PHYSICAL-DEVELOPMENT-ACROSS-LIFE-STAGES.pptx

cognitive deveopment of chidren

1. CHAPTER 5 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS LIFE STAGES

2. WHAT IS PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT? Physical development is one aspect of human development. Physical development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health wellness. Physical development is the growth and development of both the brain and body in infancy and early childhood.

3. In physical development across life stages is the physical growth from birth to adulthood and the development of both gross and fine motor control of the body. Physical development, means the progress of the child’s control over his body. This includes control over muscles, physical coordination, ability to sit and stand.

4. In physical development across life stages are stages of development covers the both internal and external changes, it is expected that some of them can be noticeable while some may unfold without noticing it. This chapter will provide an overview of the developmental changes, tasks and achievements of people across the different stages of life in as far as the physical domain is concerned. This highlight the link between the internal (hormonal and neurological changes) and external (physical features) changes.

5. THE BODY SYSTEMS Are groups of organs and tissues that work together to perform important jobs for the body. Some organs may be part of more than one body system if they serve more than one function. THYROID LUNGS LIVER URINARY SYSTEM KIDNEY THYMUS STOMACH PANCREAS INTESTINES REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (MALE/FEMALE)

6. There are TWO mains systems of the body systems: The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM and NERVOUS SYSTEM

7. A. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM It is in charge in the production of different hormones in the body. Is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development and tissue function. In endocrine system, the under secretion or over secretion of certain hormone can have a immediate, long-term and short-term effect on the person.

8. This short term and long term activities in endocrine system is that it is the endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream. Include the blood sugar control (insulin), differentiation, growth, and body growth and energy production (growth hormone and thyroid hormone).

9. With the development of life stages, the endocrine system are the one who help our body to control mood, growth and the development. Like way our organs work, metabolism and reproduction. Which is the endocrine system regulates how much of each hormone is released.

10. This system is composed of glands that are attached to the different parts of the body glands secretes hormones directly to the blood stream. Among these glands are the following: PITUITARY GLAND - is also called as the “master gland” - the pituitary gland (sometimes called the hypophysis) is a small gland that dangles from the base of the brain like a “pea on a string”. - Hypophysis (meaning undergrowth) is a named because of its location below the brain as undergrowth. *The effect of this obviously seen in the height of person.

11. In physical development, the pituitary gland makes growth hormone- which regulates growth. With that the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which tells the thyroid gland to make hormones. While the prolactin which controls breast milk production. Hormones secreted from the pituitary gland control blood pressure, growth, some aspects of pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding.

12. THYROID GLAND - which secrets thyroxine that contributes in the growth and develop of the brain. - it control metabolism - one of the largest endocrine system in our body - it is located anterior to the trachea, just inferior to the larynx. The medial region, called the ISTHMUS . Is flanked by wing-shaped left and right lobes. *Hence, deficiency on this hormone can result to mental retardation and possible learning problems.

13. For the thyroid gland, for the development is on the 24 th day of gestation. It is the first endocrine gland that appears in the developing embryo. The thyroid hormones are identified in the embryo from the 28 th day of gestation. Development of the thyroid glands is 8 to 9 weeks of gestation. As the embryo grows, the thyroid gland descends through the neck, in front of the hyoid bone and laryngeal cartilages. The thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormones, which control the speed at which the body’s chemical functions (metabolic rate).

14. The thyroid is a small gland, measuring about 2 inches (5 centimeters) across, that is located just under the skin in the neck. The two halves (lobes) of the gland are connected in the middle (called the isthmus) giving the thyroid gland the shape of a bow tie. Normally, the thyroid gland cannot be seen and can barely be felt. If it becomes enlarged, doctors can feel it easily, and prominent bulge (goiter) may appear in the neck (sometimes below or to the sides of the Adams apple). Aging itself has only effects on the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones. As a people get order, the thyroid gland shrinks and shifts lower in the neck.

15. ADRENAL GLAND - supports sexual motivation. - it is also known as “suprarenal glands”, are small triangular- shaped glands located on top of both kidneys. - adrenal glands produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress. *Likewise, it aids in bone and muscle development.

16. ADRENAL GLANDS composed of two parts: The cortex (outer region)- it produces hormones that support vital organ functions and bodily processes. - it is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. The medulla (inner part)- it releases hormones that regulate your autonomic nervous system. This system controls involuntary functions you usually wouldn’t think about, like you heart rate, blood pressure and sweating.

17. The adrenal gland are controlled in part by the brain. The adrenal glands are controlled in part by your hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

18. GONARDS - a reproductive gland (such as an ovary or testis) that produces gametes. - in male the gonads are called testes. - in female the gonads are called ovaries. - the testes are producing testosterone while in ovaries produces estrogen and progesterone. - the production of these hormones be more prominent during adolescent stage.

19. The respective function of the testes are producing sperm (spermatozoa). Producing male sex hormones of which testosterone is the best known .

20. B. NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system that controls the full functioning of the other body systems. It is an organized network of nerve tissue in the human body. It is coordinating system of the body. It transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body. Its function is necessary in synchronizing the internal and external stimuli and response structure.

21. STIMULUS - refers to any external or internal occurrence that triggers a response or reaction. TYPES OF STIMULI - For the internal stimuli is a changes, experiences, or feelings that occur inside the body. For example: germs, dehydration, lack of energy and the pain.

22. - For the external stimuli are changes or experiences that occur outside someone. And also it comes from factors found in the environment. For example: You feel cold so you put on a jacket.

23. The nervous system has two main parts: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) - composing the brain and the spinal cord. - controls the function of every other system it communicates with bodily systems in order to coordinate performance and to provide the needs of the body from moment to moment.

24. The brain controls most of the functions of the body, including awareness, movement thinking, speech and the 5 senses. (seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting and smelling. The spinal cord is an extension of the brain carries messages to and from the brain to the rest of the body. Your brain reads signals from your nerves to regulate how you think, move and feel.

25. *FOR EXAMPLE: - An example of this process is wanting to walk across the room. Your brain sends a signal through your spinal cord to the muscles in your legs. Your muscles react to this signal and allow you to complete the action (motor output) of walking.

26. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM It is composed of channels connections that receive and send signals from and to the CNS and different parts of the body. The peripheral nervous system is a network of nerves that runs throughout the head, neck, and body. The PNS is includes all the nerves in the body.

27. T hese processes include your heart rate, breathing, blood pressure and your gut's digestion of food. FOR EXAMPLE: -  if you smell smoke, the message goes from your nose to your brain. Then your brain allows you to think about what is happening and sends messages to your muscles to move to get you out of danger. The peripheral nervous system is at work all the time, even when we sleep.

28. Physical Development Across Life Stages

29. Physical Development Across Life Stages

30. Physical Development Across Life Stages INFANCY The period from birth through the completion of the 12 th month of life. A newborn typically communicates to the environment through reflexes.

31. Physical Development Across Life Stages INFANCY

32. Physical Development Across Life Stages INFANCY In terms of MOTOR DEVELOPMENT, it is expected that much of their loco motor activities are associated with GROSS MOTOR. Eventually, loco motor activities shift to FINE MOTOR These are movements that require the use of large muscles. This requires the use of smaller muscles, thus needing the capacity to control it.

33. INFANCY

34. INFANCY

35. INFANCY

36. INFANCY

37. INFANCY Age Gross Motor Fine Motor Social/Cognitive 10-12 Crawling and Cruising, Standing (Independent Standing & Assisted Standing) , Walking Grasping and Manipulating Objects, Self-feeding. Imitation and Exploration.

38. Physical Development Across Life Stages CHILDHOOD

39. Physical Development Across Life Stages CHILDHOOD They begin gaining control over many of their activities. Their senses are also functioning better than the previous stage and they begin to realize and utilize their respective functions. The mascular development allow them to engage to more complex physical activities and games.

40. CHILDHOOD GROWTH MOTOR SKILSS PHYSICAL CHANGE FINE MOTOR GROSS MOTOR Early Childhood Steady but slower growth compared to infancy Drawing and using utensils. Running and climbing. Enhanced physical abilities and strength. Middle Childhood Slower, steady growth in height and weight Continued improvement in coordination and physical abilities, with skill becoming more specialized. Development of physical endurance and strength. Preparation for the physical changes of puberty.

41. Physical Development Across Life Stages

42. Physical Development Across Life Stages ADOLESCENCE - is a time of significant change for both boys and girls, marked by physical, emotional, cognitive, and social developments.

43. ADOLESCENCE Physical Changes Emotional Changes Cognitive Changes Social Changes BOYS Growth Spurts, Muscle Development, Voice Changes, Facial and Body Hair, Skin Changes. Mood Swings, Self-Identity, Increased Sensitivity, Desire for Independence. Abstract Thinking, Improved Problem-Solving, Self-Reflection, Future Planning. Peer Influence, Exploration of Masculinity GIRLS Growth Spurts Breast Development Menstruation Body Shape Changes Skin Changes Peer Influence, Exploration of Femininity

44. Physical Development Across Life Stages

45. Physical Development Across Life Stages ADULTHOOD Adulthood physical development can be both characterized as the peak of physical maturation and physical deterioration. Adulthood generally spans from the late teens or early twenties to the end of life and is often divided into several sub-stages.

46. ADULTHOOD GROWTH MOTOR SKILL PHYSICAL CHANGE Early Adulthood (18 to 40s or 20s to 30s) Reaches physical maturity, with peak physical health and fitness. physical strength, endurance, coordination, and dexterity are at their best Stabilization of body structure and function. Middle Adulthood (40s to 60s) Generally stable, though some decline in muscle mass and bone density can occur. Possible gradual decline in strength, flexibility, and endurance. Changes related to aging, such as decreased skin elasticity and chnges in cardiovascular health. Late Adulthood (65 and older) Continued decline in physical capabilities Further decline in strength, coordination, and reaction time. Increased risk of chronic conditions, decreased bone density, and general affects on bodily functions.