personality juniors.pptx for physiotherapy and disabled

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1. Personality

2. INTRODUCTION Personality came from the word “persona” which means “mask.” A pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior.

3. DEFINITION Gordon Allport (1948) defined, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical system that determine his unique adjustment to his or her environment.”

4. CHARACTERISTICS Personality is an internal process that guides behavior. It is unique and specific. Gordon allport makes the point that personality is psychophysical which means both physical and psychological. It is relatively stable but not for a large extent it is dynamic and continuously process the change and modification. It exhibits self consciousness as one of its main characteristics.

5. Biological and genetic phenomena do have a impact on personality. Learning and acquisition of experiences contribute towards growth and development of personality. Personality of an individual can be describes as well as measured. Personality is distinguished from temperament which can be termed as emotional disposition.

6. Determinants of personality Biological factors Brain Heredity Physical features Environmental factors Family Social Cultural

7. HEREDITY FACTORS It refers to those factors that were determined at the time of conception. Physical structure, facial attractiveness, sex, temperament, reflexes, energy levels, intelligence level all gets affected by heredity factors. A child tends to resemble his parents physical appearance and intelligence.

8. Brain Brain is one of the most important factor of personality development. Father and children generally adopt the same type of brain stimulation. The differences are caused by environment.

9. Physical factors Physical features may involve height, color, health status and beauty. These factors are involved when interacting with any other person and thus contribute in the personality development in many ways. A man with a good physical structure and health generally possess an attractive personality. A man with poor health pigmy size and ugly physical features develops inferiority complex

10. Environmental factors: family Family plays a major role in influencing the personality of individuals, both directly and indirectly. The different child- training methods that are used to shape a child’s personality, and how the members communicate their interest, attitude and values directly influence personality.

11. Social factors Role of home : the first and immediate environment Family morale : good moral pattern and discord family Economic factor Role of school Role of peer groups

12. Cultural factors The culture in which one lives in, that may involve tradition practices, norms, customs, procedure, rules and regulations, precedents and values all are important determinant of personality. Moreover , the creed, religion and believes are also very important factors of personality determinants

13. DEVELOPMENT AND TYPES OF PERSONALITY(history) Ayurvedic’s classification of personality Dominance of element in the body Personality type Physiological characteristics Personality characterisitics Air and ether(space) VATA Slightly built, a little pigeon chest with dull dark hair and eyes, half dry rough and chapped skin, suffer from stiff joints, rheumatic problems and constipation Restless with active minds, indecisive and emotionally insecure, poor in memory tendency towards insomnia and depression

14. Continue 2) Water and earth kapha Big bonded, often overweight with a pain, smooth complexion hair are lustrous and wavy and eyes are white and attractive, suffer from sinus problem, lathergy and nausea Need a lot of sleep, move slowly , calm and loyal experience romantic and sentimental dreams.

15. Continue 3) Fire and water Pitta Average built, have a rudey complexion or red hair with moles, frecless tendency to go grey and bald early in life and often half green or very piercing eyes. Intense argumentative and precise, sharp intelligence, may become good leaders , at their worst they can be passionately angry, enjoy sports , haunting and politics and half vivid dreams.

16. Hippocrates’s classification Hippocrates has classified the human body into 4 types of fluids or humors blood Yellow bile Flung of mucus Black bile

17. continue Dominance of fluid type in the body Personality type Temperamental characteristics 1) Blood Sanguine Light hearted, optimistic, happy, thoughtful and accommodating 2) Yellow bile Choleric Irritable, angry but passionate and strong with active imagination. 3) Flung or mucus Phlegmatic Cooled, calm, sluggish and indifferent 4) Black bile Melancholic Bad tempered, rejected, sad, depressed, pessimistic and self involved

18. Ernst kretchmer’s classification Personality type Personality characteristics 1) Athletic Energetic, optimistic and adjustable 2) Pyknic Sociable , jolly, easy-going 3) Somatic Unsociable, reserved, shy and pessimistic

19. Sheldon’s classification Personality type Somatic description Personality characteristics 1) Endomorphic Person having highly developed viscera but weak somatic structure Easy going and sociable 2) Mesomorphic Balance development of viscera and somatic structure Craving for muscular activity, self assertive, loves to take risk and adventurous 3) Ectomorphic Weak somatic structure but developed viscera Pessimistic , unsociable and reserved.

20. Nature vs. Nurture The nature vs. nurture debate within psychology is concerned with the extent to which particular behavior are a product of either inherited or acquired characteristics. Nature is what we think of as pre writing and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception e.g., the product of exposure, experience and learning on an individual.

21. Personality Measurement History of personality assessment is as old as man on the earth.In primitive age people informally attempted to test the personality with the help of crude methods (astrology, palmistry).There was no formalized technique of personality assessment in those days.With the development of civilization, new methods were evolved.

22. Methods of personality assessment Observation Situational Test Questionnaire Interview Rating Scale Personality Inventory Projective Techniques

23. Observation It is a popular method to study the behavior pattern of an individual in an actual life situation. The observer decides what personality traits he needs to know and then observe the relevant activities of the subject in real life situations. Observation can be done in two ways – a) observer does not hide from the subject, b) observer takes a position where his presence is least disturbing to the subject. Observer may also use several devices (tape recorder, camera, telescope).Observer may repeat the observations in the same situation in several times to ensure the reliability of the result.

24. Situational Test In this test the behaviour of the individual is evaluated in action related to personality traits. Here situations are artificially created in which an individual is expected to perform acts related to the personality traits under testing. ( Eg . Honesty) Individual’s behaviour is assessed by judges or peers. In Situational test sociometric methods, psychodrama can use. The use of situational tests is difficult because it requires trained staff to observe and interpret behaviour .

25. Questionnaire Questionnaire refers to a device of a series of questions for securing answers about personality character.It is a most popular method and quite useful in collecting qualitative as well as quantitative information.

26.  Interview Interview is a technique of eliciting information directly from the subject about his personality in face-to-face contacts. Interview is of two types: structured and unstructured. Limitation of interview: required trained interviewer, costly, interviewer biasness, problem regarding interviewee. Merit of interview: flexibility of tool, subject do not hesitate to response.

27. Rating Scale The rating scale is used to assess where an individual stands in terms of other people’s opinion of some of his personality traits. Three basic factors involved in this technique: The specific trait or traits to be rated. The scale on which the degree of possession or absence of the trait has to be shown. The appropriate persons or judges for rating. Drawbacks of rating scale: subjective bias(like & dislike) and halo effect, logical error etc. To bring some reliability into rating scale technique, it has been suggested that we can assign the rating work to more judge.

28. Personality Inventory Personality inventory is specially designed to seek answers about the person and his personality. Here the questionnaire is worded in the first person such as ‘I often feel lonely’. Best known personality inventory is: Minnesota Multiphasic personality inventory(MMPI)developed by J.C. McKinley & S R Hathaway of Minnesota Medical School. It consists 550 items and each item printed in a separate card. Answer will be yes, no, doubtful.Drawbacks of personality inventory: difficult to get response in all question, subject hide his weakness, he may be ignorant of his own traits .Other personality inventory: Eysenck personality inventory, Cattell’s Sixten personality factor inventory(16 P.F.), California personality inventory etc.

29. Projective Techniques Projective techniques are those techniques in which we provide the subject with relatively indefinite and unstructured material and then allow him to structure the material in any way he likes. In doing so he unconsciously projects his own desires, hopes, fears, repressed wishes etc. These techniques are to assess the total personality (conscious and unconscious) of an individual rather than in fragment. Some common projective techniques are Rorschach Inkblot Test  Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Children’s Appreciation Test (CAT) Word Association Test 

30. Merits of Projective Techniques In these techniques, the tasks presented to the individual are usually unstructured. The subject cannot depend upon an established, conventional and stereotyped patter  of responses. Scope and area of application is very wide. Most of the essential aspects of the unconscious behaviour , of which the subject has no knowledge, can be revealed through these techniques. The nature of appraisals being made by these techniques is usually well-disguised.   Limitations of Projective Techniques It need highly qualified and experienced professionals It is expensive Risk of interpretation bias It is time consuming Unstructured techniques