Pharmacognosy

pharmacognosy and phytochemistry
simple notes

1. Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry Aadhi bhagawan college of pharmacy, Rantham.

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AADHI BHAGAWAN COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
RANTHAM.

PHARMACOGNOSY & PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Notes on crude drugs
By
THIRD B.PHARMACY
2009-2013

2. Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry Aadhi bhagawan college of pharmacy, Rantham.

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SS
NNoo
DDRRUUGGNNAAMMEE SSYYNNOONNYYMMSS BBIIOOLLOOGGIICCAALL SSOOUURRCCEE FFAAMMIILLYY CCOONNSSTTIITTUUEENNTTSS UUSSEESS
CARBOHYDRATES
1

Agar
Agar-Agar,
Vegetable gelatin,
Japanese-isinglass.
It is a dried gelatinous
substance obtained from
Gelidium Amansii
(Gelidaceae).
Gelidaceae
Agarose, agaro
pectin, 3.5% of
cellulose, 6% of
nitrogen
containing
substance.
Laxative,
bacteriological
culture medium.

2 Gum acacia
Gum Arabic, gum
acacia, acacia,
Indian gum.
It is the dried gummy
exudation obtained from
the stem and branches of
Acacia Arabica.
Leguminosae
Arabin, enzyme
oxidase,
peroxidase.
Emulsifying,
demulcent, binding
agent, suspending
agent.
3 Gum Tragacanth
Tragacantha,
Gum tragacantha.
It is a dried gummy
exudation obtained by
incision of from stems and
branches Astragalus
Gummifer.
Leguminosae
Tragacanthin,
bassorin.
Thickening agent,
demulcent,
emulgent, adhesive.
4 Honey
Madhu, Mel, Honey
purified.
Honey is a sugar secretion
deposited in honey comb
by the bees, Apis
Mellifera, and Apis
Dorsata.
Apidae
Natural invert
sugar (glucose,
fructose, maltose),
acetic acid, dextrin,
succinic acid.
Demulcent,
sweetening agent,
anti-septic, common
ingredients for
several cough
mixtures.

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5 Isapgol
Ispaghula, isabgul,
Indian psyllium,
isapgol.
It consists of dried seed of
plant known as Plantago
Ovata.
Plantaginacea
e
Pentosan,
mucilage,
aldobionic acid.
Demulcent, laxative
(used in chronic
constipation),
pharmaceutical aid.
6 Pectin Pectin.
It is a purified
carbohydrate product
obtained by acid
hydrolysis from inner
portion the rind of Citrus
Peel (i.e.) Citrus Simon,
Citrus Aurantium.
Rutaceae
D-galactouronic
acid, pectric acid,
methanol,
arabinose, pectin,
citric acid.
Adsorbent,
thickening agent,
emulgent, treatment
of diarrhea.
7 Starch Amylum
Starch consist of
polysaccharide granules
obtained from the grains
of Maize (Zae Mays Linn),
Rice (Oryza Sativa Linn).
Gramineae
(or)
Solanaceae
Amylase, and
amylopectin
Disintegrating agent,
demulcent, nutritive,
protective, emollient,
absorbent.
TANNINS
8
Gambier & pale
catechu.
Pale catechu,
Gambier, gambir.
It is a dried aqueous
extract of the leaves and
young shoots of Uncaria
Gambier.
Rubiaceae.
Catechin, catechu
tannic acid&
catechu red.
Astringent in
treatment of
diarrhea, dyeing,
protecting the
fishing nets.

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9 Black catechu
Kattha, cutch,
khadir-catechu,
catechu.
It consist of dried aqueous
extract of heart-wood of
Acacia Catechu.
Leguminosae.
Acacathechin,
quercetin, catechu
red, gum,
quercitrin.
Astringent for boils,
skin eruptions,
ulcers, dyeing,
coloring agents,
protective agents for
fishing nets.
10 Gall& tannic acid.
Tannin, gallotannic
acid, acidum
tannicum.
It is extracted from
specially fermented oak
galls are grown on young
twigs of Quercus-
Infectoria (Oak Trees)
Fagaceae
Complexity of
pentadgalloyl
glucose C76 H52
O46, composed
Gallic acid and
glucose.
Astringent for
mucous membrane
of mouth and throat
11 Myrobalan
Cheublic
myrobalan, harde,
haritaki.
It consists of dried, ripe,
fully matured fruits of
Terminalia Chebula
Retzr.
Combretaceae
.
Chebulic acid,
chebulagic acid,
Gallic acid, ellagic
acid.
Astringent,
stomachic, purgative,
laxative, piles &
external ulcers.
LIPIDS
12 Castor oil Ricinus oil
It is a fixed oil obtained by
cold expression of the
seeds of Ricinus
Communis.
Euphorbiacea
e
Ricinoleic acid ,
Iso-ricinoleic acid,
linoleic acid,
stearic acid& iso-
stearic acid.
Laxative, lubricant,
cosmetics, urethanes,
it imparts
transparent to soaps;
it is a raw material in
the manufacture of
nylon-11.

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13 Shark liver oil Oleum Selachoids.
Shark liver oil is fixed oil
obtained from carefully
preserved liver of various
species of the shark,
mainly Hypoprion
Brevirostris&
Galeorhinus Zyopterus.
-
Vitamin A
glycerides of fatty
acids, along with
alkyl glycerol.
Used as Deficiency of
vitamin A , in cure of
rickets, used in burn
& sunburn
ointments.
14 Wool fat
Lanolin, Adeps
lanae
Hydrous wool fat is the
purified fat –like substance
obtained from the wool of
sheep Ovis Aries Linn.
Bovidae
Esters of
cholesterol and
carnaubic and
oleic acids
Absorbable ointment
base& base for
several water soluble
creams and cosmetic
preparation.
15 Bees wax
Yellow Bees wax,
cera- flava.
Yellow bees wax is
purified wax and obtained
from the honey comb of
the bees Apis Mellifica &
Other Species of Apis.
Apidae
Myricyl palmitate,
cerotic acid.
Hardening agent,
ointment base& also
used in plasters,
polishes, preparation
of lipsticks, face
creams.


16 Neem oil Margosa oil.
It is a non-edible fixed oil
obtained from fully
matured seeds of
Azadirechta Indica Juss.
Meliaceae
Nimbin,
Nimbinin,
Nimbidin,
Nimbidol.
Non-edible oil,
cosmetics,
spermicidal, anti-
viral activity.

17 Cod liver oil Oleum Morrhi It is obtained from liver of Gadidae Vitamin A and Deficiency of vitamin

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cod fish Gadus Morrhua
& Other Species of Gadus
vitamin D,
glycerides of fatty
acids
A and D, emollient
cure of rickets
18
Bran oil (or) rice
bran oil.
Rice oil
It is the husk of paddy and
consists of embryo &
endosperm of the seeds of
Oryza Sativa Linn.
Gramineae
Glycerides of oleic
and linoleic acids,
tocopherols.
Food oil, cosmetics, it
contains anti-
oxidant its keeping
quality is good,
emollient & used
preparation of
vegetable ghee.
PROTEINS
19 Gelatin
Gelatina, gel foam,
puragel.
Gelatin is a protein
extracted by Partial
hydrolysis of animal
Collagenous tissue like
Skins, Tendons,
Ligaments and Bones
with boiling water.
-
It contains
different amino
acids major part of
lysine essential
amino acid. Gelatin
composed of
gelatin protein
Manufacture of hard
and flexible capsule
shells, pessaries,
pastes, pastilles and
suppositories& used
as haemostatic.
20 Spirullina -
Spirullina is a blue green
algae Spirullina
Platensis (or) Spirullina
Maxima
Oscillatoriaca
e
Vitamin content of
natural β carotene
with a cis-
carotenoid isomer
Spirullina can fix
atmospheric
nitrogen during its
growth, source of
nitrogenous
fertilizer.
21 Soya Soja, Sojae, Semina. They are fully natured Leguminosae Linoleic acid, Used as manufacture

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dried seeds of the plant
Glycine- Soja & Glycine
Max.
linolenic acid,
palmitic acid, oleic
acid.
of soap, varnishes &
paints, it is also used
as in the treatment of
nutritional
deficiency.
VOLATILE OIL
22 Mentha
Oleum mentha
Piperita,
Colperimin, Menthe
oil.
It is obtained by steam
distillation of fresh
flowerings top of the
plants known as Mentha
Piperita Linn.
Labiatae.
Menthol,
menthone, mentho
furan, pulegone.
It is used as
carminative,
stimulant, flavoring
agents, mild
antiseptic.

23
Coriander
(Alcohol volatile
oil)
Coriander fruits
These are the fully dried
ripe fruits of the plant
known as Coriandrum
Sativum Linn.
Umbelliferae.
Coriandrol,
coriandryl acetate,
L-borneol,
geraniol, pinene.
Aromatic, flavor,
carminative,
stimulant, used as
purgative to prevent
gripping.
24
Cinnamon (or)
Ceylon cinnamon.
(Aldehyde
volatile oil)
Kalmi-Dalchini,
cinnamon bark,
Ceylon cinnamon.
It consists of the dried
inner bark of the shoots of
coppiced trees of
Cinnamomum
Zeylanicum Nees.
Lauraceae
Eugenol,
benzaldehyde,
cinnamon
aldehyde,
cinnamon oil,
volatile oil, tannin.
Carminative,
stomachic, flavor,
stimulant, aromatic
antiseptic, mild
astringent

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25
Cassia (or)
Chinese
Cinnamon
(Aldehyde
volatile oil)
Cassia bark, Chinese
Cinnamon
It is a dried stem bark of
the plant Cinnamoum
Cassia Blume.
Lauraceae
Mucilage,
coumarin, calcium
oxalate, starch,
tannins, 1-2% of
volatile oil,
cinnamic,
aldehyde.
It is also used as an
spices, Carminative,
flavor, stimulant,
aromatic species.
26
Cara way (Ketone
volatile oil)
Carum, Caraway
Seed
It is a dried ripe fruits of
Carum Carvi Linn.
Umbelliferae
Carvone, carvacrol,
2.5-8% of volatile
oil,& 10% of fixed
oil.
Aromatic, stimulant,
carminative, flavor.
27 Dill
European dill, dill
fruits, anethum.
It is a dried ripe fruits of
Anethum Graveolens
Linn.
Umbelliferae
Dill-apiole,
caravone, 2.4-4%
volatile oil, D-
limonine,
phellandrene,&
other terpenes.
Aromatic, stimulant,
carminative, flavor.
28
Clove (Phenol
volatile oil)
Clove Flower, Clove
Buds,
Caryophyllum.
It is dried flower buds of
Eugenia Caryophyllus.
Myrtaceae.
Eugenol, ester of
eugenin, 15-20%
of volatile oil, 10-
30% of tannins,
ketones, alcohol.

Dental analgesic,
carminative, flavor,
stimulant, anti-septic
and sedative.

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29
Fennel (Phenolic
ether volatile oil)
Fennel fruits,
Fructus, Anethum,
Foeniculum.
It is a dried ripe fruits of
plant known as
Foniculum Vulgare
Miller.
Umbelliferae
1.4% of volatile oil,
fenchone,
anethole.
Aromatic, stimulant,
carminative,
flavoring agents,
expectorants.
30
Nut meg
(Phenolic ether
volatile oil)
Myristica, Nux
Moschata
It is a dried kernel of the
seeds of Myristica
Fragrans.
Myristiceae.
Myristicin, saffrole,
elimicin.
Aromatic, stimulant,
carminative. used in
soap industry,
treatment of
rheumatism.
31
Cardamom
(Alcoholic
volatile oil)
Cardamom fruits,
Cardamom seeds,
Cardamom, Small
cardamom.
It is a dried ripe fruits of
Elettaria Cardamomum
Maton Var.
Zingiberaceae.
Alpha-terpineol,
borneol, cineole,
terpenes, 2-8% of
volatile oil..
Aromatic, stimulant,
flavoring agent
carminative,& used
in the form of
compound tincture.
32
Lemon grass oil
(Aldehyde
volatile oil)
East Indian lemon
grass oil, Indian
Melissa oil.
It is a volatile oil obtained
by steam distillation from
the leaves & aerial parts of
the plant Cymbopogon
Flexuousus (or)
Cymbopogon Citrates.
Graminae
Citral, nerol,
citronellal, methyl
heptenol,
dipentene&
geraniol.
Flavoring agent in
perfumes, used as
synthesis of vitamin
A.
33
Eucalyptus
(Oxide volatile
oil)
Dinkum oil,
eucalyptus, lemon
gum tree.
It is a volatile oil obtained
by distillation of fresh
leaves of Eucalyptus
Globules & other species
of Eucalyptus.
Myrtaceae
Cineole, camphene,
pinene, eucalyptol,
phellandrene,
citronellal, geranyl
acetate.
Counter-irritant
antiseptic,
expectorant, used to
relive from cough,
chronic bronchitis.

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34
Sandal wood
(Alcohol volatile
oil)
East Indian sandal
wood oil
It is obtained by
distillation from the heart-
wood of Santalum Album
Linn.
Santalaceae
α, β-santalol,
santene,
santenone,
santalone,
santelene.
Treatment of
dysuria, used as
perfume in
preparation of
cosmetics & incense
sticks.
35 palmorosa
Rosha oil, geranium
oil, motia-variety.
It is obtained from leaves
and tops of Cymbopogon
Martini Stapf.
Graminae
1.2-1.5% of
volatile oil,
geraniol,
citronellal
dipentene, linalool
& terpene.
It is used in
perfumery
cosmetics, soaps,
treatment of
rheumatism & skin
disease.
36
Citronella oil
(Aldehyde
volatile oil)
-
It is obtained by steam
distillation from the fresh
leaves of Cymbopogon
Nardus Linn.
Graminae
0.3-0.9% of
volatile oil,
citronellal, D-
camphene,
limonene,
dipentene,
borneol, linalool &
methyl eugenol.
Used as perfume for
soaps, brilliantines,
in mosquito
repellants creams,
flavoring agents &
sprays.
SAPONINS
37 Liquorice
Glycyrrhiza,
liquorice root,
Glycyrrhiza radix,
mulethi
It consists of dried peeled
or unpeeled root & stolon
of Glycyrrhiza, Glabra
Linn.
Leguminosae.
Glycyrrhizin,
Glycyrrhizinic acid,
Glycyrrhetinic
acid.
Expectorant,
demulcent, cough
mixtures, sweetening
agents, flavor.

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38 Ginseng
Ninjin, Pannag,
Panax.
It is a dried root of various
species of Panax, like
P.Ginseng, P.Japanica,
P.Notogingseng, &
P.Quinquefolium.
Araliaceae.
Ginsensosides,
panaxosides,
saponin.
Used as Immune
modulator drug,
cosmetics,
demulcent.

39 Dioscorea
Yam, rheumatism
root.
It consists of dried tubers
of the plants, Dioscroea
Deltoidea, like
D.Composita & other
species of Dioscorea.
Dioscoreaceae
Diosgenin
(steroidal
sapogenin)
Used as synthesis of
corticosteroids, sex-
hormones, oral
contraceptives &
treatment of
rheumatic arthritis.
CARDIO ACTIVE STEROLS
40
Digitalis

Digitalis leaves,
foxglove leaves.
It consists of dried leaves
of Digitalis Purpurea.
Scrophulariac
eae.
Purpurea
glycoside A, B,
digitoxin, gitoxin,
D-digitoxose, D-
digitalose.
Used in treatment of
CHF, Cardio tonic,
slowing the heart
rate, greater cardiac
output.
41
Squill (or)
urginea
Jangli pyaj, sea
onion, scilla.
It consists of dried slices of
bulbs of Urginea Indica
Kunth.
Liliaceae.
Scillaren A & B,
0.3% of cardiac
glycosides.
Cardio tonic,
stimulant,
expectorant, in small
doses it is used as
diuretics, in large
dose it is used as
cathartics & emetic.

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42 Strophantus
Semino strophanthi,
arrow poison.
It consists of dried ripe
seeds of Strophantus,
Kombe Oliver (or)
Strophanthus Hispidus
Decandole.
Apocynaceae
K-strophanthin,
strophanthidin, K-
strophanthoside.
Cardio tonic, it is
given by parenteral
because of poor
absorption in oral
route.

ANTHRAQUINONE CATHARATICS
43 Aloes
Aloe, Musabbar,
Kumari.
It is the dried juice of
leaves of Aloe
Barbadensis Miller (or)
Aloe Perryi Baker.
Liliaceae.
Burbaloin, aloe
emodin, aloesin.
Used as purgative,
carminative, & also
used as pain itching,
skin cosmetics to
protect the skin,
keratosis.
44 Senna
Senna leaf, sennae
folium, tinnevelly
senna, cassia senna,
sanai-ki-patti.
It consists of dried leaflets
of cassia Angustifolia
Vahl.
Leguminosae.
Sennoside A, B,C &
D.
Purgative,
constipation,
gripping effect due to
resin.
45 Rhubarb
Radix rehi, rheum,
revandchini.
It consists of dried
rhizome of Rheum Emodi
Wall, Rheum Palmatum
Linn.
Polygonaceae.
Rhein, aloe-
emodin,
chrysophanol.
Purgative, biter
stomachic, treatment
diarrhea.
46 Cascara
Cascara bark,
sagrada, sacred
bark, cortex rhamni
purshianae.
It is a dried bark of
RhamnusPurshiana De
candolle.
Rhamnaceae.
Cascaroside A, B, C
& D.
In small doses used
as bitter stomachic &
tonic, in larger dose
used as purgative.

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PYRIDINE & PIPERIDINE ALKALOIDS
47 Areca Betel nut
It is a dried ripe seeds of
Areca Catechu.
Palmae.
Arecoline,
arecadine,
guvacine.
Para
sympathomimetic,
anthelmintic,
vermicide.
48 Lobelia
Indian tobacco,
asthma weed.
It consists of dried aerial
parts of Lobelia
Nicotianae Folia Heyne.
Campanulacea
e.
Lobeline,
lobelanidine,
lobelanine.
Used in asthma &
chronic bronchitis,
Respiratory
stimulant& also CVS
stimulant.
TROPANE ALKALOIDS
49 Belladonna
Belladonna leaf,
belladonnae folium,
deadly night shade
leaf.
It consists of dried leaves
(or) & other aerial parts of
Atropa Belladonna Linn
(European belladonna),
Atropa Acuminate Royle
ex-Lindely (Indian
belladonna).
Solanaceae.
Atropine,
hyoscyamine,
hyoscine,
homatropine.
Parasympatholytic,
anti-spasmodic, anti-
dote for opium &
chloral hydrate
poisoning.
50 Hyoscyamus
Henbane,
hyoscyamus herb,
hyoscyamus leaves.
It consists of dried leaves
(or) leaves & flowering
tops of Hyoscyamus
Niger.
Solanaceae
L-hyoscyamine,
Hyoscine.
Anti-cholinergic,
anti-spasmodic,
purgative & also
anti-asthmatic.

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51 Datura
Datura herb, angel’s
trumpet.
It consists of dried leaves
and flowering tops of
Datura Metel & Datura
Metel Var Fastuosa
Safford.
Solanaceae
Hyoscyamine,
atropine, hyoscine.
Anti-cholinergic, in
duodenal ulcers,&
also used in
treatment of cerebral
excitement.


52 Coca Coca leaves.
It is the dried leaves of
Erythroxylon Coca &
Erythroxlon Huanuco
Coca.
Erythroxylace
ae.
Ecgonine, cocaine,
methyl ecgonine,
cinnamoyl
ecgonine, benzyl
ecgonine.
Used as LA, CNS
stimulant, used as
limited ophthalmic
surgery, & also used
in convulsion.
QUINOLINE AND ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS
53 Cinchona
Peruvian bark,
Jesuit’s bark.
It is the dried stem bark of
Cinchona Calisayawedd,
C.Offcinalis Linn,
C.Ledgeriania.
Rubiaceae.
Quinine, quinidine,
cinchonine,
cinchonidine,
hydroquinine,
cupreine.

Anti-malarial, bitter
tonic, prevention
atrial fibrillation,
ant-pyretic & also
CVS depressant.
54 Ipecac Ipecac
It consists of dried roots
(or) rhizomes & roots of
Cephaelis Ipecacuanha &
C.Acuminata Karsten.
Rubiaceae.
Emetine,cephaline,
psychotrine,
emetamine, O-
methyl
psychotrine.
Anti-amoebic,
emetic, expectorant,
anti-protozoa.

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55 Opium Raw opium.
It is the dried latex
obtained from the unripe
capsules of Papaver
Somniferum Linn.
Papaveraceae
Morphine, codeine,
narcotine,
papaverine,
heroin.
Narcotic analgesic,
sedative & hypnotics,
respiratory
depressant,
constipation.
INDOLE ALKALOIDS
56 Ergot Ergot of rye, ergota.
It is the dried Sclerotium
of a fungus Claviceps
Purpurea Tulasne
developed in ovary of
rye plant, Secale Cereal
Linn.
Family of
fungus is
clavicipitacea
e; family of
rye is
graminae.
Ergometrine,
ergotamine,
ergosine,
ergocrystine,
ergocryptine,
ergocornine.
Oxytocic prevents
postmortem
hemorrhage, used in
treatment of
migraine.
57 Rauwolfia
Rauwolfia root,
serpentina root,
chhotachand,
Sarpagandha.
It consists of dried root of
the plant known as
Rauwolfia Serpentina
Benth.
Apocynaceae
Reserpine,
rescinnamine,
deserpidine,
yohimbine,
ajmaline,
syrosingopine,
ajmalicine,
Anti-hypertensive
activity, prevent re-
uptake of NE,
tranquilizer,
neuropsychiatric
disorder.
58 Nux vomica
Crow-fig, nux
vomica seed, semen
strychini.
It consists of dried ripe
seeds of Strychnos Nux
Vomica Linn.
Loganiaceae
Strychnine,brucine
, alpha-colubrine,
β-colubrine.
CNS stimulant, bitter
stomachic,
respiratory
stimulant.

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59 Physostigma
Calabar Bean,
Ordeal Bean.
It consists of dried ripe
seeds of Physostigmine
Venenosum Bal Four.
Leguminosae.
Physostigmine,
Eseramine, 8-Nor
Physostigmine,
Eseroline.

Para
sympathomimetic,
Anti-choline
esterase, Contracting
the Pupil size.

IMIDAZOLE ALKALOIDS
60 Pilocarpus Jaborandi.
It consists of dried leaves
of closely related plants of
Genus Pilocarpus, like
P.Jaborandi,
P.Microphyllus,
P.Heterophyllus,
P.Selloanus.
Rutaceae
Pilocarpine,
isopilocarpine,
pilosine,
pilocarpidine,
pseudopilocarpine.
Physiological
antagonist of
atropine, contraction
of pupil of eye,
increases sweating &
salivation.

STEROIDAL ALKALOIDS
61 Kurchi Holarrhena.
It is a dried stem bark of
Holarrhena
Antidysenterica Wall.
Apocynaceae.
Conessine, iso-
conessine, nor-
conessine,
holarrhimine,
holarrhidine.


Anti-amoebic,
chronic amoebiasis,
anti-dysentery.

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ALKALOIDAL AMINES
62 Ephedra Ma-huang
It consists of dried young
stems of Ephedra
Gerardiana Wall &
Ephedra Nebrodensis
Stapf.
Ephedraceae
(or)
Gnetaceae.
Ephedrine, nor-
ephedrine, methyl
ephedrine.
It shows
sympathomimetic
effects,
bronchodilators in
asthma, treatment of
allergy, & also used
as hay fever.


63 Colchicum
Meadow saffron
seeds, autumn
crocus.
It consists of the dried ripe
seeds of Colchicum
Autumnale Linn.
Liliaceae
Colchicine,
demecolcine.
Treatment of gout&
rheumatism, anti-
tumour activity.
GLYCO ALKALOIDS
64
Solanum species
(or) solanum
khasianum, (or)
Solasodine(also
in steroidal
alkaloid).
Solanum
khasianum.
It consists of dried berries
of Solanum Khasianum
C.B. Clarke.
Solanaceae. Solasodine.
Steroidal synthesis,
sex hormones, oral
contraceptives, etc.


PURINES
65 Tea Camellia thea.
It contains the prepared
leaves and leaf buds of
Thea Sinensis O. kuntze.
Theaceae (or)
ternstroemiac
eae.
Caffeine,
theobromine,
theophylline.
CNS stimulant in the
form of beverage &
also as diuretics.

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66 Coffee
Coffee bean, coffee
seed.
It is a dried ripe seeds of
Coffea Arabica Linne (or)
C.Liberica Hiern, &
deprived of most of the
seed coat.
Rubiaceae
Caffeine, tannin,
fixed oil, protein,
tannic acid, sugars
such as dextrin,
glucose.

CNS stimulant in the
form of beverages &
also diuretics.

RESINS
67 Colophony
Rosin, resin,
Colophonium,
rosina, Amber resin,
gum rosin, Pine-
resin.
It is the residue left after
the distillation of the oil of
turpentine from crude-
oleo-resin obtained from
various Species of Pinus.
Pinaceae
Abietic acid, esters
of oleic acid &
resin acid, volatile
oils, pimaric acid,
sapinic acid.
Stimulant, diuretics,
preparation of
ointment,
preparation of
varnishes.
68 Cannabis
Cannabis indica,
Indian hemp, Ganja,
Marihuana.
It consists of dried
flowering tops of the
cultivated female plant of
Cannabis Sativa Linn.
Cannabinacea
e (or)
moraceae.
Cannabidiol, tetra
hydro cannabinol.
Narcotic, sedative,
analgesic, & it have
psychotropic
properties.

69 Capsicum
Chilies, cayenne
pepper.
It consists of dried ripe
fruits of Capsicum
Annum Linn.
Solanaceae
Capsicum,
capsanthin,
capsaicin.
Carminative,
appetizer, stomachic,
treatment of
lumbago neuralgia,
counter irritant,
treatment
rheumatism.

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70 Balsam of tolu Balsam of tolu
It is a solid (or) semi-solid
balsam obtained from the
trunk of trees Myroxylon
Balsamum Linn.
Leguminoseae
Cinnamic acid,
benzoic acid,
Benzoyl benzoate,
toluresinotannol,
volatile oil.
Expectorant,
flavoring agent,
antiseptic,
preparation of
chewing gums &
perfumes.
71 Benzoin
Sumatra benzoin,
Loban.
It is a balsamic resin
obtained from Styrax
Benzoin Dryand (or)
Styrax Paralleioneurus
Perkins.
Styraceae

Benzoic acid,
cinnamic acids
their esters,
sumarsesinolic
and siaresinolic
acid, coniferyl
alcohol & coniferyl
benzoate.
It is an irritating
expectorant,
carminative
antiseptic, diuretics,
and perfumes.
72 Balsam of Peru
Peru balsam, Indian
black balsam,
Peruvian balsam.
It is obtained from trunk of
the tree Myroxylon
Balsamum Var.

Leguminosae.


Resin, volatile oil,
esters of cinnamic
& benzoic acid.

Topical preparation
of Scabies, wounds,
flavoring agent,
ulcers, bedsores,
cosmetics.

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73 Asafoetida
Asafoetida, Gum
Asafoetida, Devil’s
dung.
It is the oleo-gum resin
obtained from the
rhizomes & roots of
Ferula Foetida Regel (or)
Ferula Rubricaulis Regel.
Umbelliferae.
Resin, gum,
volatile oil,
araresinotannol,
ferulic acid,
umbellic acid,
umbelliferone.
Gastric disease,
carminative,
Sedative & Other
Nervous diseases &
also Flavoring agent.
74 Turmeric
Indian saffron,
curcuma, haridra.
It consists of dried as well
as fresh rhizomes of plants
Curcuma Longa Linn (or)
curcuma Domestica.
Zingiberaceae
Volatile oil,
curcuminoids,
curcumin,
desmethoxy.
Anti-inflammatory,
condiment, coloring
agents for especially
creams & ointments.
75 Ginger
Zingiber, zingiberis,
sunthi.
It consists of rhizomes of
Zingiber Officinale
Roscoe.
Zingiberaceae
Volatile oil,
zingiberene,
curcumene, resin,
gingerol, shogaols,
gingediols.
Aromatic
carminative,
flavoring agent,
motion sickness,
ginger oil used as
mouth wash.
QUINAZOLIDINE ALKALOIDS
76 Adathoda
Adathoda, Adulsa,
Malabar nut.
It consists of dried, as well
as, fresh leaves of the plant
Adathoda Vasica Nees.
Acanthaceae.
Vasicine,
vasicinone,
adhntodine,
vasicol.

Used as expectorant,
bronchodilator
reduces the viscosity
of sputum.

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TERPENES
77 Neem Margosa
It consists of all aerial
parts of plant known as
Azadirachta Indica Juss.
Meliaceae
Azadirachtin,
salanin, nimbin,
nimbinine, nimbin,
nimbidol.
Insect repellant,
insecticide, anti-
feedant, spermicidal
activity, anti-
microbial properties.
78 Artemesia
Santonica, worm
seeds.
It is the unexpanded
flower-heads of
Artemesia Cina Berg (or)
Artemesia Brevifolia
Wall (or) Artemesia
Maritime Linn.
Compositae.
Artemesin,
santonin.
Used as strong
anthelmintic
especially for round
worms but it has less
(or) no effect on
hook worms & tape
worms.
OTHER ALKALOIDS
79 Gentian
Gentian root,
gentiana, radix
gentianae.
It is a dried partially
fermented rhizome & root
of yellow Gentian (i.e.)
Gentiana Lutea.
Gentianaceae
Gentiopicroside,
amarogentin,
gentiopicrin,
amaroswerin.
It is used as a bitter
tonic to stimulate
gastric secretion, &
improving the
appetite.
80
Saffron (or)
crocus
Saffron, hay saffron,
kesar.
It consists of dried stigmas
& upper parts of styles of
flower known as Crocus
Sativa Linn.
Iridaceae

Crocin, crocetin
picrocrocin.
It is used as coloring
& flavoring agent,
anti-spasmodic &
stimulant.
81 ashwagandha Withania root, It consists of dried roots & Solanaceae Anaferine, Di- It is used as sedative

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Asgandh, winter
cherry, Wild cherry
stems bases of Withania
Somnifera Linn.
isopelletierine,wit
haferin, withaferin
A, withanolide D.
& hypnotics,
hypertensive,
respiratory, a
immune-modulator
agent & also used in
auto immune
disorder
TUMOR INHIBITORS
82 Taxol
Yew, Talispatra,
Himalayan yew.
It consists of dried leaves,
bark & roots of various
species of Taxus, like
T.Baccata, T.Cuspidata,
T.Brevifolia, and
T.Canadensis.
Taxaceae.
Taxol, cephalo
mannine, 10-
Deacetyl baccatin
III.

Anti-cancer, ovary
cancer, it inhibits the
cell migration &
preventing spread of
metastatic cancer
cells.
83 Vinca
Catharanthus,
Periwinkle.
It is the dried whole plant
of Catharanthus Roseus.
Apocynaceae.
Vincristine,
vinblastine,
ajmalicine.
Anti-cancer,
treatment of
Hodgkin’s disease &
leukemia.
84 Podophyllum
Indian
podophyllum,
Podophyllum radix,
Himalayan may-
apple.
It consists of dried
rhizomes and roots of
Podophyllum
Hexandrum Royle (or)
Podophyllum Emodi.
Berberidaceae
Podophyllotoxin,
α,β-
peltatin,etoposide,
demethyl
podophyllotoxin,.
Treatment of
venereal & other
warts, purgative,
anti-tumour.

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ANTI -HEPATOTOXIC AND ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS
85 Phyllanthus Bhuiamala.
It consists of all aerial
parts of the plant,
phyllanthus niruri.
Euphorbiacea
e.

Phyllanthin,
hypophyllanthine.
Hepatoprotective,
viral hepatitis,
diuretic, edema,
relive inflammation,
also used as good
appetizer.
86 Eclipta alba
Trailing eclipta,
bhangr,
bhiringarajah, bhan,
kesuria.
It consists of dried whole
plant including root of
eclipta alba.
Compositae.
Ecliptine &
thiophane
derivative, β-
sitosterol &
ecliptal.

To treat upper
respiratory tract
infection, treat types
of tumor cells.

87
Gymnema
sylvestre.
gudmar,
madhunashini
It consists of leaves of a
perennial woody climber
plant known as gymnema
sylvestre R.Br.
Asclepiadacea
e
Gymnemic acid I, II
, III, & IV.


Anti-diabetic,
laxative, diuretic,
stomachic, stimulant,
indirect stimulation
of insulin, dental
plaque.

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PLANT FIBRES USED AS SURGICAL DRESSINGS
88 Cotton
Raw cotton, Cotton
wool, Purified
cotton, absorbent
cotton, surgical
cotton.
It consists of epidermal
trichomes (or) hair of
seeds of Gossypium
species like,
G.Herbaceurre,
G.Barbadense.
Malvaceae
90% of cellulose,
7-8% of moisture,
wax, fat, &
protoplasm.
Surgical dressing,
used as filtering
media and
absorbent.
89 Silk Silk.
It is obtained from the
cocoons of Bombyx Mori.
Bombycidae.
Protein known as
fibroin.
Sutures, ligatures,
surgical dressing.
90 Wool
Wool, Animal wool,
Sheep’s wool.
A wool (or) wool fiber is
obtained from the fleece of
sheep Ovis Aries.
Bovidae.
Sulphur containing
Protein known as
keratin.
Used as filtering &
straining medium &
in the manufacture
of dressing crepe
bandages & flannel.
91 Nylon Polyamide.
It is the poly condensation
product of polymer Adipic
Acid & Hexa Methylene
Diamine.
_ _
It is used for filter
cloths, sieves and
non-absorbable
sutures.

92 Rayon
Regenerated
cellulose, viscose
rayon.
It is an artificial fiber,
composed of regenerated
cellulose replace NMT
15% of Hydrogen’s of
Hydroxyl Groups

Pinaceae.


_
Preparation of
surgical dressings
and viscose rayon
absorbent wool.

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PHARMACEUTICAL AIDS
93 Talc
French talc, talcum,
soap stone, purified
talc.
It is a natural hydrated
magnesium silicate. it is
purified by boiling with
dil.HCL acid, decanting the
liquid , washing the
residue several times with
water & drying at 110
ₒ
c.
_
Hydrated
magnesium
silicate, iron oxide.
Used as filter aid for
clarification &
purification of cloudy
liquids, lubricant in
preparation of pills &
tablets, dusting
powder, protective.
94 Kaolin
China clay,
Kaolinum
Proderesum.
It is a hydrated
Aluminium silicate free
from gritty particles. it
obtained by powdering the
native kaolin, elutriating &
collecting the fraction.

_
Hydrated
Aluminium silicate.
Adsorbent by oral
administration,
treatment of
dysentery & food
poisoning.
95 Bentonite Whilkinite.
It is a natural colloidal
hydrated aluminium
silicate (clay).
_
80% of
montmorillonite,
silicon di-oxide,
ferric oxide,
magnesium oxide.
It is used as
suspending &
emulsifying agent,
swelling power, it is
used in base for
creams, lipsticks.

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96 Natural
Colors(cochineal)
Coccus, Red scale
insect.
It consist of dried full grow
female insects, Young
larvae of coccus cacti
larvae.
Coccidae
Carmic acid,
carmine.
Coloring agent,
preparation of Inks,
acid-base indicator,
microscopic stains,
photography.

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TRADITIONAL DRUGS
97 Amla
Amla, Emblica,
Indian goose berry.
It consists of dried as well
as fresh fruits of the plant
Emblica Officinalis
Gaerth (Phyllanthus
Emblica Linn).
Euphorbiacea.
Vitamin-c, 0.5%
of fat,
phyllemblin,5%
of tannin,
minerals like
iron & calcium.
Largely used in Indian
medicine, diuretic,
refrigerant, laxative,
jaundice, anemia,
asthma, anti-viral,&
cough.
98 Satavari Shatavari, Shatavar.
It consists of dried roots
of Asparagus
Racemosus.
Liliaceae.
Satavarine, I-II-
III-IV,
Sarsarpogenin,
Uterine disease,
antacid, diuretic, to
determine spectral
analysis & N.M.R.
99 Tylophora Tylophora, Antamul.
It consists of dried leaves
of Tylophora Indica.
Asclepiadaceae
Phenanthroindoli
zidine,
tylophorine,
tylophorinidine,
tyloindicine,
phytosterol.
Used as emetic,
diaphoretic (increase
of sweating),
expectorant, asthma,
stomachic.
100 Bhilawa
Marking nut
tree,Bhilawa,
Bhallika, Bhela.
It consists of dried ripe
fruit of the plant
Semicarpus
Anacardium.
Anacardiaceae.
Volatile oil,
anacardic acid,
anacardol,
semicarpol,
cardol.
Anti-inflammatory,
epilepsy, nerve
disability, asthma,
bronchitis, piles,
neuralgia.

101 Kalijiri Kalijiri
It consists of all parts of
plant of Centratherum - -
Used as tonic,
stomachic.

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Anthelminticum.
102 Rasna
Galanga, east india
root, chinese ginger,
lesser galangal.
It consists of dried
rhizomes of Alpine
Otticinarum.
Zingiberaceae.
Volatile oil,
methyl
cinnamate,
cineole, camphor,
pinine, alpinol.
Aromatic, stimulant,
carminative, anti-
bacterial,
rheumatism.
103 punarnava
Rakta, punarnava,
hag weed.
It consists of fresh as well
as dried herb of
Boerhaavia Diffusa.
Nyctagineae.
Punarnavine,
allantoin, ursolic
acid, β-sitosterol.
Used as diuretic,
nephoritic syndrome,
chronic edema.
104 Chitrack
Chitrak, Chita,
Citraka, Citra,Cita.
It consists of dried & root
bark of Plumbago
Zeylanica.
Plumbaginacea
e
Juglone,
plumbagin,
biplumbagin,
chloro
plumbagin,
plumbagic acid.
Anti-arthritic agent,
appetizing, dypseia,
piles, skin disease.
105 Apamarga
Prickly chaft flower,
apamarga, latyira
It consists of dried herb
of Ahyranthus Aspera.
Amaranthacea
e.
Ecdyterone,
oleanolic acid,
saponin, glucose,
galactose,

Laxative, astringent,
diuretic, anti-periodic,
ophthalmic.



106 Shankapuspi
Shankaapuspi,
Convolvulus
It consists of dried herb
of Convolvulus
Convolvulacea
e.
Volatile oil,
shankhpushpine,
Hypertension, anti-
psychotic,

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mocrophyllus. Pluricaulis. β-sitosterol,
glucose,
rhamnose.
strengthening
memory, epilepsy,
and some other
mental disease.
107 Brahmi Jalbrahmi.
It consists of fresh leaves
o & stem of plant Bacopa
Monniera.
Scrophulariace
ae.
Herpestine,
bauosides A&b,
butalic acid,
stigmasterol,
hersaponin.
Nerve tonic,
treatment of epilepsy,
dementia, asthma.
108 Arjuna Arjuna bark.
It consists of fried bark of
Terminalia Arjuna.
Combretaceae.
Tannins,
phytosterol,
arjunine,
arjunetine,
arjunollic acid.
Cardiac tonic,
diuretic, hypotension
& bradycardia.
109 Ashoka
Ashoka bark,
ashoka.
It consists of dries bark of
Saraca Indica.
Leguminosae


Tannin, catechol,
sterol, ketosterol,
phenolic & non
phenolic
glycosides.
Uterine tonic,
sedative, oxytocic,
menorrhagia,
sympathomimetic.
110 Methi
Fenugreek, methi,
hulba
It consists of dried seeds
of Trigonella Toenum-
Graecum Linn.
Leguminosae.
1% alkaloids, 4-
8% saponins,
20% volatile oil,
Insecticidal, diuretic,
hypoglycemic, anti-
hypertensive.
111 Lahsun
Garlic, Lasun, Lasan,
Assam.
It consists of dried ripe
bulbs of Allium Sativum.
Liliaceae.
Allicin, volatile
oil.
Bacteriostatic,
Chronic bronchitis,

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asthma, cough, T.B,
rheumatism.
112 Guggal
Guggulit Gum
guggul, Gugal,
Guggula.
It consists of gum resin of
Commiphora Mokul.
Burseraceae.
Guggul sterol I-
II-III, guggul
steron,
cambrene.
Anti-rheumatic, anti-
septic, astringent,
expectorant,
demulcent.
113 Shilajit
Iron shilajit, Copper
shilajit, and Silver
shilajit.
It is a Herbo-mineral
drug ejected out of
fissures in iron rich
rocks during hot
weather.
-
Albuminoids,
fatty acids, trace
elements.
Used as general tonic,
aphrodisiac,
strengthening
immunizing system.
114 Pyrethrum
Insect flower,
Dalmation insect
flowers.
It consists of dried
flowers & flower heads of
Chrysanthemum
Cineriaetolium.
Compositae.
Pyrethrin –I & II,
cinerin-
I,II,jasmoline-II.
Insecticide, paralysis,
used in preparation of
aerosol.
115 Coleus forskolii Forskolii.
It consists of dried roots
of coleus forskolii.
Labiatae (or)
lamiaceae.
Forskolin, di-
terpinoids I,II,III,
coleonol B,C.
Used as vasodilators,
& cardio stimulant,
glaucoma, anti-
platelet.
116 Gokhru Puncture vine.
It consists of dried fully
ripen fruits of plant
tribulus terrestris linn.
Zygophyllaceae
Harmine,
Harman,
gitogenin.
Diuretic, ingredient of
Ayurvedic
preparations.

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