Pesticide formulation

A details overview about Different pesticide formulations and adjuvants

1. Pesticide Formulations and Adjuvants
Dr.SubhomaySinha

2. What is a Pesticide Formulation?
Ahomogeneousandstablemixtureofactiveandinertingredientswhichmakethefinal
productsimpler,safer,andmoreefficacioustoapplytoatargetpest.

3. Why to Formulate Pesticides???
•Pesticidesarerarelyappliedintheir
technicalform.
•Theyareusuallyformulatedtoimprove
–Handling
–Storage
–Application
–Effectiveness
–Safety
ActiveIngredientisrarelysuitableforfield
application.Sotheyareformulatedina
mannerthatincreasepesticideeffectiveness
inthefield.
What are pesticide formulations???
Apesticideformulationisamixtureofchemicalswhicheffectivelycontrolsapest.
Formulatingapesticidehelpstoimproveitsstorage,handling,safety,application,or
effectiveness.Pesticideproductssoldasconcentratesmustbemixedwithwater,orsome
othercarrier,beforebeingapplied.

4. Terminology for Formulations
•A.I.=ActiveIngredient,theactualchemicalintheproduct
mixturethatcontrolsthepest.
•Inertingredient=othermaterialsaddedwiththeA.I.
whentheproductisformulated.
•Formulation=thewayapesticideispreparedforpractical
use.
•Carrier=inertliquidorsolidaddedtoanactiveingredient
toprepareapesticideformulation.

5. Terminology for Formulations
•Diluent=Anyliquidorsolidmaterialusedto
diluteanactiveingredient.Inliquidformulations,
wateroroilisused;indryformulations,talc,clay
orotherfinedustisused.
•Emulsifier=Achemicalthataidsinsuspending
oneliquidinanother.
•Emulsion=Amixtureofoneliquidinanother
liquid.

6. Terminology for Formulations
•Wettingagent=Achemicalwhichcausesaliquid
tocontactsurfacesmorethoroughly.
•Suspension=Amixtureoffinesolidparticlesina
liquid.
•Soluble=Asubstance,dissolvesinaliquid.
•Surfactant=Increasestheemulsifying,dispersing,
spreading,andwettingpropertiesofa
formulation.

7. Why We Add Inert Materials to the Formulation?
1.Foreaseofpesticideproducthandling.
2.Inertmaterialsmakemeasuringandmixingpesticides
easier.
3.Toprovidemoresafety.
4.MakestheActiveIngredienttoworkbetter.
•Betterpenetration
•Moreselectivity
•Increasedeffectiveness

10. READY-TO-USE FORMULATIONS (RTU FORMULATIONS):
CAN BE APPLIED DIRECTLY WITHOUT ANY DILUTION
Theycontainsmallamountsofactiveingredient(often1%orlessa.i.perunitvolume).
Somecontainpetroleum-basedsolvents;othersarewater-based.RTUformulationsare
alreadydilutedandmaybesoldincontainersthatserveasapplicators.ExampleofRTU
formulationsincludeaerosols(A),granules(G),andmostbaits(B).Theyareespecially
usefulforstructuralandinstitutionalpestsandforhouseholduse.Majordisadvantagesof
Readytousepesticideformulationsincludelimitedavailabilityandhighcostperunitof
activeingredient.

11. Liquid Formulations
Mostliquidformulationsaredilutedwithwatertomakeafinishedspray.Thethreemaintypes
ofliquidformulationsaresolutions(SL),suspensions(SC),andemulsions(EC).Besidesthere
areWaterSolubleConcentrate(WSC),LiquidBait(L.B.),OilDispersion(O.D.),Invertemulsion
(I.E.),Suspoemulsion(S.E.),Microemulsion(M.E.),Emulsioninwater(EW).
Liquid formulation
E.C. W.S.C. L.B. O.D. I.E. S.E. S / CS/SL
U.L.V.
M.E. S.C./F/ LE.W.

12. Asolutionismadebydissolvingasubstanceinaliquid.Atruesolutionisamixturethat
cannotbeseparatedbyafilterorothermechanicalmeans.Normally,itwillnotseparateor
“settleout”intodistinctpartsafterbeingmixed.Lightcanpenetratemostsolutions.
Asuspensionisanevenmixtureofverysmallsolidparticlesthroughoutaliquid.A
suspensionformulationthathasnotbeenusedforsometimemustbeshakenwelltomix
theliquidandsolidportionsevenlybeforepouringitintothespraytank.Waterisaddedto
makeafinishedspraymixture.
Theremustbeenoughagitationtokeeptheproductevenlydistributedinthespraytank
duringapplication.Mostsuspensionsarecloudyoropaque;lightcannotpassthroughthem.
An emulsionis a mixture of droplets of one liquid in another liquid. Each ingredient keeps its
unique properties and identity.
In an emulsion concentrate formulation, the active ingredient is dissolved in an oil-based
solvent. An emulsifier allows the active ingredient and the solvent to mix evenly with water
before application. Some agitation may be necessary in the spray tank to keep an emulsion
from separating. As a rule, emulsions have a “milky” appearance.
Emulsion

13. Common Liquid Formulations
1. EmulsifiableConcentrate (E or EC)
ECformulationsusuallycontainanoil-solubleliquidactiveingredient,apetroleum-
basedsolvent,andanemulsifier(mixingagent).Theemulsifierallowstheactive
ingredientandthesolventintheformulationtomixwithwater,theseforman
emulsion.ECsareversatileformulationsthatcanbeappliedwithmanytypesof
sprayers.
Themilkycoloredappearancewhenmixed
withwateristypicalofemulsifiable
concentrates.

14. EmulsifiableConcentrate (E or EC)

15. 2. Solutions (S, CS)
Some pesticide active ingredients dissolve readily in a liquid solvent, such as water or a
petroleum-based diluent. When mixed, they form a solution that does not settle out or
separate. Formulations of these pesticides usually contain the active ingredient, solvent
(carrier or diluent), and one or more other ingredients. No emulsifier is required. Solutions
are suitable for any type of sprayer and are registered for many sites.

16. Ultra-lowVolume(ULV)Solutionformulation
.
Theseconcentratesmayapproach100percentactiveingredient.Theyaredesignedtobeused
asitisortobedilutedwithonlysmallquantitiesofaspecifiedcarrier.
Thesespecial-purposeformulationsareusedmostlyinoutdoorapplications,suchasin
agricultural,forestry,ornamental,andmosquito-controlprograms.
Advantages:
•Relativelyeasytohandle,transport,andstore.
•Remaininsolution;littleagitationrequired.
•Notabrasivetoequipment.
•Willnotplugscreensandnozzles.
•Leavelittlevisibleresidueontreatedsurfaces.
Disadvantages:
•Difficulttokeeppesticideontarget—highdrifthazard.
•Specializedequipmentrequiredforfieldapplication.
•Easilyabsorbedthroughskinofhumansoranimals.
•Solventsmaycauserubberorplastichoses,gaskets,andpumppartstodeteriorate.
•Calibrationandapplicationmustbedoneverycarefullybecauseofthehighconcentration
ofactiveingredient.

17. 3.EmulsionsinWater(EW)Formulation
Anemulsioninwaterformulation(EW)isthedispersionofaliquidactiveingredientin
water.Theseformulationshavereduceddermaltoxicityandlowerpotentialforharming
theenvironment.EWsarelesslikelytodamagetenderplantfoliagebecausetheydonot
containthesolventsfoundinECformulation.
Concentratedaqueousemulsion(EW)formulationsarestableemulsionsofaninsoluble
liquidinacontinuouswaterphase.Theinsolubleliquidcanbeeitheraliquidactive
ingredientorasolidactiveingredientdissolvedinasolvent.

18. 4. Flowables(F, L, or SC)
Some active ingredients will not dissolve in either water or oil so they are impregnated in
a dry carrier, such as clay, which is ground into a fine powder. The powder is suspended in
a small amount of liquid to make the thick liquid formulation.
Abbreviations used include “F” for flowable, "L" for liquid, and "SC" for suspension
concentrate.
Flowablesare often used for the same types of pest control operations as ECs.

19. Suspension concentrate formulation
Suspensionconcentrate(SC)formulationsareasolidactiveingredientdispersedinwater.
SCshavegrowninpopularityduetobenefitssuchasabsenceofdust,easeofuseand
effectivenesswhencomparedtoformulationtypessuchasemulsifiableconcentrate(EC)
andwettablepowder(WP).ToformulateastableSC,theactiveingredientmustremain
insolubleunderalltemperatureconditions.

20. 5.Microemulsion(ME)
Amicro-emulsion(ME)isdefinedasasystemofoil,waterandsurfactantsthatformsasingle,
opticallyclearandthermodynamicallystableemulsion.
MEsarewaterbasedformulationswithaverysmallemulsifieddropletsize;thismakesthe
formulationtransparent.Theyarethermodynamicallystableoverawidetemperaturerangedue
tothisveryfinedropletsize,usuallybetween0.01and0.05μm.

21. BenefitsofMicro-emulsions
Thermodynamicallystablethereforehaveincreasedshelflife.
Lowsolventlevel.
Easytotransportandstore.
Highflashpointandsafehandling.
Improvedbioefficacyduetothesolubilisationoftheactiveingredientin
themicrodroplets.
Lowviscositysoeasiertohandle.LimitationsofMicro–emulsion
Lowactiveingredientcontent.
RequirehighsurfactantleveltoformTankMixture.

22. 6.OilDispersion(OD)
Anoildispersion(OD)formulationisasolidactiveingredientdispersedinoil.Theoilcanvary
fromparaffinictoaromaticsolventtypesandvegetableoilormethylatedseedoils.Ideally
theactiveingredientisuniformlysuspendedintheoilphase.
ODsareanexcellentdeliverysystemforwatersensitiveactiveingredientssuchas
sulfonylureas.However,ODshaveextendedtootheractiveingredientsduetotheirbetter
sprayretention,spreadingandfoliaruptakeasthecarrieroiloftenactsasanadjuvant.

23. 7.Suspoemulsion
(SE)
Suspo-emulsion(SE)formulationsareusedtocombinetwoactiveingredientswithvery
differentphysicalpropertiesintooneformulation.Theyareacombinationof
suspensionconcentrate(SC)andconcentratedaqueousemulsion(EW)technologies.
Theadvantagesarethatitispossibletoformulatemultipleactiveingredientstogether,
broadeningthespectrumofactivityandeliminatingthedisadvantageoftank-mix
incompatibility.
Benefits
•Incorporatesmultipleactiveingredientswith
differentsolubilityormeltingpoints.
•Amixtureofactiveingredientsisoftenusedto
provideabroaderspectrumofpestcontrol.
•Formulatingactiveingredientstogether
eliminatestheneedfortankmixingwhichcan
leadtoincompatibilityinthespraytank
Limitations
•Thesurfactantsystemneedstosupportbothan
insolubleorganicsolidandaliquid.
•Partialsolubilityoftheactiveingredientsinwateroroil
phasescausesstabilityproblems.
•Generallytheyarehighlyloadedsocanhavelongterm
stabilityissuesifthecorrectsurfactantsarenotused

24. Water-solubleconcentratesformatruesolutionwhenaddedtowaterandareapplied
withwaterasthecarrier.Thea.i.ofthispesticideusuallyhaveanamine(ammoniumsalt)
ormineralsaltinthemoleculethatenableswatersolubility.Theseformulationsare
essentiallynonvolatile.Agitationisnotnecessarytomaintainthepesticideinsolution.
Advantages:
•Readily mixes with water,
•Equipment cleans up easily,
•Essentially non-volatile,
•Not abrasive to equipment,
•Will not plug strainers
•No agitation necessary.
Disadvantages:
•Eyeirritationwithsomesalts,
•Someproductsarereactivewithunlined
steeltanks.
•Mixingconcentratestogethercouldhave
compatibilityproblems.
8.Water-SolubleConcentrate(WSC)

25. Becauseoilevaporatesmoreslowlythan
water,invertemulsiondropletsshrinkless;
therefore,morepesticidereachesthetarget.
Theoilhelpstoreducerunoffandimproves
rainresistance.
9.

26. 10.

27. THE ADVANTAGES OF Ready to use AEROSOL FORMULATION ARE:
• Ready to use
• Portable
• Easily stored
• Convenient way to buy a small amount of a pesticide
• Retain potency over fairly long time.
THEIR DISADVANTAGES ARE :
• Practical for only very limited uses
• Risk of inhalation injury
• Hazardous if punctured, overheated, or used near an open flame
• Difficult to confine to target site or pest
THE ADVANTAGES OF Ready to use AEROSOL FORMULATION ARE:
• Ready to use
• Portable
• Easily stored
• Convenient way to buy a small amount of a pesticide
• Retain potency over fairly long time.
THEIR DISADVANTAGES ARE :
• Practical for only very limited uses
• Risk of inhalation injury
• Hazardous if punctured, overheated, or used near an open flame
• Difficult to confine to target site or pest

28. AerosolFormulationsforSmokeorFogGenerators
Theseaerosolformulationsarenotunderpressure.Theyareusedinmachinesthat
breaktheliquidformulationintoafinemistorfog(aerosol)usingarapidlywhirlingdisk
orheatedsurface.Theseformulationsareusedmainlyforinsectcontrolinstructures
suchasgreenhousesandwarehousesandformosquitoandbitingflycontroloutdoors.
Advantages
:
Easywaytofillentireenclosedspacewith
pesticide.
Disadvantages
:
Highlyspecializeduseandequipment.
Difficulttoconfinetotargetsiteorpest.
Mayrequirerespiratoryprotectiontopreventrisk
ofinhalationinjury.

29. 11.LiquidBaits
•Anincreasingnumberofinsecticidesandrodenticidesarebeingformulatedasliquid
baits.
•Liquidrodenticidesaremixedwithwaterandplacedinbaitstationsdesignedforthese
products.Theyhavetwomajorbenefits.Liquidrodenticidesareeffectiveincontrolling
rodents,especiallyrats,inareaswheretheycannotfindwater.
•Liquidinsecticidebaitsareusedprimarilybythestructuralpestcontrolindustryfor
controllingantsand,toalesserextent,cockroaches.Theyarepackagedasready-to-use,
sugar-basedliquidsplacedinsidebaitstations.
•Liquidinsecticideantbaitshaveanumberofadvantages.Theyareveryeffectiveagainst
certainspeciesofsugar-feedingants.Theseantstypicallyacceptandtransferliquidbaits
intotheantcolonies.However,someantswillnotfeedonliquidbaits.Liquidbaitsalso
mustbereplacedoften.

30. Solid / Dry formulations
Solidformulationsareoftwotypes:ReadytouseformulationsandDryconcentrates,which
mustbemixedwithwatertobeappliedasspray.Dust,GranulesandPelletsarereadytouse
formulation,whileWettablePowders,Dryflowable,Waterdispersiblegranule,Encapsulated
granuleandSolublepowdersaretobemixedwithwater.
Solid formulation
Dust. Granule. Pellets Baits W.P.
Paste /
Gel
SP WDG / DF M.E. WSP.

32. Common Solid Formulations
1.Granule(G)
•Thisisaready-to-usedrymixtureofasmallamountofactiveingredientwithinert
carriers.Mostaremadebyapplyingaliquidformulationoftheactiveingredientto
coarseparticles(granules)ofsomeporousmaterialsuchasclay,sandorplantmaterial.
•Granuleparticlesaremuchlargerthandustparticles;willpassthrougha4-meshsieve
butnotthroughan80-meshsieve.
•Theamountofactiveingredientusuallyrangesfrom1to15percent.Theyaremost
oftenusedassoiltreatments,applyingthroughbroadcastingmethod.
•Granularformulationsshouldalwaysbeuseddry.Nevermixthemwithwater.Granules
shouldnotbeappliedtofrozensoiloronsteepslopes.Therelativelargeparticlesizeof
granulesminimizesdriftpotentialandreducesinhalationhazard.
•Afterapplication,theactiveingredientisslowlyreleased.Rainfallorwateringusuallyis
neededtoactivatetheproduct.
•Granularformulationsaremostlyusedtoapplychemicalstothesoiltocontrolweeds,
nematodes,orsoilinsects.
•Granularformulationsareusedtodeliversystemicpesticideswhicharetakenupby
plantroots.Theyalsoareusedinaquaticsituationstocontrolmosquitolarvaeand
aquaticweeds.

33. Advantages:
-ready to use,
-easy to apply,
-will fall through dense foliage,
-minimizes drift potential,
-reduced inhalation and dermal hazard
-simple application equipment.
Disadvantages:
-limited foliage use,
-needs moisture to activate its action,
-bulk quantities necessary : logistical problem,
-can be harmful to nontargetorganisms such as
birds,
-difficult to spread uniformly around obstacles.
Granule(G)

34. 2.
Pellet(P)
•Pelletsaresimilartogranules,buttheirmanufactureisdifferent.
•Theactiveingredientiscombinedwithinertmaterialstoformaslurry.Thisslurryisthen
extrudedunderpressurethroughadieandcutatdesiredlengthstoproduceaparticlethatis
relativelyuniforminsizeandshape,butismuchlargerthanagranule.
•Pelletsaresimilartogranules,astheyarereadytouse,areappliedinthedryform.
•Pelletscontainasmallamountofactiveingredient(usually10to20percentbyweight),
combinedwithinertcarrier.Pelletedformulationsmaybeappliedthroughbroadcastingmethod,
andareusedforsoiltreatment.Whiledriftisnotaproblemwiththisformulation,pelletsshould
notbeappliedtofrozensoil,steepslopesorincloseproximitytorootsystems.Pelletsprovidea
highdegreeofapplicatorsafety.
Advantages:
-ready to use,
-easily applied by hand,
-reduced applicator hazard,
-minimum drift potential, and
-effective spot treatment method.
Disadvantages:
-activeingredientsareexpensive,
-bulkquantitiesnecessary:logisticalproblem,
-difficulttospreaduniformlyaroundobstacles.

35. 3. Dust (D) Formulation
Mostdustformulationsarereadytouseandcontainalowpercentageofactive
ingredients(usually10%orlessbyweight),plusaveryfine,dryinertcarriermade
fromtalc,chalk,clay,nuthulls,orvolcanicash.
Dustsarealwaysuseddryandcaneasilydrifttonon-targetsites.Theyareusedfor
seedtreatmentsandsometimesforagriculturalorhomegardeningapplications.
Instructures,dustformulationsareusedincracksandcrevicesandforspottreatments
tocontrolinsectssuchascockroaches,ants,etc.Advantages
:
•Mostarereadytouse,withnomixing.
•Effectivewheremoisturefromaspray
mightcausedamage.
•Requiresimpleequipment.
•Effectiveinhard-to-reachindoorareas.
Disadvantages
:
•Easilydriftoff-targetduringapplication.
•Residueeasilymovedoff-targetbyair
movementorbywater.
•Mayirritateeyes,nose,throat,andskin.
•Willnotsticktotargetsurfaces.
•Dampnesscancausecloggingandlumping.
•Difficulttogetanevendistributionof
particlesonsurfaces.

36. 4.Baits(B)Formulation
Abaitformulationisanactiveingredientmixedwithfoodoranotherattractivesubstance.
Thebaiteitherattractsthepestsorisplacedwherethepestswillfindit.
Pestsarekilledbyeatingthebaitthatcontainsthepesticide.Theamountofactive
ingredientinmostbaitformulationsisquitelow,usuallylessthan5%.
Baitsareusedinsidebuildingstocontrolants,roaches,flies,otherinsects,androdents.
Outdoors,theysometimesareusedtocontrolsnails,slugs,andinsectssuchasantsand
termites.Theirmainuseisforcontrolofvertebratepestssuchasrodents,othermammals,
andbirds.
Advantages
:
•Readytouse.
•Entireareaneednotbecovered,becausepest
goestobait.
•Controlspeststhatmoveinandoutofanarea.
Disadvantages
:
•Canbeattractivetochildrenandpets.
•Maykilldomesticanimalsandnon-
targetwildlifeoutdoors.
•Pestmaypreferthecroporotherfood
thanthebait.
•Deadvertebratepestsmaycauseodour
problems.

37. DifferentBaits(B)Formulations

38. Baits(B)Formulation

39. Pastesandgelsaremainlyusedinthepest-controlindustryforantsandcockroaches.
Insecticidesformulatedaspastesandgelsareusedincockroachcontrol.Theyaredesignedto
beinjectedorplacedinsidesmallcracksandcrevicesofbuildingelementswhereinsectstendto
hideortravel.
Twobasictypesoftoolsareusedtoapplypastesandgels—syringesandbaitguns.The
applicatorforcesthebaitoutofthetipofthedevicebyapplyingpressuretoaplungerortrigger.
5.Pastes,Gels,andOtherInjectableBaits
bait guns
gels—syringes

41. Wettablepowdersaredry,finelygroundformulationsthatlooklikedusts.Theyusuallymixed
withwatertoformasuspensionforapplicationasaspray.Wettablepowderscontain5-95%
activeingredientbyweight;usually50%ormore.
Wettablepowdersarefinelygroundsolids,typicallymineralclays,towhichanactive
ingredientissorbed.
Theparticlesdonotdissolveinwater.Wettablepowdersformasuspension,ratherthantrue
solutionwhenaddedtowater.Theysettleoutquicklyunlessconstantlyagitatedtokeepthem
suspended.Theycanbeusedformostpestproblemsandinmosttypesofsprayequipment
whereagitationispossible.
6.WettablePowders(WPorW)
Advantages
:
•Easytostore,transport,andhandle.
•LesslikelythanECsandother
petroleum-basedpesticidestocause
unwantedharmtotreatedplants,
animals,andsurfaces.
•Easilymeasuredandmixed.
•LessskinandeyeabsorptionthanECs
andotherliquidformulations.
Disadvantages
:
•Inhalationhazardtoapplicatorwhile
measuringandmixingtheconcentrated
powder.
•Requiresgoodandconstantagitation
(usuallymechanical)inthespraytank.
•Abrasivetomanytypesofpumpsand
nozzles,causingthemtowearoutquickly.
•Difficulttomixinveryhard,alkalinewater.
•Oftenclognozzlesandscreens.
•Residuesmaybevisibleontreatedsurfaces.

42. WettablePowders(WPorW)

43. Solublepowderformulationslooklikewettablepowders.However,whenmixed
withwater,solublepowdersdissolvereadilyandformaTrueSolution,where
WettablePowderformsaSuspension.
Noadditionalagitationisnecessary.Theamountofactiveingredientinsoluble
powdersrangesfrom15to95%byweight;itusuallyismorethan50percent.
Solublepowdershavealltheadvantagesofwettablepowdersandnoneofthe
disadvantages,excepttheinhalationhazardduringmixing.Fewpesticidesare
availableinthisformulationbecauseveryfewactiveingredientsarereadily
solubleinwater.
7.SolublePowders(SPorWSP)

44. Water-dispersiblegranules,alsoknownasDryFlowables,arelikewettablepowders,
exceptinsteadofbeingdust-like,theyareformulatedassmall,easilymeasuredgranules.
Water-dispersiblegranulesmustbemixedwithwatertobeapplied.Onceinwater,the
granulesbreakapartintofineparticlessimilartowettablepowdersandformsuspension
butnotTruesolution.
WDGformulationrequiresconstantagitationtokeepitsuspendedinwater.The
percentageofactiveingredientishigh,oftenasmuchas90percentbyweight.
Water-dispersiblegranulessharemanyofthesameadvantagesanddisadvantagesof
wettablepowders,excepttheyaremoreeasilymeasuredandmixed.Becauseoflow
dust,theycauselessinhalationhazardtotheapplicatorduringhandling.
8. Water-dispersible Granules (WDG) or Dry Flowables(DF)

45. 9.MicroencapsulatedMaterials(MorME)
Hereliquidordrypesticideparticlesplacedinaplasticcoatingtoproducea
microencapsulatedformulation.Microencapsulatedpesticidesaremixedwithwater
andsprayedinthesamemannerasothersprayableformulations.Afterspraying,the
plasticcoatingbreaksdownandslowlyreleasestheactiveingredient.
Microencapsulatedmaterialshaveseveraladvantages:
•Highlytoxicmaterialsaresaferforapplicatorstomixandapply.
•slowreleaseoftheactiveingredientprolongsitseffectiveness,allowingforfewer
andlesspreciselytimedapplications.
•Thepesticidevolatilizesmoreslowly;lessislostfromtheapplicationsite.
Microencapsulatedmaterials,however,poseaspecialhazardtobees.Foragingbees
maycarrymicroencapsulatedmaterialsbacktotheirhivesbecausetheyareaboutthe
samesizeaspollengrains.Asthecapsulesbreakdown,theyreleasethepesticide,
whichresultspesticidepoisoningofthebees.

47. Water-solublepacketsreducethemixingandhandlinghazardsofsomehighlytoxic
pesticides.Manufacturerspackagepreciseamountsofwettablepowderorsoluble
powderformulationsinaspecialtypeofplasticbag.Whenyoudropthesebagsintoa
waterfilledspraytank,theydissolved/suspendedandreleasetheircontentstomix
withthewater.
10. Water-soluble Packets (WSB / WSP)

49. FUMIGANT
formulations

51. Insect Attractant
formulations

52. Insect Lure Trap
Yellow sticky trap Chemical attractant trap Fly trap
Mosquito trap
Wasp trap
Insect
Attractant
Traps.

54. Insect Repellent
formulations

55. Insect Repellent
formulations
Insect Repellent
formulations

56. Agricultural Spray Adjuvants
AnAgriculturalSprayAdjuvantisanyadditiveusedin pesticidespray
mixturetoincreaseitsbiologicalactivityand/ortomodifyvarious
physicalpropertiesofaspraysolution.
Agricultural Spray Adjuvants Are Classified Into Four Categories
•Activator Adjuvants
–Enhance Pesticide Performance
•Surfactants, Crop Oil Concentrates, Methylated Seed Oils, Fertilizer Solutions, Penetrants
•Spray Modifier Adjuvants
–Affects Physical Properties Of Spray Solutions
•Stickers, Deposition Aids, Drift Retardants, Evaporation Aids
•Utility Modifier Adjuvants
–Minimize Handling and Application Problems
•Compatibility Agents, Buffering Agents, Defoamers, Anti-foams
•Utility Products
–Minimize Application Problems
•FoamMarkers,TankCleaners

58. Agriculturalsprayadjuvantsareusedtoenhancetheeffectivenessofpesticidessuchas
herbicides,insecticides,fungicidesandotheragentsthatcontroloreliminateunwantedpests.
Agriculturalsprayadjuvantsarenotthemselvesactiveincontrollingorkillingpests.Instead,
theseadditivesmodifysomepropertyofthespraysolution,whichimprovestheabilityofthe
pesticidetopenetrate,targetorprotectthetargetorganism.
The proper adjuvant may reduce or even eliminate spray application problems, thereby
improving overall pesticide effectiveness.

59. Activator adjuvants
Themainpurposeofactivatoradjuvantsisto
improvethe"activity"ofthepesticideproduct.These
improvements--bothphysicalandchemicalgenerally
leadstobetterabsorptionand,asaresult,amore
efficientuseofthepesticide.
Activator adjuvants include Surfactants, oils, and
nitrogen-based fertilizers.
SURFACTANTS,alsocalledwettingagentsand
spreaders,physicallychangethesurfacetensionofa
spraydroplet.Forapesticidetoperformitsfunction
properlyonaplant,thespraydropletmustbeableto
wetthefoliageandspreadoutevenly.Surfactants
maketheareaofpesticidecoveragelarger,which
increasesthepest'sexposuretothechemical.
Withoutproperwettingandspreading,spray
dropletsoftenrunofforfailtoprovidegood
coveragetothesurfaces.
ACTIVATOR
ADJUVANTS

60. ClassificationofSurfactants(Wetter-spreadersorWettingagents)
Surfactantsareclassifiedbythewaytheyionize,orsplitapart,intoelectronicallycharged
moleculescalledions.Wecanclassifysurfactantsintofourtypes:
AnionicSurfactants(negativecharge):Mosteffectivewhenusedwithcontactpesticides.
CationicSurfactants(positivecharge):mostlytheyarephytotoxic.Theyshouldbeusedin
combinationwithothertypesofsurfactants.
NonionicSurfactants(nocharge):Composedofalcoholsand/orfattyacidsandarecompatible
withmostpesticides.Helpspesticidespraystopenetrateintoplantcuticles.Oftenusedwith
systemicpesticides.Itisthemostcommonlyusedsurfactant.
Organo-siliconeSurfactants(anewergrouptakingtheplaceofnonionicsurfactants):Reduces
surfacetension,increasesspreadingability,andimprovesrainfastness(amountoftimebetween
pesticideapplicationandrainfall)
Surfactants as Activator Adjuvants

61. Reducethesurfacetension
Preventbeadingofdroplets
Enableuniformcoverageofpesticides
Helppesticidestopenetratethesurfaceoftheleaffasterand
moreevenly
Ultimately,resultinabettercropyield
For a pesticide to be effective, spray droplet must: -
Spread out uniformly over leaf surface
Penetrate into the leaf surface
Pesticidesdonoteffectivelypenetrateleafsurfacedueto:-
Waxoroilspresentonleafsurface
Surfacetensionbetweenleafsurfaceandspraydroplet.
Need of a surfactaNt

65. test for ideal surfactaNt : Mustard test
Take one glass of water.
Add few drops of mustard oil.
It form a bead like structure over the surface of water.
ThenaddfewdropsofSurfactantinit,andstirwellwithaglassrod.
AfteraddingtheSurfactantandsubsequentstirring,iftheoilcompletely
dissolveinwater,thenitisidealforuse.

66. Commercially available Adjuvants

67. Oils as Activator ADJUVANTS
Cropoilisgenerally95-98%paraffinornaptha-basedpetroleumoilwith1-2%surfactant/
emulsifier.Cropoilspromotethepenetrationofapesticidesprayeitherthroughaplant'swaxy
cuticleorthroughaninsect'stough,chitinousshell.Traditionalcropoilsaremorecommonlyusedfor
insectanddiseasecontrolandrarelywithherbicides.
Cropoilconcentrates(COCs)aremadeupof80-85%emulsifiablepetroleum-basedoiland15-20
%nonionicsurfactant.Cropoilconcentrateshavethepenetrationpropertiesofoilandthe
spreadingpropertiesofasurfactant.COCsareoftenusedwithpost-emergenceherbicides.Itaids
penetrationthroughtheleafcuticle.
Vegetableoilconcentrates(VOCs)
aremadeupof80-85%cropderivedseedoil(usuallycotton,
linseed,soybean,orsunfloweroil)and15-20%non-ionicsurfactant.Toimprovetheirperformance,
manyVOCshaveundergoneaprocesscalledesterification,whichincreasestheoil-lovingcharacteristics
oftheseedoilandresultsinamethylatedseedoil(MSO),whichalsohelpscuticularpenetration.
The three types of oil-based adjuvants include CROP OILS,CROP OIL CONCENTRATES, and
VEGETABLE OIL CONCENTRATES.
Nitrogen-basedFertilizersAsActivatorAdjuvants
Improvedherbicidalactivityhasbeenshownbyaddingammoniumsulfateorurea-ammonium
nitratetothespraymixture.

68. Other types of Adjuvants : STICKERS, BUFFERS, FOAM RETARDANTS, DRIFT RETARDANTS, etc
Stickers
Stickerisasubstanceaddedtoapesticidespraymixturetohelpittosticktothesprayed
surface.
Astickercanperformthreetypesoffunctions:
•Itcanincreasetheadhesionor“stickiness”ofsprayparticlesthatotherwisemightbeeasily
dislodgedfromaleafsurface.
•Itcanalsoreduceevaporationofthepesticide.
•Itprovideawaterproofcoatingtothepesticide,afteritissprayedtotheplant.
Buffers
Bufferscontainorganicacids,whichwilllowerthepHoracidityofthewaterandtendto
stabilizethepHatanacceptablevalue.Themorealkalinethewater,thegreatertheamountof
buffer that will be required.
Foamretardants
Someformulationsofagriculturalchemicalswillcreatefoaminsomespraytanks.Foam
retardantspreventtheformationofsuchtypesoffoaminspraymixture.
Driftretardants
Driftisafunctionofspraydropletsize.Dropswithdiametersof100microns(0.1mm)orless
contributetothebulkofthedrift.Driftretardantincreasesthetensilestrengthofwaterand
alsoincreasetheaveragedropsize,resultinginlesserdriftproblem.

69. OthertypesofAdjuvants:PENETRATORS,WATERCONDITIONINGAGENTS,HUMECTANTS,
DEPOSITIONAIDS,COMPATIBILITYAGENTS,SUSPENSIONAGENTS,COLORANTSetc
Penetrators:
Enhance uptake of pesticides through target pests surfaces.
WaterConditioningAgents:
Reducetheantagonisticaffectsofimpurities(Ca,Mg,Mn,Fe,etc.)
foundinwatercarrier.Potentiallygreaterpesticideefficacyresults.
Humectants:
Increasethedryingtimeofspraydroplets,whichprovidesgreatertimefor
thepesticidetoenterthetargetssurface.Theseareusedduringhightemperature,low
humidityandlowsprayvolumesituations.Deposition Aid:
Reducestheamountoffinesprayparticlesthatcarrypesticideoutoftargetareas.It
Reducesevaporationofthespraydroplet;Usedduringhightemperature,low
humidityandlowsprayvolumesituations.
CompatibilityAgents:
Compoundsthataidinstabilityanddispersionofvarious
pesticideformulationsandspraycarriermixtures.
Colorants:
Used to alter the color of spray solutions.