PGI MEMORY SCALE.(PSYCHOLOGY)

MEMORY
SENSORY MEMORY
STM & LTM
PGIMS

1. Pgi Memory Scale Module II : Cognitive Functions And Their Assessment

2. memory Memory is the process of maintaining information over time. Memory is the means by which we draw on our past experiences in order to use this information in the present Therefore, memory is the process by which we Encode, Store and Retrieve. 2

3. Atkinson and shriffon Model of memory Sensory Memory stores information that has just been perceived. This particularly refers to information that has not yet been attended to or has not yet reached the consciousness of the person, and has not yet been stored in short-term memory. These images last only milliseconds . There are two types of sensory Memory : Iconic – memory reflects information from the visual system. Echoic – stores auditory information coming from the ears. 3

4. SHORT TERM MEMORY Also called working memory . Contains new information and also information that has been retrieved from Long-term memory . Lasts seconds or at the most minutes. types of memory LONG TERM MEMORY Long Term Memory is much more stable than short-term memory, probably because a permanent structural change takes place in the brain, namely changes in synaptic strength .   It generates rather than reproduces i.e., it is affected by perception and interpretation of the individual who is remembering. 4

5. TULVING’S : Modules Of Memory One of the earliest and most influential distinctions of long term memory was proposed by  Tulving (1972).  He proposed a distinction between episodic semantic procedural memory. 5

6. HISTORY OF TESTING MEMORY Associationism - John Locke, David Hume, David Hartley, James Mill, John Stuart Mill, Alexander Bain, and Ivan Pavlov, asserted that the principle applied to all or most mental processes . Revival of association from memory was hypothesized. Ebbinghaus and the Rote learning theory (1885) – he introduced many important ideas of novel associations in the Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning, Memory and Cognition (1985). He then formulated the Forgetting Curve 6

7. Instruments Assessing Memory - Wechsler Memory Scale –3rd Edition (WMS-III) = Designed to assess learning, memory, and working memory. For individuals in the age range of 16-89 years . -Benton Visual Retention Test= Designed to assess visual perception, visual memory, and visuoconstructive abilities. For ages 8 and over . -Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT) = assessment and rehabilitation of prospective memory problems -Memory Assessment Scales (MAS) = This comprehensive battery assesses short-term, verbal and visual memory functioning . - Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test = Detects impairment of everyday memory functioning: remembering a name, a hidden belonging, an appointment, picture and face recognition, etc . -Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL) = comprehensive instrument designed to evaluate general and specific memory functions of individuals aged 5 to 59 years old. 7

8. POST GRADUATE INSTITUTE MEMORY SCALE (PGI-MS) 8

9. PGI-MS The PGI Memory Scale has become a popular memory scale throughout India and replaced the Boston Memory Scale and Wechsler Memory Scale at both the premier institutes of psychiatry i.e., National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore and Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi . Therefore PGI memory scale (PGIMS) was constructed and standardized in 1977. 9

10. THE SCALE WAS VALIDATED AGAINST 4 HYPOTHESES – i ) The subject suffering from neurological disorders will obtain poorer scores than the subjects suffering from functional psychiatric illness ii) The older subjects should obtain lower scores than younger normal adults iii) The scores on memory scale should have positive relationship with education iv) It should not have high correlation with intelligence test scores 10

11. Dimensions measured in the Instrument It contains 10 sub tests – 1. Remote memory 2. Recent memory 3. Mental balance 4. Attention concentration 5. Delayed recall 6. Immediate recall (sequential reproduction of sentences) 7. Retention for similar pairs 8. Retention for dissimilar pairs 9. Visual retention 10. Recognition 11

12. Psychometric Properties Quintile norms were developed for the subjects in the age range of 20-45 years for the 3 education levels (i.e. 0-5 6-9 and 10+ above years of schooling) separately for each of the ten sub-tests. Validity – PGI Memory scale was found to have a correlation of .71 with Boton Memory Sclare and .85 with the Wechsler memory scale. It also confirmed the 4 hypotheses set to demonstrate its validity. Reliability – for this, the test was re-administered on 40 subjects after an interval of one week. The test re-test reliability ranged between .70 and .84 for organic psychotic groups, .48 to .84 for neurotic-normal’ group. Split half reliability was found to be .91 and .83 respectively. 12

13. 13 instructions INSTRUCTIONS - Remote Memory - '' I am going to ask you some questions and I would like you to reply to them honestly and promptly." Recent Memory - " I will ask some questions about your recent activities, please answer them honestly." Mental Balance - "I will ask you some common memory and problem solving questions, please answer them. There is no time limit." P roblem & plan PROBLEM - To assess the subject's memory span with the help of the PGI - Memory Scale, developed by Dwarka Prasad and N. N. Wig . PLAN - The given 10 subtests are administered and the memory span of the subject is determined with the help of the norms . M aterials required & precautions MATERIALS REQUIRED - PGIMS Consumable Booklet (Answer Sheet), PGIMS Manual, Stationery. PRECAUTIONS - Instructions were made clear. Calm and peaceful environment was maintained. Intervals were timed appropriately. Methodology

14. ANALYSIS AND SCORING Subtest 1 - 1 score for each correct answer. (Maximum possible score - 7) Subtest 2 - 1 score for each correct answer. (Maximum possible score - 5) Subtest 3 - For the first 2 questions, 3 score if all correct within 15 sec., 2 score if takes more than 15 secs. and 1 score if 1 mistake or omission. 0 score for 2 or more mistakes. Subtest 4 - For first question, 3-4 digits = 1 score, 5-6 digits = 2 score, (1 score for mistake), 7-8 digits = 3 score (2 score for 1 mistake and 0 score for more than 2 mistakes). (Maximum possible score = 12 ) Subtest 5 - 1 score for each correct. (Total possible score = 10) 14

15. Subtest 6 - 1 score for each clause correctly reproduced. (Total possible score = 12 ) Subtest 7 - 1 score for each correct pair. (Total possible score = 5 ) Subtest 8 - 1 score for each correct reproduction. Maximum of 3 trials. (Total Possible score = 15 ) Subtest 9 - 2 scores for each card 1-3 (Total possible score = 6), 3 scores for card 4 = 3, 4 scores for card 5 = 4. (Total possible score = 13 ) Subtest 10 - 1 score for each correct. deduct 1 score for each wrong identification. (Total possible socre = 10) Max score = 115 15

16. interpretation

17. ADVANTAGES - Made without the influence of foreign methods of assessment. Based of Indian samples and can be generalized for the same. . 17

18. DISADVANTAGES – Too small a sample size for the purpose of reliability and validity. Initially made for those suffering with mental disorders and criticised for general application 18

19. 19 References - Bower, Gordon H. "A Brief History of Memory Research (1991) PGIMS (English Version), National Psychological Corporation, Agra. (1977 ) https://prezi.com/6uwtu_ejphol/pgi-memory-scale/?fallback=1

20. Thanks! Any questions ? By: Madhavi Tiwari MA Clinical Psychology SEM 2 AIBAS 20