Photons have Mass.pptx. A tiny Nucleus in the Photons has mass and charge.

Rarest of the Rare Discovery
The Experiments prove that a photon has a 'Nucleus of Mass and Charge' in an off-centre position.
This explains all the mysterious Quantum Phenomena.

1. PHOTONS HAVE MASS AND CHARGE VERIFIED BY EXPERIMENTS NARENDRA SWARUP AGARWAL INDEPENDENT RESEARCHER

2. RAREST OF THE RARE DISCOVERIES Traditionally, photons have been understood as massless and chargeless particles of energy. However, recent research proves that the photons actually have a tiny nucleus of mass with charge, and the nucleus is not in the centre but in an off-centre position in the photons. This off-centre nucleus is the secret of imparting unique and mysterious characteristics to the photons, a fact that remained unknown for several centuries. Ground-breaking experiments conducted by the author in the laboratory of Dr. Mukesh Jewariya, Principal Scientist, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi have led to the confirmation of the discoveries of the mass and the charge by the experiments and validate New Quantum Theory developed by the author.

3. NEW QUANTUM THEORY The sun is the nucleus of the solar system and has > 99.86% of the mass of the solar system but occupies only about 10 -20 times the volume of the solar system. An atom has a nucleus with > 99.9% of the mass of the atom and has a structure similar to the solar system. Based on the analogy with atoms and the sun, the author developed New Quantum Theory [1] in 2012. The New Quantum Theory [1] states: ‘ A photon has a nucleus of concentrated mass with concentrated charge in an off-centre position. A quantum particle has one or more nuclei of concentrated mass with concentrated charge in the off-centre positions’. A ll the quantum phenomena serve as evidence supporting the validity of the New Quantum Theory and the presence of a N ucleus of mass and charge in off-centre position in the photons.

4. DISCOVERY OF THE SMALLEST PARTICLE The New Quantum Theory discovers the smallest particle in the world: A Nucleus of Mass and Charge in the P hotons [2] .    Discovery of a nucleus in the photons, by the experiments, is the discovery of the smallest particle in the world. The size of a nucleus is estimated to be approx. 10 -20 times the size of the photon. Presently, electrons and leptons are considered to be the smallest particles. T he sizes of electrons/leptons and photons may be similar; therefore, the tiny nucleus of a photon is the smallest particle ever discovered. Nucleus of mass and charge in the Photons must be a Fundamental Particle .

5. A PHOTON WITH ITS OFF-CENTRE NUCLEUS The big sphere shows a nearly spherical photon, and the small red sphere shows a tiny nucleus of concentrated mass with concentrated charge inside the photon, near the centre of the photon. The nucleus is not in the centre of the photon but located in an off-centre position. Drawings are Not to Scale

6. PROOF OF MASS IN THE PHOTONS Inertia is the primary property of mass. A rotating mass develops an inertial force at the contact point with another fixed object. The rotating nucleus of concentrated mass in the off-centre position of the photon develops inertial force at the contact point of the mirror on reflection. The developed inertial force deviates the rotating photon from its original path after reflection. Experiments of Reflection [3] were performed by the author in the laboratory of Dr. Mukesh Jewariya , Principal Scientist, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi. The polarised monochromatic laser beam from the Michelson Interferometer, after reflection on 4 perfectly aligned mirrors, was projected on a screen 22 metres away to view the deviation of the photons at 0 and 90 polarisation angles on the mirrors. This experiment can be repeated by anyone in a physics laboratory.

7. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP Monochromatic Laser He-Ne Laser, Wavelength: 632.8 nm Linearly Polarised Power: 2 mW, Make: Melles Griot, USA 2. Michelson Interferometer Make: Sandvik, India 3. Polariser

8. DEVIATION OF THE PHOTONS AT DIFFERENT POLARISATION ANGLES POLARISATION ANGLE 90 POLARISATION ANGLE

9. CONCLUSION OF THE EXPERIMENT The deviation of the photons on reflection proves the following: THE PHOTONS HAVE CONCENTRATED MASS IN AN OFF-CENTRE POSITION. A photon is nearly a spherical particle having a nucleus of concentrated mass in an off-centre position. The inertial force, developed by the concentrated mass in the off-centre nucleus, deviates the photons slightly at the contact point of the mirror on reflection. At 0 and 90 polarisation angles, after 4 reflections on the mirrors, the photons deviate 7 mm in a distance of 22 meters due to the inertial force developed by the off-centre mass in the photons. Therefore, a 1.75 mm deviation for one reflection in 22 meters distance corresponds to a 0.004558 degree deviation of the photons per reflection for a 632.8 nm He-Ne Laser. THE EXPERIMENTS OF REFLECTION PROVE: THE PHOTONS HAVE CONCENTRATED MASS IN AN OFF-CENTRE POSITION.

10. PROOF OF CHARGE IN THE PHOTONS The variation in the intensities of light from the bright band to the dark band in an experiment of Interference is possible only if the photons are not uniform particles but have some mystery hidden inside. However, since 1801, no one else tried to explore the mystery hidden in the photons, except the author. To prove the presence of a charge in the photons, an experiment [3] was performed using a Michelson Interferometer to produce a fringe of bright and dark bands by the author in the laboratory of Dr. Mukesh Jewariya , Principal Scientist, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi. The experiment [3] produced an interference fringe of the bright and dark bands visible on the screen of the Laptop. An image of the fringe with the brightest band was saved on the Laptop.

11. The following setup was used: Monochromatic Laser: He-Ne Laser, Wavelength: 632.8 nm Linearly Polarised Power: 2 mW, Make: Melles Griot, USA Michelson Interferometer: Make: Sandvik, India Camera to view the fringe and connected to a Laptop. Laptop with a software to process and analyse the fringe of bright and dark bands.

12. ANALYSIS OF THE FRINGE A software processed and analysed the data of the fringe. The next slide shows the fringe produced in the experiment. The following procedure was used for measuring the intensities of light in the interference pattern after every 30 phase angle difference: The brightest point in the brightest band due to the Constructive Interference is marked by the software and its brightness recorded. The brightest point in the next bright band is spotted and its brightness recorded. The distance between the brightest point in the brightest band and the brightest point in the next bright band is divided into 12 equal parts, and t he brightness of all these points is recorded. The software on the Laptop displayed the graph of the brightness of all these 12 points (equivalent to 30 phase differences between the interfering photons from the Constructive Interference).

13. INTERFERENCE FRINGE Software in the laptop analyzing the intensities Bright and dark bands of light in the bright and dark bands.

14. VARIATION OF INTENSITY OF LIGHT FROM THE BRIGHTEST BAND The Intensities of Light from the brightest band to the darkest band and further to next brightest band (0 to 360 phase difference at 30 phase angle interval) are calculated and recorded by the software of the Laptop.

15. INTENSITIES OF LIGHT AT 30 PHASE ANGLES RECORDED BY THE LAPTOP S. No. Phase Angle Difference (Degree) Intensity of Light Remarks Net* Intensity of Light 1 229 Brightest Band 223 2 30 204   198 3 60 164   158 4 90 132   126 5 120 88   82 6 150 31   25 7 180 6 Darkest Band with Ambient Light 8 210 13   7 9 240 37   31 10 270 82   76 11 300 139   133 12 330 175   169 13 360 187 2 nd Brightest Band 181 * Net Intensity of Light after deducting ambient light measured at the darkest band of light.

16. CONCLUSION OF INTERFERENCE EXPERIMENT The continuous variation in the intensity of light from the brightest band to the next bright band in the fringe produced by the Interference of coherent photons proves the following: A photon is nearly a spherical particle having a concentrated charge in an off-centre position. The concentrated charge is responsible for the variation in the intensities of light at different phase angles from 0 to 360 in an experiment of Interference. The resultant intensity of the two coherent interfering photons is the sum of the intensities of the two photons, which depends on the phase angles of the two photons. The phase angles are the angular positions of the nuclei of the two rotating photons. THE EXPERIMENT OF INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT PROVES: THE PHOTONS HAVE A NUCLEUS OF CONCENTRATED CHARGE IN AN OFF-CENTRE POSITION .

17. CONCLUSION OF BOTH EXPERIMENTS A concentrated mass in the off-centre position in the photons is responsible for the deviation of the photons on reflection. Similarly, a concentrated charge in the off-centre position in the photons is responsible for the variation of intensity of light in the fringe of an experiment of Interference. Both the concentrated mass and the concentrated charge coexist in an off-centre nucleus of the photon, the mystery that remained unnoticed in the photons for more than two centuries. The above results of the experiments validate the New Quantum Theory and prove: THE PHOTONS HAVE A NUCLEUS OF CONCENTRATED MASS WITH CONCENTRATED CHARGE IN AN OFF-CENTRE POSITION.

18. PROOF OF EXPERIMENTS PERFORMED IN NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY, NEW DELHI

19. PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS BY NARENDRA SWARUP AGARWAL INDEPENDENT RESEARCHER 1 . Agarwal, N.S. (2012) New Quantum Theory . Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 5, 3612-3617. Peer-reviewed by Prof. Gary Bowman of North Arizona University. 2 . Agarwal, N.S. (2018) Discovery & Proofs of a Nucleus of Mass and Charge in the Photons/Quantum Particles . Journal of Modern Physics, 9, 2170-2192. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2018.912137 3. Agarwal, N.S. (2016) Wave Particle Duality & Interference Explained.  Journal of Modern Physics ,  7 , 267-276. doi :  10.4236/jmp.2016.73026 . 4. Agarwal, N.S. (2016) New Quantum Theory Explains All the Mysterious Quantum Phenomena.  Journal of Modern Physics ,  7 , 2135-2154. doi :  10.4236/jmp.2016.715186 .

20. REFERENCE FOR THE DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENTS AND THEORY Book published on Amazon: 3. EXPERIMENTAL PROOF OF A NUCLEUS OF MASS AND CHARGE IN THE PHOTONS https://www.amazon.com/EXPERIMENTAL-PROOF-NUCLEUS-CHARGE-PHOTONS-ebook/dp/B0DNM5YGF1/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2ND9XJAZFIENN&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.pSRQlHYaghRsWUojYRh5Xg.xA6FvCumqc0GVU5mBKAOFq3OziGI12zBGp1E3XG_A_U&dib_tag=se&keywords=experimental+proof+of+mass+and+charge+in+the+photons&qid=1732605243&s=books&sprefix=experimental+proof+of+mass+and+charge+in+the+photons%2Cstripbooks-intl-ship%2C309&sr=1-1

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