Philosophical Perspective dhskfkskdirskkss

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1. THE

FROM VARIOUS PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES

2. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the topic,
the students must have:
•explored the concept of the self from the
different philosophical perspective
•appreciated the contribution of each perspective
to a better understanding of the self
•made a personal philosophy of the self

3. • Watch this video:
“Remind me Who am I” Jason Gray
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSIVjjY8Ou8)

5. LET’S EXPLORE . . .
•How do philosophers explain the concept of the self?
•Which of those concepts has a greater impact to you?
Why?
•What generalizations can you make out of those
philosophical concepts of the self?
•Cite some differences and similarities of these concepts
presented.
•What significant insights did you gather from the activity?

10. •The unexamined life is not worth living
•Ultimate wisdom comes from knowing oneself.
•The more a person knows, the greater his or her
ability to reason and make choices that will bring
true happiness.

19. •The rational soul (intellect) is
the thinking portion within each
of us, which discerns what is real
and not, judges what is true and
what is false, and makes the
rational decisions.
•The spirited soul, is the active
portion; its function is to carry
out the dictates of reason.
•Finally, the appetitive soul
(emotion or desire) is the portion
of each of us that wants and feels
many things, most of which must
be deferred if we are to achieve
self-control.

22. ST. AUGUSTINE
•He introduced the concept of
freewill which means that
humans are morally
responsible for their actions.
•The goal of every human
person is to attain communion
and bliss with the Divine by
living his life on earth in virtue.
•He created a new concept of
individual identity: the idea of
the self

23. •I think therefore I am (Cogito ergo sum).
• Dualistic distinction of the immaterial mind from the body,
all that we really are, or our identity, comes from the mind.
•The fact that one thinks should lead one to conclude without
a trace of doubt that he exists
DESCARTES

24. •Holds that personal identity is a matter of psychological
continuity.
•He considered personal identity (self) to be founded on
consciousness (memory) and not on the substance of either
soul or body.
•Man is a bundle of collection of different perceptions.
JOHN LOCKE

25. DAVID HUME
•There is no self that remains
the same, consciousness is
always changing.
•Hume’s skeptical claim is
that we have no experience
of a simple, individual
impression that we can call
the self—where the “self” is
the totality of a person’s
conscious life.

26. EMMANUEL
KANT
•There is an
inner and outer
self.
•There is a mind
that organizes
the different
impressions
that one gets
from the
external world.
•Moral duties
are not
hypothetical.
•They are what
we ought to do,
they are your
duty.

27. •Freud developed a more structural model of the mind
comprising the entities id, ego and superego (what Freud
called “the psychic apparatus”).

SIGMUND
FREUD

28. GILBERT RYLE
•He explains that there is
no hidden entity called
"the mind" inside a
mechanical apparatus
called "the body”.
•The “self” is not an entity
one can locate and analyze
but simply the convenient
name that people use to
refer to all the behaviors
that people make.

29. PAUL
CHURCHLAND
•Churchland asserts
that since the mind
can't be experienced
by our senses, then the
mind doesn't really
exist.
•It is the physical brain
and not the imaginary
mind that gives us our
sense of self.

30. MAURICE
MERLEAU-
PONTY
•Mind or consciousness
cannot be defined
formally in terms of
self-knowledge or
representation, then,
but is essentially
engaged in the
structures and actions
of the human world
and encompasses all of
the diverse intentional
orientations of human
life.

31. •Make your own philosophy of the self
incorporating the ideas you learned from
the different philosophers.