiss psychologist known for his work on  child development . He worked on developmental psychology. In the model Piaget developed , he argued that intelligence develops in a series of stages that are related to age and are progressive because one stage must be accomplished before the next can occur. For each stage of development the child forms a view of reality for that age period. At the next stage, the child must keep up with earlier level of mental abilities to reconstruct concepts. Piaget conceived intellectual development as an upward expanding spiral in which children must constantly reconstruct the ideas formed at earlier levels with new, higher order concepts acquired at the next level. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

9. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA Piaget believed in two basic principles relating to  character education : that children develop moral ideas in stages and that children create their conceptions of the world . According to Piaget, " the child is someone who constructs his own moral world view, who forms ideas about right and wrong, and fair and unfair, that are not the direct product of adult teaching and that are often maintained in the face of adult wishes to the contrary ” Piaget believed that children made moral judgments based on their own observations of the world.Piaget proposed that morality developed out of peer interaction and that it was autonomous from authority mandates. Peers, not parents, were a key source of moral concepts such as equality, reciprocity, and justice. He is also known as father of Constructivism , the theory that says learners construct knowledge rather than just passively take in information . As people experience the world and reflect upon those experiences, they build their own representations and incorporate new information into their pre-existing knowledge PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

10. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA Burrhus Frederic Skinner  ( 1904 – 1990) was an American psychologist,  behaviorist , inventor, and  social philosopher . Skinner saw human action as dependent on consequences of previous actions, a theory he would articulate as the principle of  reinforcement : If the consequences to an action are bad, there is a high chance the action will not be repeated; if the consequences are good, the probability of the action being repeated becomes stronger. Skinner developed  behavior analysis , especially the philosophy of  radical behaviorism , and founded the  experimental analysis of behavior , a school of experimental research psychology . He also used  operant conditioning  to strengthen behavior , considering the  rate of response  to be the most effective measure of response strength. To study operant conditioning, he invented the  operant conditioning chamber  (aka the Skinner box),and to measure rate he invented the cumulative recorder. Using these tools, he and  Charles Ferster  produced Skinner's most influential experimental work, outlined in their 1957 book Schedules of Reinforcement.   Carl Ransom Rogers  (1902 – 1987) was an American psychologist who was one of the founders of  humanistic psychology  and was known especially for his  person- centered psychotherapy . Rogers is widely considered one of the founding fathers of  psychotherapy  research and was honored for his pioneering research with the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions by the  American Psychological Association  (APA) in 1956. The  person- centered approach , Rogers's approach to understanding personality and human relationships, found wide application in various domains, such as psychotherapy and counseling ( client- centered therapy ),  education  ( student- centered learning ), organizations, and other group settings.  For his professional work he received the Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Psychology from the  APA  in 1972. Rogers was considered to be the sixth most eminent psychologist of the 20th century and second, among clinicians, ]  only to  Sigmund Freud . also he was considered the most influential psychotherapist in history (Freud ranked third). PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

11. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA Abraham Harold Maslow   ( April 1, 1908 – June 8, 1970) was an American psychologist who created  Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization.  Maslow was a psychology professor at Brandeis University, Brooklyn College, New School for Social Research, and Columbia University. He stressed the importance of focusing on the positive qualities in people, as opposed to treating them as a "bag of symptoms". A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Maslow as the tenth most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Hierarchy of needs Maslow described human needs as ordered in a prepotent hierarchy—a pressing need would need to be mostly satisfied before someone would give their attention to the next highest need . This now iconic pyramid frequently depicts the spectrum of human needs, both physical and psychological, as accompaniment to articles describing Maslow's needs theory and may give the impression that the hierarchy of needs is a fixed and rigid sequence of progression. Yet, starting with the first publication of his theory in 1943, Maslow described human needs as being relatively fluid—with many needs being present in a person simultaneously . The hierarchy of human needs model suggests that human needs will only be fulfilled one level at a time. According to Maslow's theory, when a human being ascends the levels of the hierarchy having fulfilled the needs in the hierarchy, one may eventually achieve self-actualization. Late in life, Maslow came to conclude that self-actualization was not an automatic outcome of satisfying the other human needs . PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

12. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

13. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA Self-actualization Maslow defined  self-actualization  as achieving the fullest use of one's talents and interests—the need "to become everything that one is capable of becoming ". As implied by its name, self-actualization is highly individualistic and reflects Maslow's premise that the self is "sovereign and inviolable" and entitled to "his or her own tastes, opinions, values, etc." Indeed, some have characterized self-actualization as "healthy narcissism ." Maslow realized that the self-actualizing individuals he studied had similar personality traits . Maslow selected individuals based on his subjective view of them as self-actualized people.  All were "reality centered ," able to differentiate what was fraudulent from what was genuine. They were also "problem centered ," meaning that they treated life's difficulties as problems that demanded solutions. These individuals also were comfortable being alone and had healthy personal relationships. They had only a few close friends and family rather than a large number of shallow relationships. Self-actualizing people tend to focus on problems outside themselves; have a clear sense of what is true and what is false; are spontaneous and creative; and are not bound too strictly by social conventions. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

14. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator (MBTI)   The Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator is a  self-report inventory  designed to identify a person's personality type, strengths, and preferences . The questionnaire was developed by Isabel Myers and her mother Katherine Briggs based on their work with Carl Jung's theory of personality types. Today, the MBTI inventory is one of the world's most widely used psychological instruments. By helping people understand themselves, Myers and Briggs believed that they could help people select occupations that were best suited to their personality types and lead healthier, happier lives. Myers created the first pen-and-pencil version of the inventory during the 1940s, and the two women began testing the assessment on friends and family. They continued to fully develop the instrument over the next two decades. Based on the answers to the questions on the inventory, people are identified as having one of 16 personality types. The goal of the MBTI is to allow respondents to further explore and understand their own personalities including their likes, dislikes, strengths, weaknesses, possible career preferences, and compatibility with other people PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

15. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA The Myers Briggs Types Each type is then listed by its four-letter code: ISTJ - The Inspector : Reserved and practical, they tend to be loyal, orderly, and traditional. ISTP - The Crafter : Highly independent, they enjoy new experiences that provide first-hand learning. ISFJ - The Protector : Warm-hearted and dedicated, they are always ready to protect the people they care about. ISFP - The Artist : Easy-going and flexible, they tend to be reserved and artistic. INFJ - The Advocate : Creative and analytical, they are considered one of the rarest Myers-Briggs types.3 INFP - The Mediator : Idealistic with high values, they strive to make the world a better place. INTJ - The Architect : High logical, they are both very creative and analytical PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

16. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA INTP - The Thinker : Quiet and introverted, they are known for having a rich inner world. ESTP - The Persuader : Out-going and dramatic, they enjoy spending time with others and focusing on the here-and-now. ESTJ - The Director : Assertive and rule-oriented, they have high principles and a tendency to take charge. ESFP - The Performer : Outgoing and spontaneous, they enjoy taking center stage. ESFJ - The Caregiver : Soft-hearted and outgoing, they tend to believe the best about other people. ENFP - The Champion : Charismatic and energetic, they enjoy situations where they can put their creativity to work.  ENFJ - The Giver : Loyal and sensitive, they are known for being understanding and generous. ENTP - The Debater : Highly inventive, they love being surrounded by ideas and tend to start many projects (but may struggle to finish them). ENTJ - The Commander : Outspoken and confident, they are great at making plans and organizing projects.   PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

17. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA Taking the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator can provide a lot of insight into your personality, which is probably why the instrument has become so popular. Even without taking the formal questionnaire, you can probably immediately recognize some of these tendencies in yourself . According to the Myers & Briggs Foundation, it is important to remember that every type has value. When working in group situations in school or at work, for example, recognizing your own strengths and understanding the strengths of others can be very helpful. When you are working toward completing a project with other members of a group, you might realize that certain members of the group are skilled and talented at performing particular actions . By recognizing these differences, the group can better assign tasks and work together on achieving their goals.  The MBTI is just one approach to personality typing. Personality typing refers to systems that categorize people based on their traits, tendencies, and other characteristics. Other popular types of personality tests include: The Enneagram The Five Love Languages The Big Five Personality Assessment The Workplace DISC Test Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire However, the Myers-Briggs types differ in some important ways. First, the MBTI is not really a "test." There are no right or wrong answers, and one type is not better than any other type. The purpose of the indicator is not to evaluate mental health or offer any type of diagnosis . PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

18. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA Personality test at work place DISC type personality test     DISC® is a personal assessment tool used by more than one million people every year to help improve teamwork, communication, and productivity in the workplace . Organizations and facilitators use these profiles as tools to help ignite cultural change, inspiring lasting behavior changes that positively shape their workforce.   DISC meaning DISC is an acronym that stands for the four main personality profiles described in the DiSC model: (D) ominance , ( i ) nfluence , (S) teadiness and (C) onscientiousness . People with D personalities  tend to be confident and place an emphasis on accomplishing bottom-line results. People with i personalities  tend to be more open and place an emphasis on relationships and influencing or persuading others. People with S personalities  tend to be dependable and place an emphasis on cooperation and sincerity. People with C personalities  tend to place an emphasis on quality, accuracy, expertise, and competency. DiSC also measures priorities (the words around the circle), providing more nuanced and memorable feedback in profiles. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA

19. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FPluLATa5YQ   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0YPj530lNc https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/da.20457   PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Dr. SAROJ KUMAR DATTA