Pharmacology in Cosmetic Technology

Cosmetic pharmacology refers to the use of drugs to improve cognition in normal healthy individuals, for the purpose of enhancement rather than treatment of a formal pathology.
Some case reports with the antidepressant Prozac indicated that patients seemed "better than well," and authors hypothesized that this effect might be observed in individuals not afflicted with psychiatric disorders.
Following these case reports much controversy arose over the veracity and ethics of the cosmetic use of these antidepressants.
Opponents of cosmetic pharmacology state that such drug use is unethical and dangerous, and that the concept of cosmetic pharmacology is a manifestation of naive consumerism resulting from pharmaceutical marketing campaigns.
Proponents state that drugs used to treat many pathologies are just as dangerous, it is an individual's (rather than government's, or physician's) decision whether to use a drug for cosmetic purposes, and there are few if any legitimate ethical qualms with cosmetic pharmacology.

1. Introduction to Syllabus Jagruti . N. Marathe

2. Title Lorem Ipsum Dolor

3. Pharmacology Pharmacology  is the science of drugs (Greek pharmakos, medicine or drug; and logos, study Originating in the 19 th century, The discipline makes drug development possible Pharmacology  is one of the cornerstones of the drug discovery process Pharmacology studies the effects of drugs and how they exert their effects

4. Pharmacology is the science of drugs (Greek: Pharmacon -- d.rug ; logos-discourse in) . In a broad sense, it deals with interaction of exogenously administered chemical molecules (drugs) with living systems. It encompasses all aspects of knowledge about drugs, but most importantly those that are relevant to effective and safe use for medicinal purposes

5. The two main divisions of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamic s (Greek: dynamis-power) What the drug does to the body. This includes physiological and biochemical effects of drugs and their mechanism of action at organ system / subcellular I macromolecular levels, e.g.- Adrenalin…… interaction with adrenoceptors ……. G-protein mediated stimulation of cell membrane bound adenylyl cyclase …………. Increased intracellular cyclic 3',5' AMP……… cardiac stimulation, hepatic glycogenolysis and hyperglycaemia , etc

6. Pharmacokinetics (Greek: Kinesis-movement) - What the body does to the drug. (ADME Studies) This refers to movement of the drug in and alteration of the drug by the body; includes absorption, distribution , binding/localization/ storage, biotransformation and excretion of the drug Eg : Paracetarnol is rapidly and almost completely absorbed orally attaining peak blood levels at 30-60 min; 25% bound to plasma proteins, widely and almost uniformly distributed in the body (volume of distribution - lL /kg); extensively

7. Thus, Amoxicillin cures a strep throat, and Cimetidine promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers. Pharmacology asks “How”? The main tasks of pharmacologists are Screening for desired activity, Determining mode of action, and Quantifying drug activity

8. Toxicology Definitions Toxicological studies Dose-response correlations Threshold limit values Examples

9. Hazardous Denotes the probability of injury or illness from contact or use Industrial Hazards Toxicity Explosivity Ignitability Reactivity

10. Toxicology Toxicology is  the scientific study of adverse effects that occur in living organisms due to chemicals . ... The substances that are assessed by toxicologists includes environmental agents and chemical compounds found in nature, as well as pharmaceutical compounds that are synthesized for medical use by humans.

11. Toxic Substance Capacity of a substance to produce injury or illness Acute Effects Short term , appear shortly after exposure. Can be from single exposure Chronic Effects There is a latency, long period of time before you see effect

12. Three Types of Toxic Hazardous Materials (Soures of toxicity) Chemical Agents (Poisons) Physical Agents (Dusts, fibers, heat, noise, corrosive) Biological Agents (Pathogens)

13. 1. Animals : Venom, fungi, bacteria, shellfish toxin, fish etc. 2. Vegetables : Aconite, strychnine, Insulin (Sugar)etc. 3. Chemicals : Drugs, Ethanol, Chloroform, Lead, Argon etc.

14. Definitions Toxicology is the q uantitative and qualitative study of the adverse effects of toxicants on biological organisms Toxicant is a chemical or physical agent that produces adverse effects on biological organisms .

15. So Toxicology is the study of: How toxicants enter the organism How toxicants effect the organism How toxicants are eliminated from (leave) the organism All substances are toxic if taken in the wrong quantities

16. How toxicants enter organism Inhalation (mouth or nose to lungs) then into blood (+*) Ingestion (mouth to stomach) then into blood (+) I njection (cuts, punctures in skin) into blood Dermal absorption (through skin) into blood (+*) + Involve membrane transport * Greatest threats in industry

17. Effects of Toxicants Irreversible Effects Carcinogen - causes cancer Mutagen - causes chromosome damage Reproductive hazard - damage to reproductive system Teratogen - causes birth defects

18. Effects of Toxicants May or may not be reversible Dermatotoxic – affects skin Hemotoxic – affects blood Hepatotoxic – affects liver Nephrotoxic – affects kidneys Neuroto xic – affects nervous system Pulmonotoxic – affects lungs

19. Definitions Pharmacology : The branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs Pharmacokinetics – the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion ( ADME) of chemicals through the (human) system. Pharmacodynamics :is the study of how a drug affects an organism,  Bioaccumulation – things such as lead, mercury, PCBs, carbon tetrachloride that build up in organs and have low excretion rate .

20. Elimination of toxins Detoxification is the biotransformation of chemicals into something less harmful Excretion through kidneys, liver and lungs

21. Toxicological Studies LD50 = Lethal dose 50 (Dose of drug at which 50 % Population shows mortality) ED 50 = Effctive dose 50 (Dose of drug at which 50 % Population shows pharmacological effect) To determine the therapeutic index , i.e. ratio between the lethal dose and the pharmacologically effective dose in the same strain and species (LD50/ED50). The greater the index, safer is the compound. The LD50 dose thus found was administered to guinea pigs, rabbits, cats or dogs on weight basis (on basis of relative surface area gives better results). To determine the absolute dose for a species

22. Pharmacological testing A. Preclinical studies ….Animal studies B. Clinical studies ……Human studies

23. Application of LD50 It provides a measure of relative toxicities of chemical under similar or identical conditions . Thus the major application of the LD50 is comparative, allowing for semi quantitative toxic evaluation of compounds This test provides a screening method for t oxic evaluation, particularly useful for new unclassified substances .

24. Scope of pharmacology in cosmetic Cosmetic pharmacology  refers to the use of drugs to improve cognition in normal healthy individuals, for the purpose of enhancement rather than treatment of a formal pathology. Some case reports with the antidepressant  Prozac  indicated that patients seemed "better than well," and authors hypothesized that this effect might be observed in individuals not afflicted with psychiatric disorders.

25. Scope of pharmacology in cosmetic Following these case reports much controversy arose over the veracity and ethics of the cosmetic use of these antidepressants. Opponents of cosmetic pharmacology state that such drug use is unethical and dangerous, and that the concept of cosmetic pharmacology is a manifestation of naive consumerism resulting from pharmaceutical marketing campaigns. Proponents state that drugs used to treat many pathologies are just as dangerous, it is an individual's (rather than government's, or physician's) decision whether to use a drug for cosmetic purposes, and there are few if any legitimate ethical qualms with cosmetic pharmacology.

26. Safety issue in cosmetic Cosmetic items are every now and again connected to the skin by an extensive number of individuals, yet some contain exacerbates that are possibly harmful, if absorption through the skin is adequate. Makeup , cleanser, skin salve, nail polish, and other individual consideration items contain synthetic fixings that need wellbeing information. Moreover , a portion of these synthetic compounds have been connected in creature concentrates to male genital birth abandons, diminished sperm tallies, and changed pregnancy results.

27. Safety issue in cosmetic There is no authoritative proof for similar impacts in people; however across the board presentation, essentially to phthalates, has been appeared to happen. Phthalates , as key parts in plastics, show up in numerous buyer items. The primary phthalates in cosmetics and individual consideration items are dibutyl phthalate in nail polish,diethyl phthalate in scents and moisturizers, and dimethyl phthalate in hair spray. phthalates have been related with various genuine medical issues, including barrenness, testicular dysgenesis, corpulence, asthma, and sensitivities, just as leiomyomas and bosom malignant growth.

28. Safety issue in cosmetic Early investigations reported 31% of diseases in the upper external quadrant, yet later examinations during the 1990s report up to 61%. On the premise that antiperspirant formulations are intended to square underarm perspiration conduits and bosom blisters emerge from blocked bosom channels in the nearby district of the body. The percutaneous absorption of N- nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA), a debasement in numerous cosmetic items, has been assessed in dispersion cells utilizing extracted human skin .

29. Safety issue in cosmetic The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) program was set up in 1976 by the Cosmetics, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association, with the support of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Consumer Federation of America (CFA). CIR performs free, master surveys to decide whether fixings utilized in cosmetics are protected. CIR staff gets ready rundowns of accessible information and the CIR Expert Panel surveys the information in open, open gatherings.