Phylum Chytridiomycota & Zygomycota

A division of zoosporic organisms in the kingdom Fungi
Informally known as Chytrids.

1. Phylum Chytridiomycota Presented by: Fasama Hilton Kollie Lecturer, MPCHS Chytrids

2. Lesson Outline Overview of the phylum Chytridiomycota Habitat and Habit, Morphology, Mode of nutrition, Movement Reproduction in Chytridiomycota Economic and Ecological Importance Positive and Negative Impart Overview of the Phylum Zygomycota Reproduction in Zygomycota Life cycle of Rhizopus stolonifer Bread mold and types Ecological and Economic importance Conclusion

3. Lesson Objectives Upon completion of this topic, students will be able to ; Define the term Chytrids and Zygote fungi Describe the phylum chytridiomycota and Zygomycota Discuss mode of reproduction in zygote fungi Discuss the positive and negative impart of these organisms

4. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Chytridiomycota – “ Chytrids ” A division of zoosporic organisms in the kingdom Fungi Informally known as Chytrids 700 species Produce spores and gametes Only fungi with flagellated cells at any stage during their life cycle

5. General Characteristics: Habitat & Habit Usually live as water molds on dead leaves, branches, or animal in fresh water Several species are parasitic to plant and animals Eg: Black wart , a serious disease of potatoes

6. Phylum Chytridiomycota: Morphology Most consist of spherical cells or coenocytic hyphae Some hyphae form robot-like structures called rhizoids These fungi are uniflagellated cells (Protist characteristic) Most Chytrids are structurally fairly simple

7. General Characteristics: Mode of Nutriton Chytridiomycota feed on both living and decaying organisms Most are parasites of algae and animals or live on organic debris a s saprobes They are heterotrophic organism / Saphrotrophs Absorptive nutrition A way of obtaining energy and nutrients in which digestive enzymes are secreted into a substrate, then smaller, easily assimilated molecules are absorbed through the cell membrane

8. General Characteristics: Movement Chytrids have a posterior whiplash flagellum Chytridiomycota reproduce with zoospores that are capable of active movement through aqueous phases They are unique among all fungi in having motile stages in their life cycles

9. Reproduction In Chytridiomycetes The life cycle of Allomyces features an alternation of isomorphic generation In A llomyces, the diploid sporophyte can reproduce asexually by releasing diploid zoospores It initiates the sexual cycle through the release of this spore The sexual cycle germinate and develop into gametophytes

10. Economic and Ecological Importance: Positive Impact Members of Blastocladiales and Monoblepharidales generally appear to function as decomposers of detritus in the aquatic and soil ecosystems Species of Coelomomyces (C. anophelescia) are endoparasites on mosquito larvae and can be utilized for the biological control of the mosquito (Anopheles spp.), which is an important vector for the spread of malaria in human beings. Known for ability to decompose toughest biomaterials like chitin, keratin, and pollen also help many herbivores digest cellulose.

11. Economic and Ecological Importance: Negative Impact Many Chytrids indirectly harm humans and animals. They parasitize and destroy the phytoplanktonic forms of algae that form an important link in food chain of aquatic ecosystems Why is Chytrids fungus a concern to the world? Populations of amphibians are declining worldwide, and chytrid fungus is considered one of the primary threats The fungus causes chytridiomycosis , a disease deadly to amphibians

12. Chytridiomycosis: An infectious disease in amphihbians Caused by the C hytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis A nonhyphal zoosporic fungus This has been linked to dramatic population declines or even extinctions of amphibian species

13. Chytridiomycosis Cont’d… Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis attacks amphibians by infecting their outer skin layers. Frog uses it’s outer skin to hydrate, control their body temperatures, regulate minerals and nutrients, and sometimes even breathe. The infection makes the skin thicker and less permeable, resulting in electrolyte imbalances, loss of muscle control, and heart failure. Frogs may also become lethargic and have redden or sloughed off skin Several treatments have shown promise but there is currently no cure. One key may lie in figuring out why some species are more susceptible than others - some species are resistant whiles other experience 85-100% fatality.

14. Phylum Zygomycota Zygote Fungi

15. More than 1,000 species Organisms are referred to as “ Zygote fungi ” Most form coenocytic hyphae Zygomycota are defined and distinguished from all other fungi by sexual reproduction via zygospores following gametangial fusion and asexual reproduction by uni -to- multispored sporangia Kingdom: Fungi Division: Zygomycota – “ Zygote Fungi ”

16. General Characteristics : Habitat & Habit Mostly terrestrial in habitat Zygomycetes Live on dead plants and animals or other organic matter, such as dung Eg: Coprophilous Some live as endosymbionts in the digestive tract of arthropods Others are fungal components of endomycorrhizae Zygomycota, like all true fungi, produce cell walls containing chitin

17. General Characteristics: Habitat & Habit Zygomycetes cause many types of soft rot in fruits and a few parasitic diseases in animals Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold) Haploid mycelia of Rhizopus grow rapidly through the food, absorbing nutrients

18. Rhizopus stolonifer: Black Bread Mold

19. General Characteristics: Form & Function They grow primarily as mycelia , or filaments of long cells called hyphae Most form coenocytic hyphae The unique character of the Zygomycota is the zygospore

20. General Characteristics: Mode of Nutrition Like other Fungi, Zygomycota are heterotrophic and typically grow inside their food, dissolving the substrate with extracellular enzymes, and taking up nutrients by absorption rather than by phagocytosis, as observed in many protists

21. Reproduction In Zygomycetes Zygomycota are thought to have a zygotic or haplontic life cycle Rhizopus is capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction both involve spores In stable environment , asexual reproduction predominates The mycelium extends specialized hyphae called stolon, across the surface of the food Wherever the stolon touch the surface, rhizoids grow into the food Rhizoids anchor upright hyphae called sporangiophore This forms black sporangium at its tip

22. Life Cycle of Zygomycetes: Rhizopus stolonifer

23. Rhozopus stolonifer Life Cycle

24. Bread Mold: How To Identify Types Of Mold Color Size/shape Texture

25. What are The Different Types of Bread Molds Rhizopus stolonifer (Black bread mold) This mold looks fuzzy on bread, and when it first grows, it tends to appear light in color. Overtime the mold spot becomes black in color

26. Different Types of Bread Molds Cont’d… Penicillium sp. Penicillium sp. a ppears as fuzzy patches that are lightly colored, tending to be white, gray or blue. The pencillium molds, if left to grow, can begin to produce mycotoxins

27. Ecological and Economic Importance Zygomycota are arguably the most ecologically diverse group of fungi. Zygomycota are terrestrial organisms. They live close to plants, usually in soil and on decaying plant matter. Because they decompose soil, plant matter, and dung, they have a major role in the carbon cycle They form mutualistic symbiotic relationships with plants. In addition, they form commensalist relationships with arthropods, inhabiting the gut of the organism and feeding on unused nutrients Zygomycota are also pathogens for animals, amoeba, plants, and other fungi While Zygomycota are largely known to humans for the negative economic impact they have on fruit, they also have some practical use. For example, certain species are used in Asian food fermentations In addition, people have used their pathogenic powers to control insect pests.

28. In Summary: Division chytridiomycota constitutes a phylum of zoosporic organisms in the kingdom fungi Commonly called Chytrids Only fungi with flagellated cells at any stage during their life cycle Most consist of coenocytic hyphae Division zygomycota constitutes group of organism commonly referred to as zygote fungi Most form coenocytic hyphae Distinguished from all other fungi by sexual reproduction via zygospores following gametangia fusion and asexual reproduction

29. Reference Nabors, Murray W., Introduction To Botany. Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. www.aw-bc.com Webster, J., & Weber, R. W. S. (2007). Introduction to fungi 3 rd Ed. Encyclopedia Britannica https :// www.britannica.com/science/Chytridiomycota https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiomycota http :// tolweb.org/Zygomycota http:// www.biologydiscussion.com/fungi/chytridiomycetes-features-and-significance-phycomycotina/54817 https://sciencetrends.com/bread-mold-how-to-identify-types-of-mold / https:// microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Zygomycota http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus / https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/sexual-reproduction/

30. “Craving to become a successful person without God is like wanting to erect a skyscraper without a foundation” Dr. Moses Ziah, II THE END Thanks for your time