Phylum Deuteromycota

Introduction of Phylum Deuteromycota
Characteristics of Phylum Deuteromycota
Economical importance of members of phylum Deuteromycota
Trichophyton interdigidale ( cause Athlete’s foot disease)
Monilinia fructigena (brown rots)
Penicillium roquefortii ( manufacture of blue chesses)
Penicillium chrysogenum - Antibiotic penicillin
Plant pathogens
Human pathogens - Candida species
Human/Animal pathogens -Dermatomycosis
Biological control of soil-borne diseases.

INTRODUCTION
Phylum Deuteromycota is a polyphyletic group of asexually-reproducing fungi that do not display a sexual phase; they are known as imperfect.

They do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed , hence the name imperfect fungi. It has 04 orders. Such as:
Moniliales
Sphaeropsidales
Melanconiales
Mycelia Sterlia
Characteristics:
Most Deuteromycota live on land with a few aquatic exceptions.
They form visible mycelia with a fuzzy appearance called ‘mold’.
Deuteromycota don’t possess the sexual structures that are used the classify other fungi. They are strictly asexual reproduction and conidial spores are produced.
Most Deuteromycota have a well-developed, septate mycelium with distinct conidiophores. but some have a unicellular thallus.
With the exception of one group, all members reproduce by means of special spores known as conidia. A few imperfect fungi lack conidia and form only sclerotia.
Recombination of genetic material is known to take place between the different nuclei after some hyphae recombine.

1. Phylum Deuteromycota Dinithi Vihanga De Silva

2. CONTENT Introduction of Phylum Deuteromycota Characteristics of Phylum Deuteromycota Economical importance of members of phylum Deuteromycota Trichophyton interdigidale ( cause Athlete’s foot disease ) Monilinia fructigena (brown rots) Penicillium roquefortii ( manufacture of blue chesses ) Penicillium chrysogenum - Antibiotic penicillin Plant pathogens Human pathogens - Candida species Human/Animal pathogens - Dermatomycosis Biological control of soil-borne diseases

3. Introduction of Phylum Deuteromycota Phylum Deuteromycota is a polyphyletic group of asexually-reproducing fungi that do not display a sexual phase; they are known as imperfect. They do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed , hence the name imperfect fungi.

4. The Deuteromycota has four orders. Moniliales Sphaeropsidales Melanconiales Mycelia Sterlia

5. Characteristics of Phylum Deuteromycota Most Deuteromycota live on land with a few aquatic exceptions. They form visible mycelia with a fuzzy appearance called ‘mold’. Deuteromycota don’t possess the sexual structures that are used the classify other fungi. They are strictly asexual reproduction and conidial spores are produced. Most Deuteromycota have a well-developed, septate mycelium with distinct conidiophores. but some have a unicellular thallus. With the exception of one group, all members reproduce by means of special spores known as conidia. A few imperfect fungi lack conidia and form only sclerotia . Recombination of genetic material is known to take place between the different nuclei after some hyphae recombine.

6. There is a tremendous variety of morphologically different conidia produced and they may be spherical, ovoid, elongated , star-shaped and so on. And also conidia may be hyaline or colored. They may be one-celled to many-celled, with either transverse septa or both transverse and longitudinal septa . T hey have a parasexual life cycle which plasmogamy,karyogamy and haploidization takes place , but not in particular place in thallus nor at any specific period during its life cycle. Its haplodization is not meiosis ,it is infact a series of errors in mitosis. Cont …….

7. Economical importance of members of phylum Deuteromycota Ripen some cheese - Penicillium roquefortii ( manufacture of blue chesses) Antibiotic penicillin - Penicillium chrysogenum Cause serious diseases - Trichophyton interdigidale ( Athlete’s foot disease ) - Monilinia fructigena ( fruit rots ) Potent toxic compounds Plant pathogens Human pathogens - Candida species including Candida albicans Animal & human pathogens - Dermatomycosis B iological control of soil-borne diseases

8. Trichophyton interdigidale ( cause Athlete’s foot disease) Economic/ecological significance It is painful and irritating There is a need to find new and more effective treatment against Athlete’s foot. Affect footwear design Affect footcare industry Trichophyton interdigidale live on the bottom of the peoples feet thrives because of the warm moist skin caused by wearing socks and shoes all the time in current society , it can easily infect a human foot. It is possible that everyone will, at some point, get this disease. Signs and symptoms : include a scarly rash that usually cause itching , stinging and burning. And also , it is learning to resist many treatments and is slowly becoming immune to known treatment. It cause Athlete’s foot along with many other organisms including Epidermophyton floccosum , Microsporum and human disease (ugly toenail fungus). Figure 01 - foot infection

9. Monilinia fructigena (brown rots) Monilinia establishes infections in apple orchards , typically through wounds caused by insects or man. Fruit that has fallen and is left on the ground is the source of infection for the next season. It shrinks and mummifies over winter. The fungi invade the apple or fruit tissues and kills them by releasing enzymes. Pectic enzymes are released and that break down the gel-like pectic compounds which cement the apple cells together.( polygalacturonic enzyme) A single rotten fruit can lead to a chain reaction. The damage cause by fruit rotting fungi in a even a single fruit in a package leads to the generation of ethylene and thus, to the premature ripening of the other fruit. Figure 02 – brown rots in apple Economic/ecological significance This is the pre – and postharvest disease of pome( apple) and stone fruits worldwide.

10. Penicillium roquefortii ( manufacture of blue chesses) Penicillium roquefortii is a common saprobic imperfecti fungus that can be isolated from many sources mostly organic or humus sources. This is used in the manufacture of blue cheeses eg ; Roquefort , Gorgonzola , Stilton , Danish Blue etc. D uring the fermentation process , fungus spores are injected into the curd. Growth of the fungus gives a pleasant tang to the final product. The blue in the blue cheese is caused by the blue pigment in the spores ( conidia) of the fungus. When eating blue cheese means consuming millions of spores. Economic/ecological significance Industrial uses. Flavorings , proteases , antibacterial agents ,polysaccharides and blue cheeses. Penicillium roquefortii gives unique flavour to cheese. This fungus is safe to use as flavorings and for cheese. This fungus produce many mycotoxins which are strong but not stable. But this does not really pose a threat to human. Figure 03 – pigment in the spores and blue cheese

11. Penicillium chrysogenum - Antibiotic penicillin Penicillium chrysogenum is an antibiotic which first discovered and also source for penicillium , isolated from growing penicillium mold ina fermenter. The mold in a grown in a liquid culture containing sugar and other nutrients including a source of nitrogen. As the mold grows, it uses up the sugar and starts to make penicillium only after using up most of the nutrients for growth. Economic/ecological significance Widely used antibiotic prescribed to treat staphylococci and streptococci bacterial infections. Penicillium inhibit bacterial cell growth that eventually kills the bacteria. This is the efficacious in the treatment of infection and inexpensive in comparision with other antibiotics. Figure 04 - Antibiotic penicillin

12. Plant pathogens A number of species is parasitic on higher plants, causing serious Adiseases of leaves and fruits. Special mention may be made of, Alternaria solani causes early blight of potatoes and tomatoes Helminthosporium oryzae causes brown spot of rice Pyricularia oryzae causes blast of rice Septoria tritici causes leaf blotch of wheat Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causes anthracnose of mango Fusarium oxysporum var. cubense causes panama wilt of banan , Fusarium udum causes wilt of pigeon pea Cercospora personata causes leaf spot or tikka disease of ground-nut. Figure 05- Alternaria solani infection Figure 06- fusarium spp. infected plants

13. Human pathogens - Candida species This disease , called moniliasis , chiefly of the fingers, is caused by Candida albicans . Species of Candida also cause a throat and mouth disease called thrush, pulmonary infections, infection of the mucous membranes of the genital organs, and various other diseases. Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen of humans and accounts for a large proportion of all fungal diseases . C. albicans thus represents a serious public health challenge, with increasing medical and social‐economical importance. The majority of infections are at mucosal surfaces, with many patients suffering from debilitating and often recurring diseases. Candida is found worldwide but most commonly compromises immunocompromised individuals diagnosed with serious diseases such as HIV and cancer. Figure 07 – Candida infections

14. Human/Animal pathogens -Dermatomycosis Dermatomycosis is the medical term for fungal infection can happen any time there are injured or pathologically changed skin areas . Most of the mycoses are induced by the Deuteromycetes . Fungi causing diseases of the skin of human beings, animals, or both are known as the dermatophytes or ringworm fungi and the diseases are dermatomycoses (sing, dermatomycosis). These fungi cause ringworm of the scalp (found chiefly in child­ren) or other hairy parts of the smooth skin, of the nails and of the hands and feet. fungal infections are called mycoses, are among the most common diseases seen in temperate fish. Because fungal spores are found in all fish ponds and create problems in stressed fish. Poor water quality can also lead to an increase in fungal infections in an otherwise healthy fish population. It affects the fish industry and reduce the healthy fish harvest. Figure 08- as human pathogen Figure 09- animal/ fish pathogens

15. Several of the Deuteromycetes are able to trap nematodes (microscopic roundworms that often infest the roots of crop plants) by forming hyphal rings which constrict about the nematode when stimulated by contact. Special mention may be made of Arthrobotrys oligospora , Dactylella cionopaga whose mycelia form sticky processes, loops or branches to which nematodes adhere, other hyphae then invade and digest them. 'A. oligospora ' is the model organism for interactions between fungi and nematodes. Thereby these Deuteromycetes reduce the disease incidence due to nematode of the crop plants. Nematode capturing fungi such as the A. oligospora can be used to control growth of nematodes . This means that they can be potentially used as a bio-control agent to protect crops against nematode infestations Biological control of soil-borne diseases Figure 10– interaction between fungi & nematoda

16. References….. https:// www.google.com/search?q=fusarium+udam&sxsrf=ALeKk03czwU https :// cals.arizona.edu/classes/plp427L/lab12.html https ://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless ) http :// citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.25.6055&rep=rep1&type=pdf http://researchgate.com

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