Philosophy of education

Philosophy of Education recommended for nursing personnel, Nursing Education

1. BY: AMIT NEWTON MSC PSYCHIATRIC NSG. PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION

2. Etymologically the word “Philosophy” is derived from two Greek words: “ Philos ” means “love” “Sophia” means “wisdom” It is the loving and searching for wisdom and truth. Introduction of Philosophy

3. “ Philosophy is the science of knowledge - Fitch “ Philosophy is a search for a comprehensive view of nature, an attempt at a universal explanation of nature of things” - Henderson Definition of Philosophy

4. It is a living force, a way of life, an attitude towards life and a search for truth and reality. It is a speculation about nature and value of things. It is a search for deeper and finer values of life. It is an inquiry into wholesome of things. Every human being has its own philosophy some are optimists, some are pessimists, some believe in God and believe in destiny. Meaning of Philosophy

5. Major Branches of Philosophy

6. It is the branch of philosophy that examines the problems of ultimate reality. It has five parts: a . Theology : deals with study about existence of God, his nature, monotheism or polytheism and so on. b . Metaphysics regarding soul: This part deals with problems of existence of life, existence of soul, freedom or dependence of their existence and mutual relationship with body. c . Science of universe: This part deals with knowledge of universe its mortal and immortal elements, mutual relationship of different elements. d . Science of creation: This part deals with common problems of connected with development of universe. e . Cosmology : This part deals with problems related with origin and imposition of creation. Metaphysical

7. It is part of philosophy which according to ancient definition was called the original philosophy. It attempts to answer the basic question: what distinguishes true (adequate) knowledge from false (inadequate) knowledge? Epistemology

8. This part deals with different problems connected with conduct of man such as good and bad actions, courtesy- discourtesy, their characteristics and so on Ethics

9. It occupies an important place in philosophy for reason that through logic nature of real is determined. It is logic that gives an understanding of scientific method of inquiry through its inductive and deductive methods. Logic

10. Functions of philosophy of Education

11. 2. Harmonizing old and new traditions in field of Education 1. Determining the aims of Education

12. 4.Preparing young generation to face challenges of modern time 3.Providing educational planner, administrators and educator to educational development

13. Relationship between Philosophy and Education

14. Philosophy Education It sets ideals, principles, goals, values thus it is in reality and truth Education works on values It is theory and speculative It explains how to achieve the goals through man’s educational efforts It is the contemplative side It is the practice It deals with abstract ideas and ends the situation process It is the active side It is the applied philosophy It deals with concrete and means It is the art It is the science It formulate the method It deals with process of method

15. Influence of philosophy on different aspects of Education

16. Philosophy is the determining force in laying down the aims of education. Aims of education (moral, vocational, intellectual, spiritual) are based on views, ideals, beliefs, values, standards of philosopher . The educator select the material for instruction, determine the methods of procedures for attainment of goals. So the entire educational system proceeds with its foundation on sound philosophy, e.g. naturalism prefer self- preservation. Philosophy and aims of Education

17. Curriculum is the sum total of all activities and experiences provided by the school to its pupil to achieve the aims of education. The philosophy determines the content and discipline that will promote curriculum. Thus curriculum is different with different school of philosophy according to their own belief Philosophy and Curriculum

18. An appropriate textbook must be in accordance with norms of knowledge which the children are expected to know and accepted ideals of the society and the prevailing philosophy of education and the nation as a whole. Then only it will serve desired purpose . Philosophy and Textbook

19. Method is the process of establishing and maintaining contact between the pupil and the subject matter. Every system of education has its own method of teaching based on its own philosophical background. For example Idealism : advocates question, answer, lectures and discussion method . Method is a procedure through which aim of education is realized. Philosophy and method of Teaching

20. Philosophy determines the nature and forms of discipline. Discipline is nothing but the conduct of the pupil. Discipline is mainly governed by the aim of education. In the past, perfect order and silence prevailed in the educational institutions, now we insist on self- government of students and free discipline. Philosophy and Discipline

21. Teacher is the backbone of entire process of education. A teacher needs the study of philosophy as a person and as a teacher. Teacher influences the personality of the child and instills in him a new outlook and way of life. For example: Idealistic teacher is a person of high ideals, ethics and morals, he/she is role- model for the group of students. Philosophy and Teacher

22. Evaluation is the pivot of education system. It determines the extent to which aims and objectives are being attained, but also brings improvement in techniques and procedure of education. It is therefore legitimate to ascertain how far our evaluation program is in conformity with the philosophy that has determined the aims and objectives of education, its curriculum and its methodology. Philosophy and Evaluation

23. Traditional Philosophy Modern Contemporary Philosophy Classification of educational philosophies

24. Naturalism Idealism Pragmatism Realism Traditional Philosophy

25. Perennialism (believes that the focus of education should be the ideas that have lasted over centuries. They believe the ideas are as relevant and meaningful today as when they were written. They recommend that students learn from reading and analyzing the works by history's finest thinkers and writers ) Essentialism (tries to instill all students with the most essential or basic academic knowledge and skills and character development. It believe that teachers should try to embed traditional moral values and virtues such as respect for authority, consideration for others, and practicality and intellectual knowledge that students need to become model citizens. Modern Contemporary Philosophy

26. Existentialism: the doctrine that man forms his essence in the course of the life resulting from his personal choices. Reconstructive : Social reconstructivism is a philosophy that emphasizes the addressing of social questions and a quest to create a better society and worldwide democracy. Reconstructionist educators focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform as the aim of education Cont ……

27. Progressivism : Progressivists believe that education should focus on the whole child, rather than on the content or the teacher. This educational philosophy stresses that students should test ideas by active experimentation. Learning is rooted in the questions of learners that arise through experiencing the world. It is active, not passive. The learner is a problem solver and thinker who makes meaning through his or her individual experience in the physical and cultural context. Effective teachers provide experiences so that students can learn by doing Cont…..

28. Naturalism

29. Naturalism is the idea or beliefs that only natural law and forces operate in the world; idea or belief that nothing exists beyond natural world. Naturalists believe that nature represents the entire reality. There is nothing beyond/behind and other than nature Introduction

30. Naturalism is the system of which the salient feature is the exclusion of whatever is spiritual or indeed, whatever is transcendental of experience. - Hayward Joyee It is an philosophical generalization of science; the application of the theories of science to the problems of philosophy - Ralph Barton Perry Definition of Naturalism

31. Naturalism is the doctrine that separate nature from God. Naturalism came as an opposition of traditional method of teaching or idealism. According to naturalists, human life is a part of nature it is a self-sufficient entity having its own natural matter natural force and natural laws. It emphasizes on “physical world”. It does not believe in supernaturalism . Meaning of Naturalism

32. Rabindranath Tagore Herbert Spencer Bacon James ward Supporters of Naturalism

33. 1. Physical Naturalism 2. Biological Naturalism 3. Mechanical Naturalism Forms of Naturalism

34. It believes that laws of physical nature govern the law of human life and adherence to natural laws is essential for human existence Physical Naturalism

35. Biological Naturalism strongly agree with theory of evolution and according to this philosophy, man being the descendent of ape possess animal nature and is devoid of any element of supernaturalism. Biological Naturalism

36. It regards man is merely a machine, having no creative capacity, purpose or direction. This philosophy aims at training man as a good machine and keeping it in good working condition Mechanical Naturalism

37. Principles of Naturalism

38. 1. Child centered education 2. Education as the natural development of child’s power and capacity 3. Negative education in early childhood 4. Education should be based on child’s psychology 5. The role of teacher should be that of guide

39. In naturalistic point of view prime importance is given to the child. This is major contribution of naturalism to the educational system. Today teacher role is limited to facilitator of learning 1. Child centered education

40. Education pattern should coincide with natural development and learning capacities of child. To achieve this education has to plan according to laws of growth and development. 2. Education as the natural development of child’s power and capacity

41. In early childhood, simple persuasion is enough to initiate learning instead of forcing the child to learn. 3. Negative education in early childhood

42. This principle advocates the need for considering individual differences among students. Individual difference in intelligence, temperament and emotion among students should be identified and taken into account while implementing the educative process. This principle is very much appreciated by modern educationalists 4. Education should be based on child’s psychology

43. Instead of passively transferring of knowledge the teacher as to arrange an environment with necessary opportunities and material required for personal development of child and guide the child as and when needed. Quality such as love, sympathy and understanding for child are very essential for good teaching. In short child takes a center stage in teaching/ learning process. 5. The role of teacher should be that of guide

44. Self- realization Self- preservation Self- expression Struggle for existence Naturalism and aims of education

45. The function of education is to enable the individual to enable this unity with himself and to establish a harmony between the nature and ultimate nature of universe. In short, we can say that naturalism aim at the full and complete training of man for manhood a not development of some parts of man. Self- realization

46. In naturalistic point of view self- preservation and self- security is unavoidable aspect of life. Self- preservation is a power to be our self, self- respect and values. It provides definite direction in life. Self- preservation

47. Naturalist believes that the children should be provided with opportunities to express their ideas and talent Self- expression

48. Physical world is full of pain and suffering. Hence child has to educated in such a way that they will be able to struggle for their existence and able to adjust themselves with environment. Equipping the child to struggle for existence and ensuring his survival by making him the fittest Struggle for existence

49. Naturalism and organization of education

50. According to naturalists, the children should be educated in an atmosphere of freedom: freedom from superimposed restriction and interferences. They emphasis on activity or learning by doing. They attempts to liberate education from four walls of the classroom and wishes it be given in a wider sphere of the natural surroundings of a child.

51. Naturalism and method of education

52. 1. Learning by doing 2. Observation and experimentation 3. Play way method 4. Education through self-effort

53. Naturalism not believes in traditional methods of teaching through lecture, notes or textbooks. It believes that a child learns best if he is allowed to do a particular task by his/ her own method. They believe that this leads to innovations. Learning by doing

54. Observation is regarded as direct experience and productive method when employed by a talented teacher. Observation simplifies the learning process and helps the student in retaining the learned skills and facts. As naturalism believes in conducting experiments, the children have to be provided with practical experience. Observation and experimentation

55. The naturalists advocate play-way as another important method of imparting education. Its underlying principle is that all learning should take place in the spirit and by the method of play-way. It is, therefore, regarded as the most natural and outstanding method of creative education. It creates the spirit of joyful, spontaneous and creative activity. Play way method

56. This is a classical contribution of naturalism. The naturalism recommends different kinds of assignments and activities for attending all round development through self-education. Naturalism focuses on self-effort and self-interest of student in education process as it does not follow any curriculum. Education through self effort

57. Naturalism and curriculum

58. Naturalists emphasize the study of sciences dealing with nature such as physics, chemistry, biology, zoology, botany. They also give importance to the study of language and mathematics. Naturalists give prominence to subjects like gardening, agriculture, art, crafts, astronomy, geography as they are directly related to the nature of the child. Naturalism does not follow any curriculum, every child is expected to learn directly from nature through personal experience, every child is given the right to determine his own curriculum, the subjects should be correlated with the play activity of the child and with life around him.

59. In the naturalism teacher place is ‘behind the scene’ he/she is ‘observer’ of the child’s development. Teacher can neither interfere with the activities of children nor can impose his/ her ideals and ideas on students. Here teacher takes the place of friend, guide and philosopher and his duty is not to dictate a child but to observe and suggest a child regarding various action and modification. According to naturalists teacher is only ‘ setter of stage’, a supplier of materials and opportunities for the development of the child Naturalism and the teacher

60. Extreme discipline is not desirable, as it stands in the way of the child’s natural development. Naturalism believes that any wrong action done by child is only his natural reaction towards some situation and to punish anyone for any natural reaction is utterly wrong. For regulating the conduct of the students, naturalists have evolved the concept of student self-government in tune the demand of a democratic society Naturalism and discipline

61. Implication of naturalism in nursing

62. Nurse educator can choose the teaching methods like project method, demonstration, field trip etc. Teacher has to give liberty for the learner to select the problem and work on it: teacher can facilitate total personality development of learner. Teacher will assist student to utilize the leisure time in productive manner in the form of extracurricular and co-curricular activities like sports, games, participating in competitions tec. Thus education’s facilitates learner’s growth and development i.e. “sound mind in a sound body”.

63. 1) Higher order of discipline may not be possible as textbooks and teachers are not playing crucial role. 2) Lacks of ideals, no place for spiritual values. 3) No constructive suggestions to offer regarding a goal for educative effort thus does not point to higher end in educational process Weakness of Naturalism

64. 1. Definition and meaning of Philosophy 2. Major branches and functions of Philosophy 3. Relationship between philosophy 4. Influence of philosophy on different aspects of education 5. Classification of educational philosophy 6. Definition and meaning of naturalism 7. Supporters and forms of naturalism 8. Principles of naturalism Summarization

65. 9. Naturalism and aims of education 10.Naturalism and organization of education and method of teaching 11. Implication of naturalism in nursing education 12. Weakness of naturalism Cont ….

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