Pesticides introduction, types, formulation and toxicity, safe use and misuse, and symptoms of pesticide poisoning

Plant Protection - Pesticides introduction, types, formulation and toxicity, safe use and misuse, and symptoms of pesticide poisoning

1. Introduction of Pesticides

2. Introduction and Types of Pesticides Formulation and Toxicity of Pesticides Safe Use and Misuse of Pesticides Pesticides Poisoning Symptoms and First Aid Measures Content

3. A re the chemical or biological substances which are used to kill , deter , change behaviour or impair sterility of pests for the purpose of control or prevent them from causing damage to the crops. Pesticides

4. There are various kinds of pesticides on the basis of their action against pests and agents. They are: Insecticides Fungicides Nematicides Rodenticides Algicides Molluscicides Bio-pesticides Herbicides Bactericide Types of Pesticides

5. Insecticides T hese pesticides are used to kill and control the insect. For eg: Cypermethrin, Metasystox, etc. Types of Pesticides Fungicides T hese pesticides are used to control the fungal growth. A round 90% of plant diseases are of fungal origin. For eg: Karathene, Mancozeb, etc. N ematicides T hese pesticides are used to control the nematode. For eg: Dibromo chloro propane, Thionazin, etc.

6. Rodenticides T hese pesticides are used to control the rodents like mice, rats, etc. For eg: Zinc phosphide, Warfarin, etc. Types of Pesticides Algicides T hese pesticides are used to control the algal growth. For eg: Lime sulphur, Copper oxychloride, etc. Molluscicides T hese pesticides are used to control the molluscans like snails, slugs, etc. For eg: Metaldehyde, etc.

7. Bio-pesticides These are naturally occurring pesticides. For eg: Neemarin, Azadirachtin, etc. Types of Pesticides Herbicides T hese pesticides are used to kill the unwanted growth of plants i.e. weeds. For eg: Atrazine, Simazine, 2,4-D, etc. Bactericides T hese pesticides are used to control the bacterial population. For eg: Streptomycin, Agrimycin, etc.

8. Formulation of pesticide is defined as the act of producing pesticides in precise form. Generally, the pesticides that appear in the purest form are known as active ingredient ( a.i .). They are usually coarse, sticky solids and viscous liquid in appearance. But the purest form of insecticides is not usually used to control pests. They are either diluted or mixed with auxillaries to make them easy to handle and safe to use. They are added with carriers, diluents or surface active agents. Thus , the mixing of active ingredient with the material in a predetermined form for the purpose of pest control is known as pesticide formulation . Formulation of Pesticide

9. Liquid Formulation Solid Formulation Dusts Formulation of Pesticide are classified into: Granules Wettable Powders (WP or W) Soluble powder (SP or WSP) Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E) Fumigants

10. A. S olid formulation ( a) Dust T hese are one of the formulation which are mixed with dust carriers. T hey contain low % of active ingredient (a.i) usually less than 10%. Size of particles generally ranges from 1 to 40 micron. S maller the size of particles, higher will be the toxicity. D ust formulated pesticides are used for seed treatment and for small areas like home.

11. Advantages of Dust Can be directly used in plants. Very suitable for dry areas. Can be used in those areas where there is water scarcity problem . Disadvantage of Dust The dust particles are disturbed or drifted by wind. Don’t adhere to the plant surface. So, their efficiency will get reduced. least effective and uneconomical than other formulation.

12. A. S olid formulation (b) Granules Are similar to dust formulation. They differ from each other only by size of particles. They are larger and heavier than that of dust particles. Size ranges from 0.25 to 3mm in diameter. The active ingredient is mixed with coarse material such as clay, corn cobs or walnut shells. Due to their coarseness and large size, they are not affected by air drift and released slowly in soil.

13. Advantages of Granules Are slower releaser among pesticides. So, the loss is reduced. Have no problem of drifting by wind. Have low water requirement for being effective. Can be directly applied on plants. Protect young plants for the first week of their life as they are slow releaser. Disadvantage of Granules Cost of production and manufacture is very high. Granules can only be applied in root zone. Foliage parts cannot be treated with granules.

14. A. Liquid formulation ( a) Wettable Powders (WP or W) Are mixed with liquid esp. water in a specified quantity. Generally not soluble in water but are mixed with inert material along with wettable product (helps to make fine suspension in water). Settle down if left undisturbed. So need frequent agitation. The % of active ingredient ranges from 5-90% usually more than 50%. Example: Dithane M-45, Dithane Z-78, etc.

15. Advantages of WP Can be easily transported. don’t enter into skin directly if they are in contact. So, are safe. More effective in foliar application. Efficiency is higher than dusts and granules. Disadvantage of WP Risk of concentrated powder inhalation by applicator. Should be applied precisely. They should be properly mixed with precise amount of water otherwise sinking of powder at the bottom of spray becomes a major problem.

16. A. Liquid formulation ( b ) Soluble Powders (SP or WSP) Are mixed with liquid esp. water in a specified quantity. Are mixed with water along with wettable agent before applying them just like wettable powder. Differ from WP in the fact that SP doesn’t have disadvantage of WP.

17. Advantages of SP or WSP Reliable to carry and mixing. Aren’t absorbed through skin. The problem of sinking doesn’t occur. So they don’t require frequent agitation. Disadvantage of SP or WSP There is always the risk of powder being inhaled by the user.

18. A. Liquid formulation (c) E mulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E) It is the formulations of mixture of active ingredient, organic solvent and surfactants. They require water and emulsifying agent to be effective. They are highly preferred over WP as they can be easily handled and mixed with water. They require less agitation than WP. Example: Cypermethrin , malathion-50EC, etc.

19. Advantages of EC or E Relatively cheaper than other formulation. Easy to transport from one place to another. Have advantage of foliar application than granular formulations. Disadvantage of EC or E Great risk of such insecticides in skin resulting skin allergies. Problem of chemical being blown away at the time of spray. Tendency of over and under dose of chemical. A person can have difficulties in precise measurement of chemical required.

20. A. Liquid formulation (d) Fumigants A re the chemicals applied in a vapor form. T hey contain active ingredients in the form of liquid kept under high pressure and converted to gas form at the time of application. W idely used in structural pest control, in the food and grain storage. Example: Zinc phosphide, Hydrogen cyanide, etc.

21. Advantages of Fumigants W ide range of action. H ighly toxic to the pests. V ery effective as compared to other pesticides. R equired in small amount to kill a large number of pests. Disadvantage of Fumigants H ighly spreading over a large area in short time. S o they can be applied only in closed room or poly house only. H ighly toxic to human beings also.

22. The toxicity is the capacity to affect the living system . Living system includes many things which might be plant, human (external as well as internal organs). Toxins can be of biological origin or artificially made. T oxicity of Pesticides

23. Shows the short term effect of substance ( toxins ) from a single or multiple exposure in a short period of time . A pesticides with high acute toxicity is harmful even deadly at few dose of the toxin. Acute toxicity levels are used as a way to assess and compare how poisonous the pesticides are. Acute toxicity Types of Toxicity

24. Chronic toxicity is the result of long term exposure to pesticides. The effects of chronic toxicity cannot be observed directly or immediately after single or multiple use of pesticide. Chronic toxicity Types of Toxicity

25. Safe use and Misuse of Pesticides Following things should be kept in mind fo r the safe use and handling of pesticides: Choose the right pesticides at right time Correct pesticides helps better pest management and less toxic effect. Very high dose and very low dose is not recommended as it causes pest resistance in longer time period. Observe the label first Before buying label must be read first and the buyer must understand the product label. Label gives the information of a.i ., how to mix and apply the product, when and where to apply the product, how to store and dispose the product, as well as safety and environmental precautions and first aid instruction.

26. Safe use and Misuse of Pesticides The below mentioned label signifies the toxicity level of insecticides : Label Name Level of toxicity Red label Extremely toxic Yellow label Highly toxic Blue label Moderately toxic Green label Slightly toxic

27. Safe use and Misuse of Pesticides Protective clothing and safety equipment Person using pesticide is most prone to pesticide toxicity. So, proper clothing and safety measures need to be followed. Use of rubber gloves, masks, clean clothes covering whole body, waterproof hats and boots, eye protection equipment, etc. are the minimum protective requirement. Mix pesticides safely Need to be mixed with accurate measurement. The utensils used should be clean and washed after the use.

28. Safe use and Misuse of Pesticides Apply pesticides safely Use the prescribe dose and right pesticide. Keep utensils need and clean. Keep children away from treated areas until the spray has dried. Neat and clean clothing should be used. Care and handling of personal protection equipment Do not mix contaminated clothing with other. If the clothes need to be used more than once need to be washed properly.

29. Safe use and Misuse of Pesticides Store pesticides safely Do not store the pesticides in open vessel as it might get volatilize. Should not be kept closer to the food and water source to protect contamination. Should not be stored in places with high humidity and heat. Also should be protected from freezing.

30. Pesticides Poisoning Symptoms and First Aid Measures Symptoms of Pesticides Poisoning There is always the chance of pesticide poisoning when person comes in contact of pesticides. Symptoms are the sign that a person might be affected. Symptoms of mild poisoning Symptoms of severe poisoning

31. Pesticides Poisoning Symptoms and First Aid Measures Symptoms of Pesticides Poisoning Symptoms Symptoms of mild poisoning Headache, diarrhea, irritation of nose and throat, eye irritation, nausea, fatigue, loss of appetite, thirst, weakness, restlessness, dizziness, painful joints, nervousness, etc. Symptoms of severe poisoning Vomiting, convulsions, loss of reflexes, unconsciousness, inability to breathe, fever, muscle twitching, thirst, constriction of eye pupils (eye pupils become small), increased in respiration rate, etc.

32. Common First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning Safe precautions should be followed to avoid pesticide poisoning and its harmful impact. If a person suffers from acute poisoning If the pesticide has been inhaled If the pesticide is in the eye If the pesticide is on the skin If the pesticide is swallowed

33. I f a person suffers from acute poisoning: Give artificial breathing in case of person not breathing properly. Then observe the route of entry of pesticide like through mouth, nose, eyes, etc. Take the patients to hospital as soon as possible and also take the label and sample of pesticide the person has inhaled.

34. I f the pesticide has been inhaled: Carry out the patient immediately to fresh air and lay down slowly under shade. The clothes of patient should be made loose and comfortable. If the clothes of patients are contaminated with pesticides, remove them quickly. Give artificial respiration in case of difficulty in breathing. Take the patient immediately to the hospital.

35. I f the pesticide is swallowed: Clean the mouth part with water as soon as possible. Empty the stomach as soon as possible by giving the patient an emetic of salt solution and ground mustard. Do not allow the person to intake any food or water. If the patient is conscious then induce vomiting. Take the patient to hospital as soon as possible.

36. I f the pesticide is on the skin: Remove the clothes as soon as possible. Do not rub the affected parts of the body. Immediately wash the affected part with warm water and soap.

37. I f the pesticide is in the eye: Wash the eye immediately with clean water or running water for about 15 minutes.

38. Thank you!