PHILO WK 7.pptx Methods of Philosophizing

Methods of Philosophizing

1. 01 02 03 04 Methods of Philosophizing

2. FALLACIES

3. Fallacies Are errors or mistakes in reasoning or argumentation in a logic of an argument. They often involve faulty logic, misleading or irrelevant information or improper connections between ideas.

4. DIFFERENT FALLACIES Fallacy of Equivocation – is committed when several meanings of word or phrase become confused in the context of one argument. Example: All laws should be respected and obeyed. The law of gravity is a law. Therefore the law of gravity should be respected and obeyed.

5. TYPES OF FALLACIES Fallacy of Equivocation Example: Humans walk by their legs. The table has legs. Therefore the table walk by its legs. A ruler measures 12 inches, Mayor Isko Moreno is a ruler; therefore Mayor Isko is 12 inches.

6. 2. Fallacy of Composition – is committed when one reasons from the qualities of the parts of a whole to the qualities of the whole itself. Individual to All Example: You are a doctor, therefore you came from a family of doctors.

7. 2. Fallacy of Composition Example: These cases of robbery in this district have convinces me that the city has become a den of thieves and criminals.

8. 3. Fallacy of Division – the reverse of composition, is committed when one reasons from the qualities of a whole to the qualities of the parts of the whole. All to Individual Example: Your family is smart, therefore you are smart.

9. 4. Fallacy of Argument from Ignorance – is committed when it is argued that whatever has been proven false must be true and vice versa. Example: Mental telepathy must be accepted as a fact; for nobody has proven that it is impossible. I’ve never fallen off my bike before, so there’s no reason for me to start wearing a helmet when I ride. 

10. 5. Fallacy of Appeal to inappropriate authority – is committed when one appeals to an authority whose field of expertise does not include the nature of the conclusion being established. Example: We should vote for this candidate for he is endorsed by our favorite basketball.

11. 5. Fallacy of Appeal to inappropriate authority Example: My assignment in Chemistry is not wrong. Ms. Sanchez, my English teacher who is known internationally as a novelist, confirmed my answer.

12. 6. Fallacy of Appeal to the Person – is committed when one evaluates an argument by means of citing something about the person who asserts the said argument. In this case, an argument is often claimed to be wrong because of some negative qualities of the person who asserted the argument. Example: She cannot be a good president, for she comes from a broken family.

13. Fallacy of appeal to pity – is committed when one appeals to pity to cause the acceptance of a conclusion. Example: This employee certainly deserves a promotion, for he can hardly feed his starving family.

14. Fallacy of appeal to pity – is committed when one appeals to pity to cause the acceptance of a conclusion. Example: All these charges are baseless, this is just plain harassment, can’t you see how this is affecting my family?

15. 8. Fallacy of Popular Will – is committed when one appeals to general, common, popular, or stereotypical prejudices or beliefs to cause the acceptance of some conclusion. Example: We should drink this brand of beer, for it is the regular drink of successful men after a hard day’s work.

16. 9. Fallacy of Appeal to Force – is committed when one appeals to force, often with subtlety, to cause the acceptance of a conclusion. Example: It is your duty to pledge allegiance to the new constitution, for otherwise rebellion charges will be filled against you.

17. 9. Fallacy of Appeal to Force – is committed when one appeals to force, often with subtlety, to cause the acceptance of a conclusion. Example: If this peace agreement will not be signed by the government, then we will have no recourse but to go to war.

18. 10. Fallacy of Begging the question – assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as circular argument. Example: I have the right to free speech, therefore you cannot stop me from talking

19. 10. Fallacy of Begging the question Example: What is a declarative sentence? It is a sentence that declares.

20. 11. Ad Hominem Fallacy – attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself. Example: You can’t go to law school because your dad is criminal.

21. 11. Ad Hominem Fallacy – attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself. Example: Of course he believes that the government is flawed, he is a rebel and communist

22. 12. Fallacy of accident – is committed when one applies a general rule to individual cases, which, because of their special or accidental nature, the general rule does not properly apply. Example: Running is good for the heart. Therefore, running will be good for Pedro who is suffering from a heart disease.

23. 12. Fallacy of accident – is committed when one applies a general rule to individual cases, which, because of their special or accidental nature, the general rule does not properly apply. Example: Cutting people with knives is a crime. Surgeons c ut people with knives. Surgeons are criminals.

24. 13. Fallacy of Hasty Generalization – is committed when one makes a generalization from a special or accidental case or simply from insufficient number of cases. Example: While running, Mario had a heart attack. Therefore, running is bad for the heart.

25. 14. Fallacy of Complex Question – is committed when one asks a questions that contains unproved assumptions. A fallacy is committed when one argues that these assumptions are true just because an answer is given to the complex question. Example: A lawyer who wants to establish that person that person A is beating his child asks this question: ‘Have you stopped beating your child?’

26. 15. Fallacy of False Cause – is committed when one attributes a wrong cause to something, which is often due to a mere temporal succession of two events. Example: Edgar Allan Poe’s literary genius must have been caused by drinking liquor, for it is said that before he would write he would first drink some liquor.

27. IMPORTANCE OF FALLACIES Understanding fallacies is important for critical thinking and effective communication, as it will help you avoid faulty reasoning and recognize when others are using weak arguments.

28. DYAD ACTIVITY 1. In what ways can fallacies be used intentionally to manipulate others? 2. What is the role of critical thinking in detecting and countering fallacies in everyday discussions?