PHOTODIODE

PHOTODIODE

1. Guide By GYAN RAO DHOTE

2. Presented by ARCHANA SHARMA

3. PHOTODIODE A  photodiode  is a type of photodetector capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. The common, traditional solar cell used to generate electric solar power is a large area photodiode. OPERATION A photodiode is designed to operate in reverse bias. Photoelectric effect. Photocurrent.

4. HISTORY & THEORY Photodiode technology developments came out of the basic developments of the PN junction diode that started in the 1940s in earnest. Applications for the use of the PN junction diode were found outside the basic use of rectifying signals. Photodiode technology was refined in the 1950s and in the latter part of that decade the PIN photodiode was developed. Light absorption in the wide depletion area of the PIN structure was first investigated in a paper published in 1959 by Gartner. Although silicon has been the favoured material for photodiodes, germanium can also be used, and its use was first demonstrated in 1962 by Riesz.

5. MATERIALS STRUCTURE

6. TYPES 1. PIN photodiode 2. PN photodiode 3. Avalanche photodiode 4. Schottky photodiode ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES + Advantages for the Photodiode detector are high NIR sensitivity and high speed. - Disadvantages are limited amount of pixels and no UV response.

7. CHARACTERISTICS Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fiber connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device. Many diodes designed for use specifically as a photodiode use a PIN junction rather than a p-n junction, to increase the speed of response.

8. CHARACTERISTICS

9. SIGNIFICANCE In most cases, the photodiode is used to deliver a trigger signal to an electrical device when it is either exposed to a UV ray or X-ray. It may also be used to deliver the same trigger signal when the light source is either turned off or the photodiode is blocked from the light source. A function that a photodiode can perform is to keep an electrical device operating through the process of converting light into a power signal or voltage. Photovoltaic mode and photoconductive mode are naturally occurring reactions to the light source create what is referred to as a photocurrent.

10. APPLICATIONS P-N photodiodes are used in similar applications to other  photodetectors , such as photoconductors, charge-coupled devices, and photomultiplier tubes. They may be used to generate an output which is dependent upon the illumination (analog; for measurement and the like), or to change the state of circuitry (digital; either for control and switching, or digital signal processing).. Photodiodes are used in consumer electronics devices such as compact disc players, smoke detectors, and the receivers for infrared remote control devices used to control equipment fromtelevisions  to air conditioners. For

11. many applications either photodiodes or photoconductors may be used. Either type of photosensor may be used for light measurement, as in camera light meters, or to respond to light levels, as in switching on street lighting after dark Photosensors of all types may be used to respond to incident light, or to a source of light which is part of the same circuit or system. A photodiode is often combined into a single component with an emitter of light, usually a light-emitting diode (LED), either to detect the presence of a mechanical obstruction to the beam (slotted optical switch), or to couple two digital or analog circuits while maintaining extremely high electrical isolation between them, often for safety (optocoupler). APPLICATIONS

12. Photodiodes are often used for accurate measurement of light intensity in science and industry. They generally have a more linear response than photoconductors. They are also widely used in various medical applications, such as detectors for computed tomography (coupled with scintillators), instruments to analyze samples (immunoassay), and pulse oximeters. PIN diodes are much faster and more sensitive than p-n junction diodes, and hence are often used for optical communications and in lighting regulation. APPLICATIONS

13. P-N photodiodes are not used to measure extremely low light intensities. Instead, if high sensitivity is needed, avalanche photodiodes, intensified charge-coupled devices or photomultiplier tubes are used for applications such as astronomy, spectroscopy, night vision equipment and laser rangefinding. APPLICATIONS

14. EFFECTS Photodiodes are basically reverse biased diodes with optical windows that allow like to shine on the PN junction. Like any diode, the leakage current (otherwise known as a photodiodes 'dark' current) increases exponentially with temperature in accordance to William Shockley's idea diode equation. This is known as the quantum efficiency of the photodiode. If the quantum efficiency of a photodiode will increase with temperature, so as well as the thermally induced noise. (According to temperature…)

15. Archives

16. T BreakDown Voltage: For small active area devices, by definition breakdown voltage is defined as the voltage at which the dark current becomes 10 A. Since dark current increases with temperature, therefore, breakdown voltage decreases similarly with increase in temperature. R I V I A S

17. references http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodiode http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/photdet.html http://www.optics.arizona.edu/palmer/OPTI400/SuppDocs/pd_char.pdf http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/data/semicond/photo_diode/photo_diode.php http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-photodiode.html http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=photodiode+threshold+voltage&source=web&cd=7&cad=rja&ved=0CFMQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ee.ryerson.ca%2F~courses%2Fee8114%2FPres5-receivers.ppt&ei=Cug6UIIZ4YOZBfrCgYgI&usg=AFQjCNHjrFUHtAoXIV5zAzEIJ_nRdFrf_Q http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_disadvantage_and_advantage_of_photo_diode_and_transistor

18. The End