Pharmacognosy Leguminosae family

The Fabaceae or Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, are a large and economically important family of flowering plants. It includes trees, shrubs, and perennial or annual herbaceous plants, which are easily recognized by their fruit and their compound, stipulate leaves.

1. PRESENTATION Represented by: Names Simal Sarah Maham salimi Tayyaba asghar Zainab ifftikar presented to : DR SAMIA PHARMACY 2 ND PROFF

2. Leguminosae Family & Crude Drugs

3. Fabaceae (Leguminosae) The Pea or Bean Family Scientific Name : Astragalus australis Class : Magnoliopsida (dicot) Sub-Class : Rosidae Order : Fabales Family : Fabaceae Subfamily: 1. Papilionoideae 2. Caesalpinoideae 3 . Mimosoideae

4. 750 genera 19,500 species Found all over the world, concentrated in warm temperate regions in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere (3rd largest family of flowering plants ) Geographical range: North America, Europe, Northwest Asia

5. Habit: These are herbs, shrubs, trees, twiners or climb-errs. Roots : The roots of many species, particularly of Pap-ilionaceae, have tubercles. Leaves : These are alternate, pirnnately compound, and rarely simple, as in rattlewort (Crotalaria sericea), camel’s foot tree (bauhinid) and some species of desmodium, e.g. D. gangeticum, with a swollen leaf-base known as the pulvinus. There are two, usually free, stipules. Flowers: These are bisexual and complete, regular or zygomorphic or irregular, and hypogynous or slightly perigynous. Calyx : There are usually 5 or (5) sepals, with the odd one anterior (away from the axis). Sometimes there are four sepals. They may be united or free. Corolla: 5 petals (1 standard, 2 wing, 2 keel)

6. Flower and Corolla:

7. Androecium: There are usually 10 or more stamens (often less than 10 by reduction) free or united. Gynoecium : There is one carpel. The ovary is one-celled, with one to many ovules. It is superior and the placentation is marginal. The ovary often borne on a long or short stalk is called the stipe or gynophore. Fruit : This is mostly a legume or pod (dehiscent), or sometimes a lomentum (indehiscent). This is the second biggest family among the dicotyledons, and has varying characteristics. As such, it has been divided into the following sub-families : P apilionaceae , Caesalpin-ieae and Mimoseae. The division is primarily based on the characteristics of the corolla and the stamens.

8. Gynoecium Androecium & Fruit: LOMENT LEGUME

9. Sub–families The Family is divided into three sub–families: (a) Papilionaceae This sub-family has about 400 genera and 9000 species. The members of this family occur all over the world. particularly \A arm and temperate regions.   Habit : These are trees. shrubs or herbs. Stem : It may be herbaceous. woody or climber with tendrils. Tendrils are wiry. coiled and thread like structure. Leaves : They have compound (rarely simple), alternate and stipulate leaves. The stipules are mostly leafy. Sometimes, these leaves are partially or completely modified into tendrils. Inflorescence : It may be Racemose or solitary axillary. Flowers : They have bisexual. zygomorphic, hracteate, pedicillate, perigynous. pentamerous and papilionaceous. Calyx : ‘They have 5 sepals These petals are mostly united to form tube. These are hairy. Corolla :  They have papilionaceous corolla. 111 this case. there are 5 clawed petals. These petals are not similar.

10. Economic Importance of Papilionaceae Food:  Most of the important pulses are belonged to this family. These pulses are used as food. Pulses are rich in proteins. The common species of pulses are Grain, Pea, and Kidney bean . 2.Fodders : Medicago sativa (Alfalfa) is one of the best forage crops. Vicia Melilotu and Trifolium are also cultivated as main fodder crops . 3.Timber :  Many plant of this family provide timber for building furniture and fuel. Main timber plants are   Butea, Dalbergia   etc . 4.Vegetable oil:  The seed of  Archis hypogea   (peanut) are edible.  Common Species Lathyrus odoratus: Sweet pea A rachis hypogea: Peanut Cicer arietinum: Chick pea Dalbergia sisso: Shishant

11. (b) Caesalpiniaceae (Cassia family ) This family has 152 genera and 2300 species. It has 16 genera and 60 species in Pakistan. Ornamental plants: Bauhinia varigata (kuchnar), Cassia Stem: It is erect, woody herbaceous or climbing . Leaves: The leaves are compound (rarely simple), pinnate and Inflorescence: It may he axillary or terminal raceme or it may Flower: Flower is bisexual, zygomorphic ( rarely Calyx: Sepals are 5. They are often coloured and free or connate Androecium: Stamen are 10 or less (rarely numerous). They Gynoecium: They have one simple carpel. Ovary is superior and Habit: Mostly tree or shrubs. Some are woody climbers, rarely Fruit: Its fruit is legume .

12. 2 . Vegetables and fruits: T he   leaves and flower bud of  Bauhinia variegate   are used as vegetable. The acidic fruit of  Tamarintlus indica  (JIM) are edible. It is rich in tartaric acid . 3. Tanning and dyes:  The bark of  Buahinia   and  Tamarindus indica   is used in tanning. Common species Tamarindus indica Cassia fistula. Amaltas Baultinia varigata Kachnar Cas ia senna 1.Medical importance The leaves of cassia alata are used to cure ring worm and skin diseases. The leaves of Cassia senna and Cassia obovata giN c a drug called Senna. Senna forms a Cytmetera. This oil is applied externally for skin diseases

13. ( c) Alimosaceae ( Acacia family ) This family 56 .  genera and about 2800 species. There are 11 genera and in Pakistan Familiar Plants   Habit : Mosly trees or shrubs. Rarely climbers or herbs. Most of them are xecophytes. Stem : Mostly woody Leaves : They have pinnate, compound, alternate and stipulate leaves. The stipules are modified into thrones. Inflorescence : It is spike like or head or umbel. It is rarely racemose or globose umbel. Flowers : The flower is bisexual, actinomorphic, hypogynous to slightly perigynous and bracteate . Economic Importance   Wood:   Many trees of this family provide commercially important wood, for example,  Acacia, Albizzia and Xylia.  Their wood is used for construction, for furniture or for fuel. Gum:   Gum is obtained from  Acacia nilotica  and  Acacia senegal. Dye:   A dye  Katha  is obtained from  Acacia catechu. Medicinal plants:   The tender leaves of  Acacia nilotica  are used as blood purifier.

14. Crude Drugs Of Leguminosae Family

15. 1. Cassia: Cassia is botanically known as Cinnamomum aromaticum or Cinnamomum cassia . It is harvested in a similar process as cinnamon, but it has a stronger flavor. Common name : Golden shower, purging cassia, Indian laburnum and pudding-pipe tree.

16. Biological origin: Cinnamomum cassia, called Chinese cassia or Chinese cinnamon, is an evergreen tree originating in southern China, and widely cultivated there and elsewhere in South and Southeast Asia (India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam). Family: Fabaceae Part used: Leave,roots and its flowers. Habitat : They also found in moist forest, woodlands, and mountain habitats. Characteristics : Cassia fistula is a medium sized deciduous or semi-deciduous tree, 10 to 15 m tall with a straight trunk to 5 m in height and 1 m in diameter. It has spreading branches that form an open crown. The stem bark is pale grey, smooth and slender when young and dark brown and rough when old. Chemical consitutents : cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic alcohol, cinnamic acid, and coumarin. Uses : Diabetes, prediabetes, gas and obesity.

17. 2.Senna : Senna is a large genus of flowering plants in the legume family. Common name: Alexandrian senna

18. Biological origin: Senna is cultivated in middle and upper Nile territories, tropical Africa and specially Sudan. Family: Legumes. Part used: Leaves Habitat: The senna plant is commonly found in hot and dry regions of Africa and Asia. Characteristics: Senna leaflets are 3–5 cm long, 2 cm wide and about 0.5 mm thick. It shows acute apex, entire margin and asymmetric base. Outline is lanceolate to ovate lanceolate. Pubescent lamina is found on both the surfaces. Chemical consitutents: Rhein and aloe- emodin is present in senna. Sennoside A and sennoside B are stereo isomers of each other. In sennoside A ,aglycone is present in dextro – rotatory form and in sennoside B, aglycone is present in meso form. Two naphthalene glycosides are also present in senna leaves. Uses: It is used to treat constipation and also to clear the bowel before diagnostic tests such as colonoscopy. Senna is also used for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), anal or rectal surgery, tears in the lining of the anus (anal fissures), hemorrhoids, and weight loss.

19. 3.Acacia: Family: legumes Acacia, commonly known as the wattles or acacias, is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the   pea family Fabaceae . Initially, it comprised a group of plant species native to Africa and Australasia, but is has now been limited to contain only the Australasian species .

20. Common Name : Acacia , commonly known as the  wattles  or acacias, Habitat: Acacia is a type of shrub or deciduous tree that belongs to the pea family. There are over 800  species  of acacia that can be found in Australia, and in the tropical and subtropical areas of America, Asia, Africa and Europe. Acacia grows on well-drained soil, in dry and sunny habitats. Part Used: Roots , Leaves , Gum Characteristics: Acacias  are also distinguished by their small, often fragrant flowers, which are arranged in compact globular or cylindrical clusters. The flowers are usually yellow but occasionally white and have many stamens apiece, giving each one a fuzzy appearance Chemcial consituents: Acacia species  contains secondary metabolites including amines and alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides , fatty acids and seed oils gums, nonprotein amino acids, terpenes (including essential oils etc . Uses: Acacia has been used in medicines, baking ingredients, tools, and woodwork for centuries. ... Relieves   pain  and irritation. Acacia gum has a naturally sticky texture. ... Helps wound healing. ... Promotes oral health. ...Good source of  fiber

21. 4.Tamarind Tamarind pulp ocurrs as a reddish-brown,moist sticky mass,in which the yellow-brown fibers mentioned above are seen readily . Odour , pleaseant and fruity taste sweet and acid . Botanical origin : Tarmarindus indica Family: Legumes . Common name : Imli West Indian tamarind

22. Bo tanical Source of  Tamarind: Tamarind consists of the ripe fruits of the ripe fruits of Tamarindus indica Linn., freed from the brittle outer part of pericarp and preserved with sugar. Part used : The partially dried ripe fruit, deprived of the brittle outer portion of the pericarpand preserved in sugar or hot syrup. Habitat: Tamarindus indica is indigenous to tropical Africa and is cultivated throughout India, Bangladesh, and West Indies . Chemical constituents: The pulp of Tamarind contains about 10 percent of tartaric, citric and malic acids, and their potassium acid tartrate salts. The pulp also contains a little nicotinic acid and about 30 to 40 percent of invert sugar . Uses: Laxative, Used to cure sore throats , Used to treat stomach problems,Used in abscesses treatment , for swollen joints, sprains and boils . Tamarind seeds yield an amber oil useful as an illuminant and as a varnish especially preferred for painting dolls and idols.

23. 5. Glycyrrhiza Synonyms: Mulethi, Radix glycyrrhizae, Licorice, Jethi Madh, Yashtimadhu Botanical origin: Glycurrhiza glabra Family : Leguminosae

24. Bo tanical Source : It consists of subterranean peeled and unpeeled stolons, roots, and subterranean stems of Glycyrrhiza globra Linn. Part used : Dried Rhizome and root Habitat : It is found in China , India, Iraq, Spain , Turkey and USA . Chemical constituents: Glycyrrhizin ,Glycyrrhetic acid ,Glucuronic acid, Flavonoid Glycosides Coumarin ,Glucose, Manitol ,Starch Uses: Demulcent and expectorant. Tonic . Laxative . Anti-inflammatory agent. Cough and peptic ulcer. Chewing gums, chocolate candy, cigarette and chewing tobacco . Diuretic and emollient property.

25. References: Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy , 3rd Edition By:   Michael Heinrich Joanne Barnes Pharmacognosy By : H Abdul Khaliq Fabaceae on Wikipedia A Guide to Medicinal Plants —An Illustrated, Scientific and  Medicinal Approach .