Pesticides

Any substance or mixture of substances, intended for preventing, destroying, or
mitigating any pest, or intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant or
desiccant.

1. SAGAR SAVALE 1

Pesticides
Mr. Savale Sagar Kishor
(Department of Pharmaceutics, North Maharashtra University, college of R.C.Patel Institute
of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, Dist.Dhule, Maharashtra.)
[email protected]

1. Pesticides
• Pesticides Defined:
• Any substance or mixture of substances, intended for preventing, destroying, or
mitigating any pest, or intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant or
desiccant.
• Technically includes bio controls and plants bred for pest resistance. Common
usage excludes these.
• Pesticides obtained in herbal origin is known as herbal pesticides.
 Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, destroying, or mitigating any
pest
 . They are a class of biocide.
 The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products (also known as crop
protection products), which in general protect plants from damaging influences such as
weeds, plant diseases or insects.
 This use of pesticides is so common that the term pesticide is often treated as
synonymous with plant protection product, although it is in fact a broader term, as
pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes

2. SAGAR SAVALE 2

 . The term pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide, insecticide, insect growth
regulator, nematicide, termiticide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide,
predacide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, antimicrobial, fungicide,
disinfectant (antimicrobial), and sanitizer.
 In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium,
antimicrobial, or disinfectant) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages
pests
 . Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals,
fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance, or
spread disease, or are disease vectors
 . Although pesticides have benefits, some also have drawbacks, such as potential
toxicity to humans and other desired species. According to the Stockholm Convention
on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of the 12 most dangerous and persistent organic
chemicals are pesticides.
2. Benefits of Pesticides in IPM
• Inexpensive
• Greater control confidence
• Effective and rapid
• Therapeutic
• Management efficiency
• Can enable other management practices
3. Ideal properties of pesticides
It should be potent to lower

3. SAGAR SAVALE 3

It is not harmful to patient
It should not have residue effect
It should be water soluble
It can shows soil fertility
It can treated to cold blooded animal
It should be radially evaporated
It should be economical
4. Types of Pesticides
1) On the basis of mechanism
• Herbicides
• Used to control unwanted plants or weeds.
• Insecticides
• Used to control insects.
• Fungicides
• Used to control fungal diseases.
• Miticides
• Used to control ticks & mites (Spider-like animals).
• Rodenticides
• Used to control rodents (rats & mice).
• Nematocides

4. SAGAR SAVALE 4

• Used to control hair-like worms that feed on plant roots.
• Molluscicides
• Used to control slugs & snails
2) On the basis of origin –
1) Natural
2) Synthetic
3) On the basis of source-
1) Chemical
2) Microorganism
3) Vertebras and non-vertebras
4) Biological
5) Weeds
6) Insect
5. Methods for determination of pesticides
1) Mechanical method
2) Chemical method
3) Agricultural method
4) Biological method

5. SAGAR SAVALE 5

6. Use
Pesticides are used to control organisms that are considered to be harmful. For example, they
are used to kill mosquitoes that can transmit potentially deadly diseases like West Nile
virus, yellow fever, and malaria. They can also kill bees, wasps or ants that can cause allergic
reactions. Insecticides can protect animals from illnesses that can be caused by parasites such
as fleas. Pesticides can prevent sickness in humans that could be caused by moldy food or
diseased produce. Herbicides can be used to clear roadside weeds, trees and brush. They can
also kill invasive weeds that may cause environmental damage. Herbicides are commonly
applied in ponds and lakes to control algae and plants such as water grasses that can interfere
with activities like swimming and fishing and cause the water to look or smell
unpleasant. Uncontrolled pests such as termites and mould can damage structures such as
houses.
]
Pesticides are used in grocery stores and food storage facilities to manage rodents and
insects that infest food such as grain. Each use of a pesticide carries some associated risk DDT,
sprayed on the walls of houses, is an organochloride that has been used to
fight malaria ; Poisoning may also occur due to use of DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbons
by entering the human food chain when animal tissues are affected. Symptoms include nervous
excitement, tremors, convulsions, or death. Scientists estimate that DDT and other chemicals
in the organophosphate class of pesticides preventing the transmission of diseases such
as malaria, bubonic plague, sleeping sickness, and typhus .The ecological effect of DDT on
organisms is an example of bioaccumulation.
7. Pesticides containing drugs -
7.1 Pyrethrum
7.2 Tobacco
7.3 Neem

6. SAGAR SAVALE 6

7.1 Pyrethrum
Synonyms- insect flower, damation insect flower
Biological source- pyrethrum flowers are expanded flower head of Chrysanthemum cineraria
folium, belonging to family composite.
Geographical source- Yugoslavia, japan, Brazil, Kenya, Zaire & India
Collection
The pyrethrum flowers are collected by hand and dried immediately therefore, to avoid loss in
the pyrethrum content. Sun-drying of the drug is generally preferred. After drying, flowers are
packed into sacks and sent to the market. Average yield of the drug per hectare is 300 to 400
kg.
Macroscopically characteristic’s
Colour-cream to straw Colour
Odour-aromatic
Taste-bitter
Size-10 to 15 mm diameter
Shape-flower head are flat and convex receptacle.
Chemical constituents-
Pyrethrum can contain in pyrethrin – I, pyrethrin - II, cinerin - I, cinerin - II, jasmoline – I,
jasmoline – II
Use-

7. SAGAR SAVALE 7

Pyrethrum has been use in since long as an insecticides & it is contact poison. It is paralyses,
in short time, different types of insect . It can shows rapid toxicity towards different peats, but
has very low toxicity to mammals. Previously pyrethrum used in powder extract with odorless
kerosene. The extract contain in 20% pyrethrins, are used in the foam dust, wet table powder,
emulsion concentrate, kerosene solution, are sole. Some compounds are used to purpose of
sulphoxide, pipeonyl but oxide, sesamin and DDT.
7.2 Neem
Synonyms- Margosa
Biological source- It can consist of all Arial parts of plant known as Azadirachta indica, family
Meliaceae
Geographical source- India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, shri lanka, thiland, Malaysia, South Africa
and east afriaca.
Macroscopic characteristics –Leaves – alternate, exsipulate, impariprinnate leaflets 20-25
cm in length,
Bark- moderately thick, rough, brown in Colour longitudinally and obliquely furrowed.intially
starchy white, laminated with characteristic’s smell of neem and biter in taste.
Chemical constituents –number of chemical constituents isolated from plants belonging to
the classes determines (sugiol, nimbiol,) triterpins (bita sitosterol, stigmasterol, (leaf)
limonoids, malianthroils nimbidinine and number of cyclic tri. Tetra sulfides, flavonol
glycosides, nimaton, quercetin, myrecetin, kaempferol.nimbin 6-deacetyl-nimbin, salanin, and
azadiradione.
Uses-

8. SAGAR SAVALE 8

Recently , it has been studied scientifically and reported that it contains different chemicals
which have insect repellant , insectisides , antifedent , namaticide , and antimicrobial properties
, this see oil has spermicidal activity.
7.3 Tobacco
Synonyms-Tobacco
Biological source- This consist of dried leaves of Nicotiana tobacum belonging to family
solanaceae
Geographical source- China,india,brazil,Andhra Pradesh, gujrat,karnatka,bihar and Orissa
Pakistan , Bangladesh, shri lanka, thiland, Malaysia, south Africa and east afriaca .
Cultivation and collection
Depending upon the type of tobacco, the requirement of soil and climate also vary. Warm
climate and well drained fertile land are favourable for its cultivation. Seeds are used for
cultivation. The seeds are sown on the seed bed in winter or early springs. When the seedling
are about 12 weeks old, they are transplanted. In the flowering season, the flowering tops are
cut so as to encourage the growth of foliage. Harvesting is done after 70-90 days of
transplantation. The leaves are then subjected to processing by air curing, fire curing or fuel
curing. During this process, the chemical changes occur and lead to development of flavour
and aroma.
Organoleptic charecteristics-
Colour-green or slightly brown
Odour- charecteristics to nicotine
Taste- bitter

9. SAGAR SAVALE 9

Size-60-80cm length, 35-45cm width.
Shape-ovate, elliptic or lanceolate
Chemical constituents- the tobacco contain pyridine-piperidine type of alkaloids, among
which the most prominent is nicotine. The other alkaloids are nor nicotine and anabases.

Use-
Nicotine are exists stimulant effects on heart and nervous system .it is not use medicinally. it
is powerful quick acting poison . even 40mg .dose orally is fatal to humans . rectified tobacco
seed oil is used as edible oil in European countries . nicotine is used in the manufacturing of
nicotinic acid and nicotinamide . nicotine can control wide range of insect , it ac as contact
poison , it is sprayed on crops in the from of nicotine sulphate. It act as synthetic insecticides.