Phrases__Clauses sentences grammar_1.ppt

Phrase and clauses , sentence, grammar

1. Grammar
Phrases & Clauses

2. Phrases
•A phrase is a group of related words that is used
as a single part of speech and does not contain a
verb and its subject.
•Five kinds: prepositional, adjective, adverb,
verbal, and appositive

3. Prepositional Phrases
p. 481
•A prepositional phrase is a group of words that
begin with a preposition and usually ends with a
noun or pronoun.
•Examples:
1. Please put the paper in the basket.
2. I found ten apples under the tree.

4. Adjective Phrases
p. 485
•An adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase
that modifies a noun or a pronoun.
•Examples:
1.That girl in the car is my sister.
2.The disk on the table is his.

5. Adverb Phrases
p. 485
•An adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that
modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
•Examples:
1. The pine tree was planted in the back yard.
2. I ran from the dog.

6. Verbals and Verbal Phrases
pp. 527-532
•A verbal is a word that is formed from a verb
but it is used in a sentence as a noun, an
adjective, or an adverb.
•A verbal phrase is a group of related words that
contains a verbal.
•Three kinds: participles, gerunds and infinitives

7. Participles and Participial Phrases p. 527
•A participle is a verb form that can be used as an
adjective.
•A participial phrase is a group of related words that
contains a participle and that acts as an adjective.
•Examples:
1. Running through the forest, the girl enjoyed the
crisp air.
2. Swimming to the surface, the fish swallowed the
worm.

8. Gerunds and Gerund Phrases
p. 529
•A gerund is a verb form ending in –ing that is
used as a noun.
•A gerund phrase is a group of related words that
includes the gerund.
•Examples:
1. Swimming is my favorite thing to do in the
summer.
2. Washing the dishes is my daily chore.

9. Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases
p. 531
•An infinitive is a verb form that can be used as a noun,
an adjective, or an adverb.
•An infinitive has the word to directly before the base
form of the verb.
•An infinitive phrase is a group of related words that
includes the infinitive.
•Examples:
1. I would like to go to Europe.
2. He needs to read the whole book by tomorrow.

10. Appositives and Appositive Phrases p.
391
•An appositive is a noun or pronoun that explains the noun or
pronoun it follows.
•An appositive phrase is made up of an appositive and its
modifiers.
•Most of the time set apart from the rest of the sentence with
commas, but if the appositive is necessary to the meaning of the
sentence or is closely related to the word it follows, no commas
are necessary
•Examples:
1. Susan, the girl in the front row, is reading a book.
2. The movie Lord of the Rings is his favorite.

11. Phrases
Phrases
AppositivePrepositional Verbal
Adjective Adverb Infinitive Gerund Participial

12. Clauses
•A clause is a group of words containing a
subject and a verb which forms part of a
sentence.
•Independent or dependent (subordinate)
•Three kinds: adjective, adverb, and noun

13. Independent and Dependent Clauses
•An independent (main) clause expresses a
complete thought and can stand by itself as a
sentence. p. 505
•A dependent clause or subordinate clause does
not express a complete thought and cannot
stand alone. p. 507

14. Adjective Clauses
p. 509
•An adjective clause is a subordinate clause used as an
adjective to modify a noun or a pronoun.
•An adjective clause almost always begins with a relative
pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, what, and that)
•Examples:
1. The girl who is sitting in the front row is my best
friend.
2. The car that is bright red is speeding.

15. Adverb Clauses
p. 513
•An adverb clause is a subordinate clause used as
an adverb.
•Examples:
1. When I smiled at him, he waved.
2. Because she wakes up early, she is always on
time.

16. Noun Clauses
p. 515
•A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a
noun.
•Can be used as a subject, a complement, or an
object of the preposition
•Examples:
1. They asked who won.
2. My friend asked whoever was able to please
stand.

17. Clauses
Clauses
Independent Dependent
Adjective Noun Adverb

18. Questions???
DE Video: Phrases and Clauses

19. Grammar Web Sites
•http://englishplus.com/grammar/
•http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/
•http://a4esl.org/q/j/
•http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/eduweb/grammar

20. Grammar Books
•Prentice Hall Reference Guide to Grammar
Usage (5
th
Ed.) By: Muriel Harris
•The Writer’s Pocket Handbook By: Alfred
Rosa and Paul Eschholz
•Guide to Rapid Revision (8
th
Ed.) By: Daniel
Pearlman and Paula Pearlman
•English Grammar: Language as Human Behavior
(2
nd
Ed.) By: Anita K. Barry

21. More Grammar Books
•Painless Grammar By: Rebecca Elliott, Ph.D.
•Nitty-Gritty Grammar & More Nitty-Gritty
Grammar By: Edith H. Fine & Judith P.
Josephson
•Essentials of English Grammar (2
nd
Ed.) By: L.
Sue Baugh