pests of ber and fig.pptx

For Bsc Students

1. PESTS OF BER

2. BER FRUIT FLY Carpomyia vesuviana Tephritidae : Diptera It is the most important pest of ber and has country wide distribution. Up to 77% damage to fruits is reported from A.P. Adult is a small black spotted fly with banded wings. Two to three generations are completed from November to April. Eggs are laid in cavities made on the fruit with the ovipositor. Up to 22 eggs are laid by a female either singly or in groups of 2-4. Incubation period is 2-3 days.

3. Oviposition punctures made by the flies on the fruits give them rough appearance. The punctures appear as black spots in depression later on. As many as 18 maggots may infest a single fruit. Maggots are white, tapering anteriorly . Larval period is 7-10 days. The full grown maggot falls to ground to pupate in soil at 5 to 7.5 cm deep for periods varying from 14 to 300 days depending upon the climate. Maggots bore into the pulp forming reddish brown galleries. The damage results in The attacked fruits rotting and turning dark brown and smelling offensively.

4. MANAGEMENT : Removal and destruction of infested fruits. Ploughing and continual raking of soil under the trees during summer months to expose pupa. Spray contact insecticides like MLATHION or endosulfan 2ml/l at tri weekly intervals. Soil application of endosulfan 4D kills maggots and pupae

5. BER FRUIT BORER Meridarchis scyrodes Carposinidae : Lepidoptera It is distributed all over the country. Adult is a small dark brown moth. Eggs are laid on young fruits. Larvae are reddish. The larva bores into the fruit feeding on the pulp and accumulating faecal frass within. Fruit dropping Up to 40% of the fruits are damaged during July and August. Pupation takes place in the soil.

6. MANAGEMENT Collection and destruction of affected fruits Raking up of soil in tree basins in summer Spraying 2 – 3 times at 10 day interval from pea sized fruit stage with endosulfan 2ml/l or monocrotophos 1.6ml/l

7. BER FRUIT WEEVIL Aubeus himalayanus Curculionidae : Coleoptera Grub feeds on the seed and adult feeds on the fruit. The fruit loses its shape. Fruits become round and fruit stalk bulges. The adult also sometimes feed on the seed and comes out of the fruit. MANAGEMENT Spray application of monocrotophos 1.6 ml/l or fenvalerate 1ml/l or deltamethrin 2 ml/l at 10-15 day interval from maturity of fruit till harvest.

8. Leaf defoliating beetles Holotrichia spp. Anomala spp. Adoretus spp Feed on leaves and defoliate in rainy season They cut the tender shoot tips affecting growth of the young plants In case of severe infestation, the entire foliage may disappear and such trees do not bear any fruits. Eggs are white – soil Cream coloured larvae feed in soil on rotten material, roots, etc. Larvae hibernate in earthern cocoon through out winter. Holotrichia Anomala Adoretus

9. pupation in april only one generation/yr Management Ploughing of soil expose eggs, larvae and pupae Flooding of field in summer stimulate adults to emerge Jerking of trees Light traps Spraying endosulfan in the evening

10. Leaf webber , Pagyda traducalis Web the leaves and feed Peak in Aug-Sept., Jan and April-May Population - higher in may Management Spray Fenvalerate , mono or quinolphos at o.05% Hairy caterpillar, Thiacidas postica , Lymantriidae Causes defoliation Management Natural enimies , braconid , ichneumonid , tachinids NPV cause martality up to 40 %

11. SAP FEEDERS Tailed Mealybug , Ferrisia virgata Pseudococcidae : Hemiptera Host range Cotton , Bhendi , Jute, Tobacco, Betel vine, Tomato, Amaranthus , Sapota, Guava, Pomegranate Adult - Females apterous , long, slender covered with white waxy secretions . Female has long filaments on the posterior end of the body Biology Egg period: 3-4 hours 185 - 409 eggs/ female Nymph: 26-47 days Female longevity: 36-53 days Male: 1-3 days Yellowish to pale white.

12. Symptoms of damage Premature dropping of fruit. White, cottony-nymphs and adults on leaves & twigs Yellowing of older leaves Stunted growth & Sooty mould Management Premature dropping of fruits Collect and destroy egg masses and caterpillars Use burning torch to kill the congregating larvae Triozhophos 2 ml+ neem oil 5 ml/l, phosalone 35 EC 1.5 ml+ neem oil 5 ml/1. Field release of Cryptoleamus montrouzieri 10 per tree

13. Waxy scales, Drepanococcus chiton Appears in severe form on the shoots and some times on leaves Drying of the afftected shoots Management Systemic insecticides PESTS OF MINOR IMPORTANCE Leaf feeders, Psorostichia zizyphi ; F: Oecophoridae Leaf butterfly, Tarucus indica ; F: Lycaenidae

14. PESTS OF FIG

15. Stem borer, Bactrocera rufomaculata It is a major pest of fig in India The beetles emerge during rainy season (June to Aug.) Female makes a cut in the bark and deposits a dirty white egg in it. A female lays about 100-200 eggs during June- Oct. IP 7-14 days LP- 3-6 months Before pupation, the grubs enter diapauses during winter. Pupation takes place in the chamber within the stem LC-4-7 months. Only one generation per month

16. The damage by grubs – feed on the portion of the bark and inner wood by following zigzag manner path and filling the tunnel with frass – fibrous matter and excreata Accumulation of the frass on the ground on the side of the trunk Attacked branches of the tree get weakened and fall down (strong wind) The fruit bearing capacity of the tree is affected. Management Collection and destruction Put kerosene/petrol/ dichlorovos soaked cotton wad in the holes A mixture of ethylene dichloride and Carbon tetra chloride (3:1) may be injected in the hole and close Avoid oviposition by spraying with 0.15 % chloropyriphos or coal tar

17. Cock chafer beetles Five species of defoliating beetles, Adoretus duvauceli , A. horticola , A. Lasiopygus , A. versulatus and Brahmina coriacea Feed on foliage and are polyphagous pests. Eggs are laid in soil Grubs feed on roots of plants on hatching Pupation in the soil In winter – diapause After emergence, the adult beetle continue to live in the soil till rain starts They are nocturnal and damage the foliage from dusk to dawn They defoliate trees in June- July Only one generation per year Adoretus sp Holotrichia consanguinea also defoliates

18. Management C and D Spraying of Chloropyriphos @ 0.2% against Adoretus Spraying of 0.05% fenitrothion against Holotrichia consanguinea Bioagents , Beauveria brogniartii and Metarrhizium anisopliae against grubs

19. Gall midges Anjeerodiplosis peshawarensis Udumbarie nainiensis Anjeerodiplosis peshawarensis Adults appears in May and damage up to 25%. eggs – raw and tender fruits LP- 1 to 1 ½ momths in may and june Pupation in soil- 4-12 days Causes damages to raw fig fruits which become elongated, wrinkled and soft. Maggots feed on the pulp Infested fruits wither and drop prematurely.

20. Udumbarie nainiensis Damages the flower buds by ovipositing One female lays 200-250 eggs in cavities on flower bud in march to may and again in Aug. to Oct. Grubs feed on the interior contents of the inflorescence and cause discoloration, wrinkling and small protuberance Management C and D of infested flowers and fruits Ploughing or digging soil below trees to expose pupa and mix 5% Aldrin Spraying 0.05% phosphomedon or mono or fenitrothion at flower bud stage and when the fruits are of pea nut size

21. Leaf rollers, Phycodes minor , P. radiata The pest is active during spring IP-5-6 d, LP- 4-5 d and PP- 8-11 days Moths of both the species seen during March-May Sucks the nectar from the blossoms Eggs are laid on tender leaves On hatching, the larvae feed on the epidermis of leaves during spring Later on, they fold the leaves and feed within Affected leaves ultimately fall Pupa hibernate in cracks and crevices of stem bark Phycodes minor

22. Management C and D of rolled leaves Spraying with 0.05% mono or fenitrothion or carbaryl or endosulfan