Pest surveillence and monitoring satyasri

Advances in Pest Surveillance and Pest Monitoring

1. W E L C O M E 1 4/24/2015

2. ADVANCEMENTS IN PEST SURVEILLANCE AND PEST MONITORING 2 4/24/2015 Presented By: Ch. Naga Satyasri BAM-14-028

3. Pest surveillance An insect pest survey is a detailed collection of insect population information at a particular time in a given area. The regular surveys of same place or locality at consistent intervals to assess changes in pest species over a time is called ‘surveillance’. 3

4. Monitoring involves determining number and life stages of pest present in a location only, however, surveillance in addition includes the loss assessment and economic benefits by adopting control measures. 4

5. Pest Surveillance Refers to the constant watch on the population dynamics of pests, its incidence and damage on each crop at fixed intervals to forewarn the farmers to take up timely crop protection measures. ( Agarwal , 2007 ) Survey The planned procedure to determine these characteristics over a defined period of time is known as survey. 5

6. 6 Salient Features

7. Survey: Conducted to study the abundance of a pest species. Types of survey – Qualitative survey, Quantitative survey Roving survey and fixed plot survey 7

8. Qualitative survey: (detection of pest ) Aimed at pest detection Provides list of pest species present along with reference to density like common, abundant, rare. Employed with newly introduced pests to understand the extent of infestation. Adopted at international borders (avoid invasion of any new species). Quantitative survey: (enumeration of pest ) Define numerically the abundance of pest population in time and space. Provides information on damaging potential of a species and data can be used to predict future population trends. Provide the basis to decision making for adopting control measures.

9. Roving survey Assessment of pest population/damage from randomly selected spots representing larger area Large area surveyed in short period Provides information on pest level over large area Fixed plot survey Assessment of pest population/damage from a fixed plot selected in a field. The data on pest population/damage recorded periodic from sowing till harvest. e.g. 1 sq.m . plots randomly selected from 5 spots in one acre of crop area in case of rice. From each plot 10 plant selected at random. Total tillers and tillers affected by stem borer in these 10 plants counted.

10. Objectives of Pest Surveillance : To know existing and new pest species (invasion) To estimate crop losses To assess pest population and damage at different growth stage of crop To study the influence of weather parameters on pest To study changing pest status (minor to major) To monitor development of biotypes, resistance, resurgence etc., To assess natural enemies and their influence on pests Effect of new cropping pattern and varieties on pest

11. Basic components of pest surveillance Identification of insect pest (collected, reared otherwise barcoding IBOL: International Barcode of Life). Determination of pest population (useful in pinpointing factors that bring changes in natural population and understand functioning of life-system of pest species). The loss caused by the incidence (based on ETL’s and EIL’s) & the economic benefits, by the control measures.

12. 1 . Identification of the pest. 2. Distribution and prevalence of the pest and its severity. 3. The different levels of incidence and the loss due to the incidence. 4. Pest population dynamics. 5. Assessment of weather. 6. Assessment of natural enemies etc. This study will give advance knowledge of probable pest infestation and will help to plan cropping patterns and to get best advantage of pest control measures. 12

13. Identification of insect pest: Correct identification of pest is needed. If the identification of pest is incorrect, the decision for taking intervention for the management of pest will not be reliable.

14. Pest population studies are divided into: Extensive studies : conducted over large areas to understand the: Distribution pattern of a pest population, to predict the damage, to initiate control measures and relate changes in pest population to weather parameters. Intensive studies : repeated observation in a given locality to determine contribution of various age intervals to the overall rate of change or dispersal of the species.

15. Determination of pest population: Absolute estimates Relative estimates Population indices.

16. Absolute estimates (indicate density): The total number of insects per unit area (per plant, shoot, leaf etc.) represent absolute population. Useful in preparation of life tables, population dynamics and calculate oviposition and mortality rates (weather parameters, natural enemies etc.,). Also indicates relationship between the level of pest population and resultant damage to the host.

17. Estimated by following methods: Quadrat method : All the individuals on several quadrats of known size are counted and population density is estimated by extrapolating the average to whole area. A large number of quadrates are required for over dispersed population than in the randomly distributed population. Useful as in case of immobile and large insects such as cutworms, caterpillars, locusts and grasshoppers. N = (A/a) × n where A = the total study area,  a = the area of your  quadrat ,   n = the population size in your sample quadrat , and  N = the estimated total population size.

18. QUADRATE METHOD

19. b) Capture, marking, release and recapture method: Involves capturing a sample of population, marking the individuals (paints, dyes, labels, radio isotopes) and releasing them into the natural population and capturing a sample again. Proportion of the marked individuals in the total catch gives population density. Used for butterflies, grasshoppers, beetles. Total population (P) = ( NxM ) / R P= population of insects N =total number of insects caught M= number of marked individuals released R= number of marked individuals recaught

20. MARK RECAPTURE METHOD MEALWORMS

21. 2) Relative estimates: Population is measured in indeterminate units which allow comparisions in time and space. Help in studying activity patterns of a species for determining the constitution of a polymorphic population. These are obtained by catch per unit time or use of various traps. Influenced by: behaviour of an insect with age change, level of activity influenced by diurnal cycle, responsiveness of sexes to trap stimuli, efficiency of trap or searching method.

22. Catch per unit time: By various collection nets (sweep net common). Individuals on the top of the vegetation and that do not fall off or fly away on apporoach of collector can be caught with sweep net. Effeciency influenced by habitat, species, weather, vertical distribution. Vaccum pumps used for sucking insects.

23. Vacuum netting : In this technique engine power is used to create strong vacuum which sucks the insects from plant canopy. Such nets have been used for sampling insects like Leafhoppers. 23

24. Aerial netting : Aerial nets are used for sampling air-borne insects. A true aerial net is a mesh-bag net with a handle which is swept through the air to capture on insect. 24

25. 2) Line transect method : Number of insects encountered while moving in a straight line at a constant speed through a habitat can be used as abundance. Used for estimating grasshoppers & locusts. No. of organisms per unit area can be calculated by: Density (D)= Z/ 2R(V+W) 1/2. D= density Z= no. encountered in unit time. R = distance V= average speed of observer W= average speed of organism.

26. 3) shaking and beating : Insects can be collected on ground (polythene) by shaking or beating the plants. Eg : Helicoverpa 4) Knockdown sampling : insecticides such as pyrethrum or other pesticides sprayed on plants enclosed in a polythene envelope. Insects will be knocked down. The plants are shaken and the insects fall on the ground can be counted to estimate the population.

27. SHAKING AND BEETING

28. 5) Trapping : Number of individuals caught per day per trap provide an index of relative density. Most common method. 2 types of Traps: interception traps (catch the insects randomly), attraction traps (attract the insects in some manner). Other traps: Bait traps, Malaise traps, Aquatic traps, Windowpane traps, Pitfall traps, Light traps, Pheromone traps, Sticky traps.

29. INTERCEPTION FLIGHT TRAPS

30. ATTRACTION TRAPS

31. a. Light trap : it is most widely used visual trap employed for sampling for agricultural pests. Particularly moths, hoppers and beetles etc.

32. Mixture of yeast and molasses in a cone trap to sample Corn maggot adults. The utility of trap is short lived due to infection of bait by micro organisms So bait needs to changes frequently to keep the trap active Ex : Monitoring sorghum shootfly Fish meal trap is effective. b. Bait trap : Sense of smell. For attraction a common attractant is food

33. c) Pheromone traps: Pheromone traps have been widely used in sampling Fruit flies, spotted bollworm, cotton bollworm and pink bollworm. Pheromone traps are specifically attractive to the target species No power is required Almost all traps detect only adult males

34. d) Malaise trap : The Malaise trap is basically a tent made of cotton or nylon mesh with one side open that intercepts flying insects. The roof of the tent slopes upwards to a peak where a container with some preservative located.

35. e) Suction trap A suction trap consists of wire-gauze funnel leading to a collecting jar and motor driven fan situated below funnel to create suction

36. 36 f) Window trap Trap consists of a large sheet of glass that sits in a collecting through supported by wooden legs. Insect flying into the glass are knocked down into through containing soapy water. Such traps are useful for sampling winged aphids and leaf hoppers.

37. Water trap: it consist of a shallow open pan or tray mounted on a wooden post It is filled with water having some detergent or soap or an oil film to aid in wetting or drowning the insects An omni directional baffle is set in pan for interception of insects these are useful in sampling rice pests eg : Brown plant hopper

38. g) Sticky trap The traps are installed on a wooden stack or a bamboo stick at various height above plant canopy. Sticky traps are useful only against the actively flying insects like aphids, hoppers, flies etc. get trapped in such traps. h) Pitfall trap It capture ground moving insects. The pitfall trap consists of a smooth sided container or bottle sunk in the ground with a funnel at the soil surface that empties in to the container.

39. Removal trapping : It involves reduction in pest population by removing individuals through repeated catches so catch per unit time decreases Extraction from soil Insect species spend at least one stage in the soil (or) at soil surface. Therefore soil sampling can give useful information on the insects population. Drilling the soil with some equipment and insect count are made from a fixed volume of soil.

40. Sieving: Dry and wet techniques are used to sample the insects Flotation: Flotation technique used alone or in conjunction with sieving and other techniques Efficiency of flotation increased by adding some salt such as magnesium sulphate to increase the medium’s specific gravity

41. 6. Remote sensing: Remote sensing is the science and art of acquiring information (spectral, spatial, temporal) about material objects, area or phenomenon without coming into physical contact with the objects, or area, or phenomenon under investigation. Without direct contact, some means of transferring information through space must be utilized. In remote sensing, information transfer is accomplished by use of electromagnetic radiation (EMR).

42. Principle: It is based on the principle that absorbance and reflectance of plants in response to pest attack changes are recorded by a device from far away. The three-dimensional real time observations on insect population can be achieved using remote sensing in conjunction with silicone-oil-carbon black powder suspension squeeze (3S) technique.

43. Elements involved in Remote sensing 1. Energy Source or Illumination (A) 2. Radiation and the Atmosphere (B) 3. Interaction with the Object (C) 4. Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D) 5. Transmission, Reception and Processing (E) 6. Interpretation and Analysis (F) 7. Application (G) 43

44. Platforms Platforms are: Ground based Airborne Spaceborne Sensing from 1 meter to 36,000 km height 44

45. Sensor-platform characteristics Spectral resolution = part of the EM spectrum measured Radiometric resolution = smallest differences in energy that can be measured Spatial resolution = smallest unit-area measured Revisit time (temporal resolution) = time between two successive image acquisitions over the same area 45

46. Aerial imaging systems have been used extensively for detecting and monitoring insect infestations in both agricultural and non cultivated environment (Myers et al . 1983; Aldrich et al ., 1983; Riley, 1989; Lund, 1997). Aerial photography is often used for detecting insect infestations because of its high spatial resolution (Myers et al . 1983; Riley, 1989) and aerial videography has potential for entomological applications (Hart et al., 1988). 46

47. Remote sensing can be conducted through satellites, aircraft, or ground-based platforms. Satellite remote sensing is primarily for large-scale studies (>1 km²) but sometimes not adequate in applications that require finer spatial resolution. Airborne remote sensing is flexible and able to achieve different spatial resolutions with different flight altitudes. Ground-based platforms, such as handheld spectroradiometers , are typically used for ground truth study.

48. In pest management, detection of insect damage to crops along with weed infestation and crop disease provides valuable information for management planning and decision making

49. Leaf Reflectance Spectroscopy Healthy leaf – reflectance is low in the visible region (400 – 700 nm) due to strong absorption of EMR by chlorophyll. NIR region (700 – 2500 nm) reflectance is high due to light scattering by the internal plant cells. 49

50. Leaf Reflectance Spectroscopy Plant stress due to insect pests & diseases cause changes in reflectance in the VIS & NIR regions due to changes in chlorophyll content and cellular damage

51. Example: Spider mites Mites injury – removal of chlorophyll cell structure damage through their feeding This causes changes in leaf reflectance properties of the leaf These are changes can be quantified to indirectly estimate the number of spider mites causing injury on the leaf

52. Spectroradiometer Cary 500 Scan UV-Vis-NIR Spectrophotometer

53. In real-time sampling programs pests Hand-held spectrophotometers can be mounted on a tractor with a GPS to generate field maps for site-specific pest management of pest Field Application

54. Remote sensing and pest management Satellite and airborne remote sensing data, coupled with geographic information systems and global positioning satellites, are potentially powerful tools for monitoring pest infestations and their crop impacts. Remote sensing has been effective in identifying new colonies of weeds in low-access areas and monitoring the spread of metapopulations

55. Plant damage: The amount of damage caused by insects to crop plants is a function of pest density, the characteristic feeding or oviposition behaviour of the species and biological characteristics of plants. Methods adopted for measuring damage by direct and indirect pests. Damage by direct pests: The damage by direct pests is sampled on the basis of absolute or relative numbers of damaged units. Eg damaged bolls per plant. Damage by indirect pests: Measured by estimating extent of defoliation in case of defoliating pests : lepidopteran caterpillars, leaf beetles etc

56.  This technology can help to set priorities for herbicide application and to direct treatment to the locations where it can have the greatest impact on weed populations. As this technology is improved, it is likely that pesticide use will decrease with the change from whole-field to pest-location-specific applications. Remote sensing for pest management in forest ecosystems has been widely used for several decades. 

57. 3) Population indices : measures of the size of populations based on the magnitude of their products or effects. Insect products : In some cases , a species that is difficult to sample directly creates products that are easily sampled by absolute methods. The rate at which frass is being produced can be estimated from the amount falling into a box or funnel placed under the trees. Population of web-building spiders can be estimated by counting the number of webs.

58. BOLLWORM DAMAGE IN TOMATO DAMAGE BY DIRECT PESTS

59. DAMAGE BY INDIRECT PESTS CORN ROOT WORM DEFOLIATION

60. Estimation of abundance of natural enemies For studying the impact of natural enemies on the rate of increase of pest population, it is essential to undertake field level studies so that potential and degree of control exerted by the whole complex of parasitoids and predators can be quantified comparing growth rates under a range of natural enemy levels. The ratios of pests to natural enemies estimated in the field could be used to predict trends in pest populations.

61. Estimation of yield loss One of the objectives of the surveys is to estimate the yield loss due to pest species in different areas and type of farming systems. In general surveys to assess the crop loss due to pests can be done directly by recording the yield or infestation of pests. Direct loss surveys : the actual crop cutting yields in field with different infestation levels and field with no pest are recorded correlation between crop yield and degree of damage is worked out to estimate the loss in yield.

62. Surveys of infestation/ pest damage: damage by pest tends to vary, both geographically and seasonally, as well as through the life of an individual plant. Different parameters are recorded to assess the damage based on the plant part the insect attacks. Eg : dead hearts of YSB

63. Pest monitoring: Monitoring is the process by which the numbers and life stages of pest organisms present in a location are established . The population size and the level of activity of beneficial organisms must also be determined for arthropod management. Monitoring Beneficial's is generally not as important for other pest categories.

64. There is no single monitoring technique that works for all categories of pests, and even within a pest category the best technique differ due to pest biology and ecology. For example: direct counting of nematodes in soil would require the use of different techniques than counting tobacco hornworm caterpillars on a tomato plant.

65. Pest surveillance and monitoring in India Pest surveillance and monitoring form an integral part of IPM technology. Directorate of Plant Protection , Quarantine and Storage (DPPQS), Faridabad, is organizing regular rapid roving pest surveys on major field crops in different agro ecosystems in collaboration with ICAR and SAU’s and a consolidated report then issued by Plant Protection Adviser (PPA) to the Government of India.

66. Every year there is huge loss to the agricultural yield and productivity due to pest and diseases the reason being: 1. No proper and centralized database for analysis and forecasting of pest disease. 2. No on time advisory and early warning to the farmers to take appropriate action against the pest/ disease. 3. No authenticity of the survey data 4. Compartmentalized information, and many more.

67. Problems in Pest Surveillance: Though 80% of farm advisories relate to pests & disease surveillance, the basis of issuing advisories- covers limited area There is no convergence in data of surveillance by multiple agencies and authenticity/reliability is a major problem There is no accurate early warning at district, state or national level

68. The consequences of the above are: Over-consumption of pesticides with impact on environment + livelihoods + market access Missed opportunities for early intervention Advisories always are curative than preventive No data base builds up for forecasting models No system to monitor “climate change” induced crop pest-beneficial relationships

69. The solution to the above is: Different agencies need to work together on pest surveillance First vital step is to obtain convergent good quality data on actual/emerging pest problems. This requires: A new pest surveillance partnership for field surveillance Standardisation of surveillance methods - predictive models based on sound IPM principles and data collection formats Geo-referenced data capture All these will benefit from use of common tools such as an ICT enabled handheld system by surveyors

70. A solution ICT enabled, user friendly hand held device with geo-referencing facility

71. Using device for surveillance user log-in what to do in a new field create a record for the field enter data about field conditions begin survey plant by plant (pests, beneficials and/or any disease symptoms) check across field for disease incidence, severity review survey - summary add farmer details (optional) end survey.

72. Features Overview Managing crops, pests, diseases and surveyors information: The Crop Management Module maintains information about different crops which are to be surveyed. It also maintains information about pests, diseases and surveyors.

73. Pest Monitoring Unit (PMU) One Pest Monitor One Data Entry Operator 8-10 Scouts Infrastructure for PMU One laptop with high speed internet connection Cyber shot digital camera GPS Pheromone traps and lures of YSB Monitoring Kit for PM, PS and Master trainer Proforma for recording observations for PM and PS

74. 2. Conducting survey with Hand Held Terminal (HHT): e Pest HHT is preloaded with the Survey Application. Using the HHTs, surveyors will survey different regions and crops to monitor growth of pests and disease. The survey information is stored in the HHT database, subsequently the Survey Data Manager Application can be used to download data from the HHT and upload to a central server.

75. 3. Upload surveyed data to a central sever: After survey is done, the surveyor uploads the data to a central server in following ways: Using Survey Data Manager Windows Application to download the data from ePest HHT and upload the downloaded data to a Central Server. Using Survey Data Manager Handheld Application to upload data to a central server through the GSM/GPRS module provided in the HHT.

76. 4. Generating and viewing reports using Reports Web Application: The central server maintains all surveyed data uploaded by the surveyor through Survey Data Manager Application, from where a web server will pick the data pest wise / crop wise / region wise / date and time wise (based on the user selection criteria) and reports are generated accordingly.

77. Benefits Data collection made easy, is accurate and quick Integrated GPS for accurate location details, geo-referenced data points across country Preventing data loss through data back up and automated data transfer Timely and comprehensive summary reports

78. Contd ……. Quality advisory to farmers through early threat detection Uniform surveillance protocols & convergence Monitoring pest development & pest forecasting Improved understanding of “climate change” impact, development of appropriate responses Better advisories leading to effective pest management & farmer’s prosperity

79. Benefits to Farmers Farmers get Pest Advisory Info within shortest possible time, helping in: Preventing / curing pests Reduce unnecessary use of pesticides Use right pesticide in right volume Reduces farm production cost

80. Farmers get forecast of pest / diseases over a period of time, which helps them to plan and manage farm production cost effectively Timely and proper advisory help in enhancing production yields Farmers can take basic preventive measures proactively

81. Outcome Geo-referenced reliable data points across the country Uniform surveillance protocols & convergence Processed reports available in 24 hours Prediction of pest developments & pest forecasting Improved understanding of “climate change” impact, development of appropriate mitigation steps Better farm advisories leading to effective pest management & Farmer’s prosperity

82. 91 Awareness Cum Surveillance Programme for the Management of Major Pest of Soybean-Cotton based Cropping System in Maharashtra 2009-10 Under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana Rabi Conference 24-25 th Sept.2009

83. 92 Background of Project Soybean is major cash crop in Vidarbha and Marathwada Region Lacunas observed : a). Lack of pest surveillance b). Unawareness in insect and pest Management In year 2008-09 heavy outbreak of pests on soybean recorded 15 Lakh ha. Damage. Heavy loss in production. State Government paid Rs. 451 crores financial aid to farmers Central team visited affected area & suggested project under RKVY

84. Area of operation For pest surveillance :- 28 districts excluding Gondia District & Konkan Division Total 271 Tahasils for survey, advisory and IPM Total Villages- 29,927 46 % of the total kharif area is covered under this project

85. T h a n k y o u ! 94