Pest risk analysis

Pest Risk Analysis..

2. Pest risk analysis (PRA) is “The process of evaluating biological or other scientific
and economic evidence to determine whether an organism is a pest, whether it
should be regulated, and the strength of any phytosanitary measures to be taken
against it” (IPPC, 2012).
PRA -CASE STUDIES
Fungal Plant Pathogens :
Internal database United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service (USDA APHIS-PPQ)
evaluate the strength of the phylogenetic signal in host range
This can facilitate rapid assessment of risk from novel pests and pathogens
Puccinia striiformis, Venturiainaequalis, Bipolarisoryzaeand CercosporaCarotae
(Simone Bregaglioaet al.,2012)

3. The EFSApanel on Plant Health has delivered a pest risk assessment on Monilinafructicola
a. Entry of M.fructicola: by means of plant propagation material, fresh fruits of susceptible
genera and by natural means from infested European non-EU countries is very likely.
It is very unlikely in the case of dried fruit.
b. Establishment of M. fructicola: in the risk assessment area is very likely with a low level
of uncertainty because of the availability of host plants with a long period of susceptibility
and of suitable environmental conditions. Competition from other Moniliniaspecies
(M. laxaand M. fructigena) .
(France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, and Spain).
(c). The spread of M. fructicolawithin the risk assessment area is very likely with a low level
of uncertainty because of its multiple ways to spread (natural and human-assisted),
to thewide distribution of host species in the risk assessment area and the absence of
effective barriers.

4. The panel identified the following risk management options certification systems for plants
for planting and packaging of fruit, sanitation of packaging, storage facilities and means of
transport.
International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)
(PRA) includes three stages: initiation, pest risk assessment, and pest risk management.
The Risk Management Document (RMD) is part of the pest risk management and
communication stage.
In April 2002, a PRA for Fusarium foetenswas finalized after the finding of an outbreak of the
fungus in November 2000 in the Netherlands on a breeding company.
In 2005, Fusarium foetenswas added to the EPPO Alert list (EPPO Reporting Service 2005 /
111).

5. Bacterial Plant Pathogens:
The bacterium Xanthomonasfragariaecauses angular leaf spot disease on strawberry
(Fragariaspp.). It primarily affects the leaves including the fruit calyx on which it forms
water-soaked angular spots.
Infected planting material is the primary infection
source of Xfin strawberry fruit cultivation,
but introduction with contaminated machinery,
tools, field workers, etc.
Reason for performing the PRA
production place where no symptoms of Xf
have been observed since the beginning of the
last complete cycle of vegetation , mainly because
of the possibility of symptomless infection of
planting material (latent infections).
Risk reduction options
Testing methods are available to detect latent infections

6. Viral Diseases :
Pest risk assessment conducted by France on Citrus yellow mosaic virus or Citrus mosaic
badnavirusCMBV is a member of the family Caulimoviridae, genus Badnavirus.
This virus is currently restricted to India
The causal agent is transmitted by graftingand experimentally by mechanical inoculation and
also vector transmission by citrus mealybug (Planococcuscitri).
Trees affected by the disease not only show significant yield reduction, but also a decrease in
the quality of fruits (less juice and ascorbic acid).

7. Phytonematodes:
Canada pests regulation on Heteroderaglycines(soybean cyst nematode).
Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)
The Plant Protection Regulations restricts the domestic movement of soybean seed
for propagation, soybean harvesting equipment, machinery, soil and any other
thing suspected of being infested with the pest.

8. STAGE 3 -PEST RISK MANAGEMENT
as a result of the pest risk assessment stage:
All or some of the categorised pests may be considered appropriate for pest risk
management.
• for each pest, all or part of the PRA area may be identified as an endangered area.
• a quantitative or qualitative estimate of the probability of introduction of a pest(s) and
a corresponding estimate of the economic consequences, will have been obtained and
documented.
According to ISPM No. 11 (2004):
pest risk management as the process of identifying ways to react to a perceived risk,
evaluating the efficacy of these actions and determining the most appropriate mitigation
options to achieve the desired level of protection.

9. Phytosanitary measures to prevent the establishment and spread of damaging
pests and Diseases:
1.pre-or post-harvest treatments
2.inspection at various points between production and final distribution.
3.Surveillance.
4.Official control.
5.Documentation or certification
They may be applied:
1.in the exporting country before export of the commodity,
2.in transit,
3.at the border of the receiving country
4.at suitable points within the importing country

10. IDENTIFICATION OF POSSIBLE RISK MANAGEMENT OPTIONS:
ISPM No. 11 (2004) states that appropriate measures should be chosen based on their
effectiveness in reducing the probability of introduction of the pest to an acceptable
level.
which include several of the phytosanitary principles outlined in ISPM No. 1 (2006):
Phytosanitary measures shown to be cost-effective and feasible
The cost: benefit analysis for each of the minimum phytosanitary
measures found to provide acceptable security may be estimated. Those measures
with an acceptable cost: benefit ratio should be considered.
Principle of "minimal impact“
measures should not be more trade restrictive than necessary to reduce the level of
risk to an acceptable level.
Measures should be applied to the minimum area necessary for the effective
protection of the endangered area.
Principle of "equivalence“
if different phytosanitary measures with the same effect are identified, they should be
accepted as alternatives.

11. For example,
an exporting country can provide evidence to show that the efficacy of its treatment
is equivalent to another recognized by the importing country even though it was
not carried out according to the recognized procedures of the importing country.
The importing country can then objectively assess the exporting country’s claim.
Principle of non-discrimination
if the pest under consideration is established in the PRA area but of limited distribution
and under official control, the phytosanitary measures in relation to import should not be
more stringent than those applied within the PRA area. Likewise, phytosanitary measures
should not discriminate between exporting countries of the same phytosanitary status.

12. The following options are commonly adopted to mitigate the risk of pests of plants:
options preventing or reducing infestations in the growing crop, e.g., pest management
practices, monitoring,etc.
options ensuring that the area, place, or site of production is free from the pest,
e.g., surveillance and monitoring, treatments, etc.
options for application to consignments and commodities, e.g., post-harvest treatments,
inspections, etc.
options for other types of pathways, e.g., certification of packing materials, transportation
pathways, etc.
options to be applied within the importing country, e.g., inspection at point of entry, end-
use restrictions, treatments,etc.
prohibition or restriction of commodities.
requirement for phytosanitary certificate or other compliance measures.

14. Pine sawyer beetle: Monochamusspp.

15. Examples of phytosanitary measures
Inspections or testing for freedom from a pest: visible symptoms
Inspection and certification at points of origin: inspect at shipment
Prohibition of parts of the host:
Pre-entry or post-entry quarantine: act as pathway for movement of a quarantine pest.
Pre-entry or post-entry quarantine:
Specified conditions for preparation of the consignment:
The importing country may specify steps which must be followed in order to prepare the
consignment for shipment.requirement for shipments of fresh fruit to be packaged in new
containers only, instead of re-used containers.
Removal of the pest from the consignment by treatment or other methods:
chemical treatments, fumigants, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides, or physical
treatments such as cold storage or heat treatment.
Prevention of establishment by limiting the use, distribution or timing of the
Consignment:Processing

18. OPTIONS FOR PREVENTING OR REDUCING INFESTATION IN THE CROP :
Treatment of the crop, field or place of production:
field sanitation, practices removal of plant parts that harbour over-wintering
pests, use of chemical control agents, monitoring programs, removal of alternate
hosts or bagging of fruit to protect it from pests.
Restricting the composition of a consignment:
importing country may specify the content of a
consignment of plants or plant products so that it is
composed of plants belonging solely to resistantor
less susceptible species.
For example,
Imported tobacco transplants from the USA to Canada are prohibited due to
Tobacco blue mould pathogen (Pernosporahyoscyamif.sp. tabacina).
Bagging

19. Growing plants under protected conditions to prevent infestation in the crop:
Specifying time of harvest:
when in the unripe stage of maturity, bananas are accepted
as being non-hosts to the fruit fly species of economic
significance present in Australia.
Crop certification:
The importing country may specify that production of the commodity be undertaken under
an officially monitored certification scheme to ensure stock is free from disease.

20. OPTIONS FOR OTHER TYPES OF PATHWAYS
The measures mentioned above to detect a pest in a consignment, or prevent
infestation of a consignment, may be used or adapted for other pathways.
including packing materials, packaging, vehicles, containers, passenger baggage.
Wooden packaging

21. OPTIONS WITHIN THE IMPORTING COUNTRY FOR PREVENTING OR REDUCING CROP
INFESTATION :
Inspection of consignments at the point of entry :
inspections and conduct surveillance for early detection of pests.
Treatment, containment or disposal of imported consignments to limit spread of
introduced pests:
Chemical or physical treatment or re-direction of the consignment from fresh fruit to a
processed.
Returning the consignment to the exporting country or to a third country where the pest is
not a quarantine pest, or destructive disposal of the consignment.
Public education programs in the importing country:

22. PHYTOSANITARY CERTIFICATION
refer to ISPM No. 7:Export certification system
refer to ISPM No. 12: Guidelines for phytosanitary certificates.
ISPM No. 12 states that importing countries should only require Phytosanitary
Certificatesfor regulated articles. Regulated articles may include commodities such as:
• plants, bulbs and tubers, or seeds for propagation;
• fruits and vegetables;
• cut flowers and branches;
• grain; and
• growing medium.

23. EVALUATION OF OPTIONS
selection on the basis of their costs and benefits overall.
Effectiveness in achieving the expected outcome:
Efficiency in achieving the expected results:
Reproducibility:
treatment have the same results each time it is applied in the same manner to the same
product.
Cost-effectiveness:
Potential adverse consequences to human, plant, animal health, environmental values etc.
Expected costs associated with each option including resource and time
requirements as well as monetary costs:

24. CONCLUSION OF PEST RISK MANAGEMENT
1.The pest risk management process results identification or selection of one or more
management options that have been found to lower the risk associated with the
quarantine pest(s) to an acceptable level.
2.These management options form the basis for phytosanitary regulations or
requirements which may be developed by theNPPO in response to the risk presented
by the pest.

25. Annexure-1: Contact for information

26. Annexure-2: Stakeholders’ Register & Registration Form

27. Annexure-3: PRA Request Form

28. Annexure-4: Terms of Reference & composition of PRA team

29. Annexure-5: PRA Appeal to Joint Secretary (PP)

30. Annexure-6: PRA Appeal Panel

31. Annexure-7: PRA Folder

32. Annexure-8: Flow chart of Pest Risk Analysis Process

33. Department of Agriculture & Cooperation
Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage
N.H-IV., Faridabad-121001