PHATOLOGY MALARIA................. .pptx

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1. C.PHARMACY WALLAGA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE Leta Yezachow le [email protected] 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

2. MALARIA 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy student WOU

3. I ntroduction What is malaria... how is malaria disease is caused... What is pathogenesis of malaria... What is clinical manifsetation of malaria infection... How it would be controlled... 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

4. MALARIA Malaria comes from italian word malaria it meant hat “bad air.” Its biggest NTD disease , not contangious disease. Cause motality and morbidty , if they are not treated . Kills an estimated 1 million/day. Annual clinical cases estimated 4-5 million - 10-40 % outpatient 13-26 % inpatient 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

5. What is plasmodium... P are obligated parasites, sexual or asexual, two hosts, animal reseorvior absent except P.malarie M caused by the intracellular parasite Plasmodium spp trasmitted by bite of mosquitoes. Plasmodium species: P.falciparum, P.vivax, P.ovale, P.malariae and P.knowlesi 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

6. Widespread species P. falciparum : most prevalent in the hotter and more humid regions of the world. P. vivax : more common in temperate region than in the tropics . Less widespread species P. malariae : confined mainly to tropical Africa (25 %) . P. Ovale : Low & restricted distribution . Occurs primarily in tropical west Africa (10 %) . 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

7. Plassmodium in ethiopia Plasmodium species P.falciparum = 60% P.vivax = nearly 40% P.malariae = 1% cases ,focal distribution like in Humera P.ovale = less than 1% cases , found in Setit Humera , Gambela & Arbaminch central region of Ethiopi a 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

8. Plass... 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

9. Genus of Anopheles More than 200 known species of Anopheles , 60 of them are considered to be vectors of malaria . Malaria trasmitted by anopheles mosquitoes. ...why not Male... 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

10. Life cycle and pathogenesis 1 , pre- erythrocytic stag e(Before blood) 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

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13. Before blood During 5pm-7am sporozoites in salivary gland host’s skin bloodstream, with in a minutes invade and attach to liver hepatocytes differentiate, Receptor for serum protein Thrombospdin and properdin . 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

14. 2, pre- erythrocytic stage Sporoizites Circulation system for 30 min Kupfell cell Invade hepacotes cell Rupture schizote. Merozoites Destroy merozoite 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

15. 2, E rythrocytic or blood-stage O ne week,rupturing multplied merozoites (30,000) asexual, haploid. starts erythrocytic schizogony 36-48 hours (P. falciparum), 48 hours (P. ovale / vivax ) &72 hours (P. malariae ). P. vivax and P . ovale form latent hypnozoite s in hepatocytes, which cause relapses of malaria weeks to months after initial infection. 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

16. 2, E rythrocytic or blood-stage Remains ones enter RBC Trophozoite ring form Schizogony Rapture schizogony 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

17. After released from liver by active membrane penetration erythrocytic stage ), Once released from liver merozoites use a lectin -like molecule to bind to sialic acid residues on glycophorin molecules on the surface of red cells and invade . Trophozoite : metabolically active form living within the RBC Sometimes called the ring form , 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

18. 1, sprorogy cycle female Anopheles mosquito picks up mature gametocytes Formation of zygote Ookinetes oocysts sporozoites 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

19. Cont... Upon lysis of the red cell, the new merozoites infect additional red cells. Paroxysmal cause fever chill-(24-72) varies with species. Induces the host cell to produce the cytokines such as TNF Merozoites gametocytes sexual form 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

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23. P. f alciparum ... P.f is most severe pathogenicty b.c Rapid multiplication. able to infect RBC an any age, other infect only old and young age. development to erythrocytic schizont in capillaries of deep tissues . Able to clump together RBC and strict E cells , cause the stop blood flow. Has greatest V.f , PfEMP1 able to induce cytokines production by host cells. 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

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25. terms Prepatent period Incubation period : Relapse : Recrudescence : Reinfection: 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

26. Modes of trassmission Mainly depends on rain fall and Temp , September to December increase but April to June decreases. From mother to unborn child neonatal malaria and cogenitial malaria ... Through blood transfusion.(TTM) Nosocomial infection . 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

27. Trans... Organ transplantation. By sharing needle used to inject drugs Contanct no why 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

28. Some p redisposing factors for complications of P. falciparum Extremes of age. Pregnancy, especially in primigravidae and in 2 nd half of pregnancy. Immunosuppressed - patients on steroids, anti- cancer drugs, immunosuppressant drugs Splenectomy . Lack of previous exposure to malaria (non-immune) or lapsed immunity Pre-existing organ failure. 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

29. Clinical manifstetation Mostly begin within a few weeks after being bitten by mquitoes. More commonly FCSHV. Peripheral nepropathy. Skin rash. Severe malaria, cerebral malaria, metabolism acidosis, hyperparasetemia, cardio vascular collapse. 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

30. Prevention and control Avoid mosquito bites by Using impregnated bed nets Wearing protective clothes Using mosquito repellents screens, house spraying 2. Destroy adult mosquitoes by Indoor residual regular effective spraying 3.Preventing breeding of mosquitoes by environmental modification Spraying breeding places with effective larvicides Biological control 4. Treatment Active infection Chemoprophylaxis Health education 6) Blood screening for malaria   7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

31. treatment Types of drugs and length of treatment may vary depending on which type of malarai parasite u have the severtiy of your symptoms. Your age Whether u are pregnant. 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

32. treatment Mechanism.... Antimalarial drugs like Chloroquine (Cq) Widespread resistance has now rendered it virtually useless against P. falciparum Artemisinin - active against all Plasmodium species . Pyrimethamine in combination with a sulfonamide Effective against all four human malarias And other can be used 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU

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35. references Robboins 5th edition Textbook pathology 6th edition CDC- malaria world wide... Google home... 7/26/2024 C.pharmacy students WOU