Physical Education: Management of Sporting Events
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Dec 25, 2024
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About This Presentation
This is a full sample chapter from the book "Physical Education (Class 12)" for CBSE exams. The book contains questions from CBSE exam with detailed answers.
Strictly as per syllabus prescribed by CBSE for 2024-25 session
Questions from NCERT and CBSE are given at the end of the chapter
Mu...
Slide Content
CBSE NOTES SERIES
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Class XII
As per CBSE syllabus (2024–2025)
Edition: December, 2024
By AP Experts
Aarushi Publications
India
See catalogue of books at:
https://www.aarushipublications.in
Feedback
[email protected]
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Class XII
As per CBSE syllabus (2024–2025)
Edition: December, 2024
By AP Experts
Aarushi Publications
India
See catalogue of books at:
https://www.aarushipublications.in
Feedback
[email protected]
CONTENT
(Use bookmarks to navigate)
Unit 1 Management of Sporting Events
Unit 2 Children and Women in Sports
Unit 3 Yoga as Preventive measure for Lifestyle Disease
Unit 4 Physical Education & Sports for (CWSN)
Unit 5 Sports & Nutrition
Unit 6 Test and Measurement in Sports
Unit 7 Physiology & Injuries in Sport
Unit 8 Biomechanics and Sports
Unit 9 Psychology and Sports
Unit 10 Training in Sports
Question Paper (2023)
Question Paper (2023 - Compartment)
Question Paper (2024)
Question Paper (2024-Compartment)
(Use bookmarks to navigate)
Unit 1 Management of Sporting Events
Unit 2 Children and Women in Sports
Unit 3 Yoga as Preventive measure for Lifestyle Disease
Unit 4 Physical Education & Sports for (CWSN)
Unit 5 Sports & Nutrition
Unit 6 Test and Measurement in Sports
Unit 7 Physiology & Injuries in Sport
Unit 8 Biomechanics and Sports
Unit 9 Psychology and Sports
Unit 10 Training in Sports
Question Paper (2023)
Question Paper (2023 - Compartment)
Question Paper (2024)
Question Paper (2024-Compartment)
MANAGEMENT OF SPORTING
EVENTS
WHAT IS PLANNING?
When we set goals, develop goals and outline tasks for a sports event then it is called planning.
Good sports training needs good planning. A sports coach must be a good planner for the best
results.
OBJECTIVES OF SPORTS PLANNING
• To improve sports performance: Effective planning improves sports performance. An
enhanced performance increases the success rate.
• Controlling: Planning helps in organizing, monitoring, and controlling a tournament.
• Proper coordination: Proper coordination among the various member of committees
formed for organizing the competition smoothly can be obtained through proper
planning.
• Reduces mistakes: It helps in reducing mistakes and oversights in organizing a sports
event.
• To increase efficiency: It increases the efficiency of sports personnel.
• Budget control. Proper planning leads to the optimization of expanses.
• Goal oriented: Planning aims to attain the desired goal.
FUNCTIONS OF SPORTING EVENTS MANAGEMENT
Various sports planning functions are
• Planning
• Organizing
• Staffing
• Directing
• Controlling
EVENTS
WHAT IS PLANNING?
When we set goals, develop goals and outline tasks for a sports event then it is called planning.
Good sports training needs good planning. A sports coach must be a good planner for the best
results.
OBJECTIVES OF SPORTS PLANNING
• To improve sports performance: Effective planning improves sports performance. An
enhanced performance increases the success rate.
• Controlling: Planning helps in organizing, monitoring, and controlling a tournament.
• Proper coordination: Proper coordination among the various member of committees
formed for organizing the competition smoothly can be obtained through proper
planning.
• Reduces mistakes: It helps in reducing mistakes and oversights in organizing a sports
event.
• To increase efficiency: It increases the efficiency of sports personnel.
• Budget control. Proper planning leads to the optimization of expanses.
• Goal oriented: Planning aims to attain the desired goal.
FUNCTIONS OF SPORTING EVENTS MANAGEMENT
Various sports planning functions are
• Planning
• Organizing
• Staffing
• Directing
• Controlling
1.2 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Planning
It is the basic function of sports management. It primarily deals with making strategy to achieve
the desired goal.
Organizing
The main objective of organising is to obtain best results from physical, financial and human
resources.
Staffing
An efficient and honest staff is the backbone of any organization. Good sports management
recruits the right person for r job. Literally saying, it is putting a square peg in a square hole
and a round peg in a round hole!
Directing
It is actually the life-spark of sports management because it activates people to give their best
as a result of good planning, organizing and staffing.
Direction has the following elements:
• Supervision
• Motivation
• Leadership
• Communication
Planning
It is the basic function of sports management. It primarily deals with making strategy to achieve
the desired goal.
Organizing
The main objective of organising is to obtain best results from physical, financial and human
resources.
Staffing
An efficient and honest staff is the backbone of any organization. Good sports management
recruits the right person for r job. Literally saying, it is putting a square peg in a square hole
and a round peg in a round hole!
Directing
It is actually the life-spark of sports management because it activates people to give their best
as a result of good planning, organizing and staffing.
Direction has the following elements:
• Supervision
• Motivation
• Leadership
• Communication
1.3 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Controlling
It measures accomplishment against the standards so as to monitor the performance and decide
the future course of action.
It has the following steps:
COMMITTEES FOR ORGANIZING SPORTS EVENT S
Publicity Committee
The primary role of the Press, Media and Publicity Committee is to connect with the local
media and provide regular reporting, promotion and press releases on sporting events.
Marketing committee
The marketing committee plays a crucial role during an event, responsible for ensuring its
success through effective promotion and brand visibility. It is responsible for
• Develop Marketing Strategy
• Sponsorship Acquisition
• Social Media Marketing
• Ticket Sales
• Event Photography and Videography
• Thank-You Notes
• Future Event Planning
Transport Committee
Oversees and manages transport operations and provides necessary instructions to Route
Managers.
Controlling
It measures accomplishment against the standards so as to monitor the performance and decide
the future course of action.
It has the following steps:
COMMITTEES FOR ORGANIZING SPORTS EVENT S
Publicity Committee
The primary role of the Press, Media and Publicity Committee is to connect with the local
media and provide regular reporting, promotion and press releases on sporting events.
Marketing committee
The marketing committee plays a crucial role during an event, responsible for ensuring its
success through effective promotion and brand visibility. It is responsible for
• Develop Marketing Strategy
• Sponsorship Acquisition
• Social Media Marketing
• Ticket Sales
• Event Photography and Videography
• Thank-You Notes
• Future Event Planning
Transport Committee
Oversees and manages transport operations and provides necessary instructions to Route
Managers.
1.4 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Food and Lodging Committee
Responsible for arranging accommodation and managing meals for athletes and officials.
Decoration and Ceremony Committee
Decorate to make people feel welcome and expected at specific sporting events.
Equipment Committee
This committee is in charge of preparing the ground or setting up the athletics.
Catering and Entertainment Committee
This committee is responsible for providing refreshments for guests, officials, players, etc.
Hospitality Committee
The members of this committee are responsible for the reception of important guests during the
opening and closing ceremonies.
Technical Committee
This committee selects various officials such as referees, judges, umpires, etc.
Submission and Development Comm ittee
This committee send application forms to various institutions. Also arrange seating
arrangements for guests and spectators.
Committee of Officials
This committee elects various officials such as judges, arbitrators, arbitrators, etc.
Advisory Board
This advisory board is responsible for the distribution of all announcements at sporting events.
First Aid Committee
It provides all necessary assistance to anyone who becomes ill during a sporting event. If
necessary, call an ambulance.
Accreditation Committee
Oversees processes to ensure consistency of standards across sports teams.
Food and Lodging Committee
Responsible for arranging accommodation and managing meals for athletes and officials.
Decoration and Ceremony Committee
Decorate to make people feel welcome and expected at specific sporting events.
Equipment Committee
This committee is in charge of preparing the ground or setting up the athletics.
Catering and Entertainment Committee
This committee is responsible for providing refreshments for guests, officials, players, etc.
Hospitality Committee
The members of this committee are responsible for the reception of important guests during the
opening and closing ceremonies.
Technical Committee
This committee selects various officials such as referees, judges, umpires, etc.
Submission and Development Comm ittee
This committee send application forms to various institutions. Also arrange seating
arrangements for guests and spectators.
Committee of Officials
This committee elects various officials such as judges, arbitrators, arbitrators, etc.
Advisory Board
This advisory board is responsible for the distribution of all announcements at sporting events.
First Aid Committee
It provides all necessary assistance to anyone who becomes ill during a sporting event. If
necessary, call an ambulance.
Accreditation Committee
Oversees processes to ensure consistency of standards across sports teams.
1.5 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Responsibilities of Committees
Pre-meet Responsibilities of Committees
• Formation of different committees.
• Preparation of budget.
• Preparation of tournament schedule.
• Ground location, formation, marking and construction related work.
• Sponsorship related work.
• Team and guest invitation related work.
• Arrangement of food and beverages.
Responsibilities of Committees
Pre-meet Responsibilities of Committees
• Formation of different committees.
• Preparation of budget.
• Preparation of tournament schedule.
• Ground location, formation, marking and construction related work.
• Sponsorship related work.
• Team and guest invitation related work.
• Arrangement of food and beverages.
1.6 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Responsibilities of During-meet Committees
• To check that all the equipment, ground, stadiums and the places where sports events
are held, are in proper condition.
• To check that the lodging facilities of outstation candidates and refreshments of all the
participants are adequate.
• To keep a record of all the events, their winners and check that the events are taking
place as per schedule.
• To check the work of all other committees simultaneously.
Responsibilities of Post-meet Committees
• Proper distribution of awards, medals and certificates.
• News and article publishing in press.
• Return of rented items and equipments.
• To collect all the record of events from committees.
• To prepare correct finance report of all expenses.
• Timely payment to all the officials and members of events.
TOURNAMENTS
A competition involving at least three teams is called a tournament.
Seed
When a team is given a preliminary ranking for the purpose of a draw—it is called a seed.
Seeding
Seeding is a procedure by which good teams are placed in fixtures in such a way that stronger
teams do not meet each other at the very start of a tournament. It is done to overcome the
drawbacks of a single knock-out tournament.
Seeding can be done only if the standards of the teams are known before the start of the
tournament. The draw may result between the strong competitors at early level competition, so
they are ‘seeded’ to prevent this.
Thus, the top competitors will not meet until the quarter final, semi final or final round.
Seeding is used to ensure that players or teams of recognised outstanding ability do not
Responsibilities of During-meet Committees
• To check that all the equipment, ground, stadiums and the places where sports events
are held, are in proper condition.
• To check that the lodging facilities of outstation candidates and refreshments of all the
participants are adequate.
• To keep a record of all the events, their winners and check that the events are taking
place as per schedule.
• To check the work of all other committees simultaneously.
Responsibilities of Post-meet Committees
• Proper distribution of awards, medals and certificates.
• News and article publishing in press.
• Return of rented items and equipments.
• To collect all the record of events from committees.
• To prepare correct finance report of all expenses.
• Timely payment to all the officials and members of events.
TOURNAMENTS
A competition involving at least three teams is called a tournament.
Seed
When a team is given a preliminary ranking for the purpose of a draw—it is called a seed.
Seeding
Seeding is a procedure by which good teams are placed in fixtures in such a way that stronger
teams do not meet each other at the very start of a tournament. It is done to overcome the
drawbacks of a single knock-out tournament.
Seeding can be done only if the standards of the teams are known before the start of the
tournament. The draw may result between the strong competitors at early level competition, so
they are ‘seeded’ to prevent this.
Thus, the top competitors will not meet until the quarter final, semi final or final round.
Seeding is used to ensure that players or teams of recognised outstanding ability do not
1.7 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
confront each other in the early rounds. It represents the tournament committee’s subjective
rating of the various players, and chances of winning the tournament.
Special Seeding
It is a method of seeding in which certain players or teams directly participate in the quarter
final or semi-final matches thus avoiding their participation in the initial rounds.
Bye
Bye means the avoiding of playing a match in the first round of the tournament. It is a privilege
given to a team which is decided generally by seeding it or by draw of lots. Some teams may
get bye in first round, by which they get promoted to a higher round competition.
When a team is promoted to the next round without playing any match in first round—it is
called a Bye. It happened when the number of teams in a tournament is not as per the rule. For
example, in a knock–out tournament, the number of teams must be powers of two (e.g. 4, 8, 16,
32). If the number of teams is say 15 then 16 - 15 = 1 team will be promoted to the next round.
This will leave behind 14 teams (an even number, which is o.k.)
Example
In a tournament, there are 3 teams. How many teams will be given a bye?
Solution
Nearest power of 2 is 4.
Hence, the number of teams to be promoted (byes awarded) = 4 - 3 = 1
Example
In a tournament, there are 9 teams. How many teams will be given a bye?
Solution
The nearest power of 2 on the upper side is 16.
Hence, the number of teams to be promoted (byes awarded) = 16 - 9 = 7.
TYPES OF TOURNAMENTS
There are the following types of tournaments:
• Knock-Out Or Elimination Tournaments
• League Or Round Robin Tournaments
• Combination Tournaments
• Challenge tournaments
confront each other in the early rounds. It represents the tournament committee’s subjective
rating of the various players, and chances of winning the tournament.
Special Seeding
It is a method of seeding in which certain players or teams directly participate in the quarter
final or semi-final matches thus avoiding their participation in the initial rounds.
Bye
Bye means the avoiding of playing a match in the first round of the tournament. It is a privilege
given to a team which is decided generally by seeding it or by draw of lots. Some teams may
get bye in first round, by which they get promoted to a higher round competition.
When a team is promoted to the next round without playing any match in first round—it is
called a Bye. It happened when the number of teams in a tournament is not as per the rule. For
example, in a knock–out tournament, the number of teams must be powers of two (e.g. 4, 8, 16,
32). If the number of teams is say 15 then 16 - 15 = 1 team will be promoted to the next round.
This will leave behind 14 teams (an even number, which is o.k.)
Example
In a tournament, there are 3 teams. How many teams will be given a bye?
Solution
Nearest power of 2 is 4.
Hence, the number of teams to be promoted (byes awarded) = 4 - 3 = 1
Example
In a tournament, there are 9 teams. How many teams will be given a bye?
Solution
The nearest power of 2 on the upper side is 16.
Hence, the number of teams to be promoted (byes awarded) = 16 - 9 = 7.
TYPES OF TOURNAMENTS
There are the following types of tournaments:
• Knock-Out Or Elimination Tournaments
• League Or Round Robin Tournaments
• Combination Tournaments
• Challenge tournaments
1.8 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
KNOCK-OUT TOURNAMENT
In a knock–out tournament, every losing team is eliminated instantly.
Eight teams remain in the quarter–final round.
Four teams remain in the semi–final round.
Two teams remain in the final.
If the number of teams is not a multiple of 2, then some teams may be given a ‘bye’ or a
“seeding”.
Types of Knock–out tournaments
• Consolation (First & second type). Here loser teams are not driven out at one go.
They are given another chance to play with other loser teams.
• Double knock–out. Here again, the loser team is not shown knocked out instantly.
They are given a chance to play with winning teams.
• Bagnall-Wild Knock–out. In it teams are given first, and second. third positions.
Advantages of knock–out tournaments
• The chief advantage of knockout tournaments is a lower number of matches and rounds.
It increases keen interest in spectators.
• It improves the standard of sports.
• Less expensive.
Disadvantages of knock–out tournaments
• High stress on players.
• A good team may be eliminated without giving a second chance.
• Selection of players is a complex process.
KNOCK-OUT TOURNAMENT
In a knock–out tournament, every losing team is eliminated instantly.
Eight teams remain in the quarter–final round.
Four teams remain in the semi–final round.
Two teams remain in the final.
If the number of teams is not a multiple of 2, then some teams may be given a ‘bye’ or a
“seeding”.
Types of Knock–out tournaments
• Consolation (First & second type). Here loser teams are not driven out at one go.
They are given another chance to play with other loser teams.
• Double knock–out. Here again, the loser team is not shown knocked out instantly.
They are given a chance to play with winning teams.
• Bagnall-Wild Knock–out. In it teams are given first, and second. third positions.
Advantages of knock–out tournaments
• The chief advantage of knockout tournaments is a lower number of matches and rounds.
It increases keen interest in spectators.
• It improves the standard of sports.
• Less expensive.
Disadvantages of knock–out tournaments
• High stress on players.
• A good team may be eliminated without giving a second chance.
• Selection of players is a complex process.
1.9 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
LEAGUE OR ROUND ROBIN TOURNAMENT
Unlike knock-out tournament, in a league every team has to play with other teams. This
increases the number of matches.
If there are N teams, then the number of matches will be
= N(N - 1)/2
Following are a few examples of league tournaments.
Advantages of league tournament
• As each team has to play with each remaining teams, luck does not work. Only merit
works.
• If a team loses a match, it can still make a comeback because it has to play other
matches as well.
• Unlike knock-out, there is less pressure on team members.
• Give better exposure to a player because he plays so many matches.
Disadvantages of league tournament
• It consumes a lot of time because of so many matches.
• Consumes a lot of resources.
• Costly.
• A decline in motivation caused by repeated defeats.
LEAGUE OR ROUND ROBIN TOURNAMENT
Unlike knock-out tournament, in a league every team has to play with other teams. This
increases the number of matches.
If there are N teams, then the number of matches will be
= N(N - 1)/2
Following are a few examples of league tournaments.
Advantages of league tournament
• As each team has to play with each remaining teams, luck does not work. Only merit
works.
• If a team loses a match, it can still make a comeback because it has to play other
matches as well.
• Unlike knock-out, there is less pressure on team members.
• Give better exposure to a player because he plays so many matches.
Disadvantages of league tournament
• It consumes a lot of time because of so many matches.
• Consumes a lot of resources.
• Costly.
• A decline in motivation caused by repeated defeats.
1.10 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Example
There are 8 teams in a certain league and each team plays each of the other teams exactly
once. If each game is played by 2 teams, what is the total number of games played?
Solution
Method 1
Total number of matches played among these 8 teams
= 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 21
As a consequence of these matches, 4 teams will lose and 4 teams will win.
Total number of matches among these 4 teams = 3 + 2 + 1 = 6
Further when these 4 teams play, 2 teams will be winner.
Total number of matches among these 3 teams = 1
Hence, total number of matches = 21 + 6 + 1 = 28
Method 2
If there are N teams, then the number of matches will be
= N(N – 1)/2
Here N = 8
Hence, number of matches = 8(8 – 1)/2 = 28
Problem
How many total match will be played in League Tournament when teams are ten (10)?
Answer: 45
Difference between knockout and league tournament
Knockout tournaments
• It typically has a higher level of excitement and tension as one loss can lead to
elimination from the competition.
• These are often used in sports where the outcome of one match can be heavily
influenced by luck, such as in soccer penalty shootouts.
• It tends to have a clear winner, whereas league tournaments may end in a tie for the first
place.
• These are shorter in duration, as they don't have as many matches as league
tournaments.
Example
There are 8 teams in a certain league and each team plays each of the other teams exactly
once. If each game is played by 2 teams, what is the total number of games played?
Solution
Method 1
Total number of matches played among these 8 teams
= 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 21
As a consequence of these matches, 4 teams will lose and 4 teams will win.
Total number of matches among these 4 teams = 3 + 2 + 1 = 6
Further when these 4 teams play, 2 teams will be winner.
Total number of matches among these 3 teams = 1
Hence, total number of matches = 21 + 6 + 1 = 28
Method 2
If there are N teams, then the number of matches will be
= N(N – 1)/2
Here N = 8
Hence, number of matches = 8(8 – 1)/2 = 28
Problem
How many total match will be played in League Tournament when teams are ten (10)?
Answer: 45
Difference between knockout and league tournament
Knockout tournaments
• It typically has a higher level of excitement and tension as one loss can lead to
elimination from the competition.
• These are often used in sports where the outcome of one match can be heavily
influenced by luck, such as in soccer penalty shootouts.
• It tends to have a clear winner, whereas league tournaments may end in a tie for the first
place.
• These are shorter in duration, as they don't have as many matches as league
tournaments.
1.11 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
League Tournaments
• It allows for a more fair and comprehensive assessment of a team or the player's
abilities as they play multiple matches against different opponents.
• These are often used in sports where the outcome of one match is less influenced by
luck, such as in chess or golf.
• These often have a promotion and relegation system, where teams that finish at the
bottom of the league are relegated to a lower league, and teams that finish at the top of a
lower league are promoted to a higher league.
• These are often more profitable for the organizers as they have more matches and thus
more opportunities for ticket and merchandise sales.
• These are often longer and more strenuous for players, as they have to play more
matches over an extended period of time.
COMBINATION TOURNAMENT
A mix of knock-out and league tournaments is called a combination tournament. It may be of
the following types:
Knock-out cum Knock-out
The teams are divided into four zones by a draw system. Then they play matches within their
zones using the knock-out system.
League Tournaments
• It allows for a more fair and comprehensive assessment of a team or the player's
abilities as they play multiple matches against different opponents.
• These are often used in sports where the outcome of one match is less influenced by
luck, such as in chess or golf.
• These often have a promotion and relegation system, where teams that finish at the
bottom of the league are relegated to a lower league, and teams that finish at the top of a
lower league are promoted to a higher league.
• These are often more profitable for the organizers as they have more matches and thus
more opportunities for ticket and merchandise sales.
• These are often longer and more strenuous for players, as they have to play more
matches over an extended period of time.
COMBINATION TOURNAMENT
A mix of knock-out and league tournaments is called a combination tournament. It may be of
the following types:
Knock-out cum Knock-out
The teams are divided into four zones by a draw system. Then they play matches within their
zones using the knock-out system.
1.12 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Phase 1: Knock-out system
Phase 2: Knock-out system for winner of zones
Knock-out cum league
In the first phase, teams of each zone play matches within their zone based on the knock-out
system. In the second phase, the winner of each zone plays with each other using a league
system.
Phase 1: Knock-out system
Phase 2: Knock-out system for winner of zones
Knock-out cum league
In the first phase, teams of each zone play matches within their zone based on the knock-out
system. In the second phase, the winner of each zone plays with each other using a league
system.
1.13 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
First phase: Knock-out system
A–B
A–C B–C
A–D B–D C–D
Second phase: League system for winners of zones
League cum knock-out
In the first phase, teams of each zone play matches within their zone based on the league
system. In the second phase, the winner of each zone plays with each other using a knock-out
system.
First phase: Knock-out system
A–B
A–C B–C
A–D B–D C–D
Second phase: League system for winners of zones
League cum knock-out
In the first phase, teams of each zone play matches within their zone based on the league
system. In the second phase, the winner of each zone plays with each other using a knock-out
system.
1.14 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Phase 1: League system
Phase 2: Knock-out system for winner of zones
League cum league
The teams are divided into four zones by a draw system. Then they play matches within their
zones using the league system.
Phase 1: League system
Phase 2: Knock-out system for winner of zones
League cum league
The teams are divided into four zones by a draw system. Then they play matches within their
zones using the league system.
1.15 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Phase 1: League system for zones
A–B
A–C B–C
A–D B–D C–D
Phase 2: League system for winners of zones
CHALLENGE TOURNAMENT
Higher seeded players are given challenge by lower seeded players. Following are a few
examples of challenge tournaments.
Phase 1: League system for zones
A–B
A–C B–C
A–D B–D C–D
Phase 2: League system for winners of zones
CHALLENGE TOURNAMENT
Higher seeded players are given challenge by lower seeded players. Following are a few
examples of challenge tournaments.
1.16 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
These are of three types:
• Ladder type
• Pyramid type
• Spider web type
FIXTURE
For a tournament is to be played, a planned system is needed. This planned system of
scheduling matches and deciding the action plan is called a fixture.
Knock-out Fixture
Step 1: Determine the total number of teams/byes
If these are in powers of two (i.e. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32) then no bye will be needed. Otherwise, a few
teams will be given byes as given below. Teams having byes will not play their first-round
matches.
Next power of 2 Total number of
teams
Number of byes
8 7 8 – 7 = 1
16 11 16 – 11 = 5
32 21 32 – 21 = 11
First bye → last team of Lower Half,
Second bye → first team of Upper Half,
Third bye → first team of Lower Half,
Fourth bye → last team of Upper Half
For even numbers–byes will be placed in Upper and Lower Half equally.
For odd numbers–byes will be placed in Upper Half
= (N – 1)/2
and in lower half
= (N + 1)/2.
Step 2: Determine the total number of matches
Use the formula
Total Number of Matches= Number of teams - 1
If there are eight teams, then the total number of matches will be 8 - 1 = 7.
These are of three types:
• Ladder type
• Pyramid type
• Spider web type
FIXTURE
For a tournament is to be played, a planned system is needed. This planned system of
scheduling matches and deciding the action plan is called a fixture.
Knock-out Fixture
Step 1: Determine the total number of teams/byes
If these are in powers of two (i.e. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32) then no bye will be needed. Otherwise, a few
teams will be given byes as given below. Teams having byes will not play their first-round
matches.
Next power of 2 Total number of
teams
Number of byes
8 7 8 – 7 = 1
16 11 16 – 11 = 5
32 21 32 – 21 = 11
First bye → last team of Lower Half,
Second bye → first team of Upper Half,
Third bye → first team of Lower Half,
Fourth bye → last team of Upper Half
For even numbers–byes will be placed in Upper and Lower Half equally.
For odd numbers–byes will be placed in Upper Half
= (N – 1)/2
and in lower half
= (N + 1)/2.
Step 2: Determine the total number of matches
Use the formula
Total Number of Matches= Number of teams - 1
If there are eight teams, then the total number of matches will be 8 - 1 = 7.
1.17 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Step 3: Deciding number of teams in each half
If the total number of teams is an even number
Number of teams in both upper and lower half = N/2
where N is the total number of teams.
If there are eight teams, then there will be 8/2 = 4 teams in each upper and lower half.
If the total number of teams in an odd number
Teams in upper half = (N + 1)/2
Teams in lower half = (N – 1)/2
If there are 13 teams, then teams in upper half will be (13 + 1)/2 = 7 and in lower half will be
(13 – 1)/2 = 6.
Example
There are eight teams in a tournament. Draw a fixture for a knock-out tournament.
Solution
Let teams are A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H.
As 8 is exactly 2
3
, no team will be given a bye.
Total number of rounds = 3 (as byes are being calculated from 2
3
i.e. 8 – 8 = 0)
Total number of matches = 8 – 1 = 7
Teams in upper half and lower half = 8/2 = 4
Let us draw the fixture.
Step 3: Deciding number of teams in each half
If the total number of teams is an even number
Number of teams in both upper and lower half = N/2
where N is the total number of teams.
If there are eight teams, then there will be 8/2 = 4 teams in each upper and lower half.
If the total number of teams in an odd number
Teams in upper half = (N + 1)/2
Teams in lower half = (N – 1)/2
If there are 13 teams, then teams in upper half will be (13 + 1)/2 = 7 and in lower half will be
(13 – 1)/2 = 6.
Example
There are eight teams in a tournament. Draw a fixture for a knock-out tournament.
Solution
Let teams are A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H.
As 8 is exactly 2
3
, no team will be given a bye.
Total number of rounds = 3 (as byes are being calculated from 2
3
i.e. 8 – 8 = 0)
Total number of matches = 8 – 1 = 7
Teams in upper half and lower half = 8/2 = 4
Let us draw the fixture.
1.18 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Round 1
4 matches
Round 2
2 matches
Round 3
1 match
We can just write match number in the diagram. It is not necessary to write name of winner
in the diagram.
Example (CBSE 2018)
Make a knock-out fixture for 11 teams.
Solution
Total number of teams = 11
Teams in upper half = (N + 1)/2 = (11 + 1)/2 = 6
Teams in lower half = (N- 1)/2 = (11 - 1)/2 = 5
Nearest power of 2 = 2
4
= 16
Number of byes = 16 - 11 = 5 byes
Byes in upper half = (NB - 1) = (5 - 1)/2 = 2
Round 1
4 matches
Round 2
2 matches
Round 3
1 match
We can just write match number in the diagram. It is not necessary to write name of winner
in the diagram.
Example (CBSE 2018)
Make a knock-out fixture for 11 teams.
Solution
Total number of teams = 11
Teams in upper half = (N + 1)/2 = (11 + 1)/2 = 6
Teams in lower half = (N- 1)/2 = (11 - 1)/2 = 5
Nearest power of 2 = 2
4
= 16
Number of byes = 16 - 11 = 5 byes
Byes in upper half = (NB - 1) = (5 - 1)/2 = 2
1.19 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Byes in lower half = (NB + 1)/2 = (5 + 1)/2 = 3
Example (2018, 2020)
There are 19 teams in a tournament where 4 teams are to be seeded. Draw the fixture.
Solution
Total number of matches=19 - 1= 18
Number of teams in upper half = (N + 1)/2 = (19 + 1)/2 =10
Number of teams in lower half = (19 – 1)/2 = 9
Total number of byes = 32 – 19 = 13 [as 19 > 16 but < 32]
Number of byes in upper half = (13 – 1)/2 = 6
Number of byes in lower half = (13 + 1)/2 =7
Number of rounds = 5 (as 2
5
= 32)
Seeding
2 teams in upper half with byes
2 teams in lower half with byes
Byes in lower half = (NB + 1)/2 = (5 + 1)/2 = 3
Example (2018, 2020)
There are 19 teams in a tournament where 4 teams are to be seeded. Draw the fixture.
Solution
Total number of matches=19 - 1= 18
Number of teams in upper half = (N + 1)/2 = (19 + 1)/2 =10
Number of teams in lower half = (19 – 1)/2 = 9
Total number of byes = 32 – 19 = 13 [as 19 > 16 but < 32]
Number of byes in upper half = (13 – 1)/2 = 6
Number of byes in lower half = (13 + 1)/2 =7
Number of rounds = 5 (as 2
5
= 32)
Seeding
2 teams in upper half with byes
2 teams in lower half with byes
1.20 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Match numbers are shown in circles.
Example (CBSE 2020)
Draw a knock out fixture for 25 teams with all steps involved.
Solution
Total number of teams, N = 25
Total number of matches = N - 1 = 25 - 1 = 24
Number of teams in upper half = (N + 1)/2 = (25 + 1)/2 = 13
Number of teams in lower half = (N - 1)/2 = (25 - 1)/2 = 12
Total number of byes = 32 - 25 = 7 byes
Number of byes in upper half = (NB - 1)/2 = (7 - 1)/2 = 3
Number of byes in lower half = (NB + 1)/2 = (7 + 1)/2 = 4
Number of rounds = 2
5
= 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 i.e. 5 rounds.
Match numbers are shown in circles.
Example (CBSE 2020)
Draw a knock out fixture for 25 teams with all steps involved.
Solution
Total number of teams, N = 25
Total number of matches = N - 1 = 25 - 1 = 24
Number of teams in upper half = (N + 1)/2 = (25 + 1)/2 = 13
Number of teams in lower half = (N - 1)/2 = (25 - 1)/2 = 12
Total number of byes = 32 - 25 = 7 byes
Number of byes in upper half = (NB - 1)/2 = (7 - 1)/2 = 3
Number of byes in lower half = (NB + 1)/2 = (7 + 1)/2 = 4
Number of rounds = 2
5
= 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 i.e. 5 rounds.
1.21 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Single League or Round Robin fixture
We know that here every team will play with every team at least once.
Total number of matches= N(N - 1)/2
Suppose there are 7 teams playing a single league match.
Number of matches = 7 x (7 - 1)/2 = 21
Round
1
Round
2
Round
3
Round
4
Round
5
Round
6
A–B
A–C B–C
A–D B–D C–D
A–E B–E C–E D–E
A–F B–F C–F D–F E–F
A–G B–G C–G D–G E–G F–G
Now, points are awarded to the teams, and a winner is chosen based on the highest points.
Single League or Round Robin fixture
We know that here every team will play with every team at least once.
Total number of matches= N(N - 1)/2
Suppose there are 7 teams playing a single league match.
Number of matches = 7 x (7 - 1)/2 = 21
Round
1
Round
2
Round
3
Round
4
Round
5
Round
6
A–B
A–C B–C
A–D B–D C–D
A–E B–E C–E D–E
A–F B–F C–F D–F E–F
A–G B–G C–G D–G E–G F–G
Now, points are awarded to the teams, and a winner is chosen based on the highest points.
1.22 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
For example, a win in the match will fetch 5 points, lose will fetch 0 and a draw will fetch 3
points.
A table is drawn as shown below.
S. No. Teams Match
played
Match
won
Match
lost
Draw Total points Rank
1 A 6 2 2 2 16 II
2 B 6 4 0 2 26 I
and so on….
Cyclic Method
In Cyclic Method, one team will be fixed in position (team 1 or bye) and the other will be
placed in rotation (clock-wise) to complete the cycle.
Teams are even numbered
Total number of rounds = N – 1 where N is the number of teams.
Number of byes = 0
Let there are 6 teams. Number of rounds = 6 – 1 = 5
No byes.
Round
I
Round
II
Round
III
Round
IV
Round
V 61
52
43
51
46
32 41
35
26 31
24
65 21
63
54
We see that 6 pushes 2, 2 pushes 3 and so on. Position of 1 is fixed. The process is continued
till 2 goes to top of left side.
Teams are odd numbered
One bye will be given to one team in one round and to another team in the next round.
Here, total number of round = total number of teams
Suppose there are 5 teams. Total number of round will be 5.
For example, a win in the match will fetch 5 points, lose will fetch 0 and a draw will fetch 3
points.
A table is drawn as shown below.
S. No. Teams Match
played
Match
won
Match
lost
Draw Total points Rank
1 A 6 2 2 2 16 II
2 B 6 4 0 2 26 I
and so on….
Cyclic Method
In Cyclic Method, one team will be fixed in position (team 1 or bye) and the other will be
placed in rotation (clock-wise) to complete the cycle.
Teams are even numbered
Total number of rounds = N – 1 where N is the number of teams.
Number of byes = 0
Let there are 6 teams. Number of rounds = 6 – 1 = 5
No byes.
Round
I
Round
II
Round
III
Round
IV
Round
V 61
52
43
51
46
32 41
35
26 31
24
65 21
63
54
We see that 6 pushes 2, 2 pushes 3 and so on. Position of 1 is fixed. The process is continued
till 2 goes to top of left side.
Teams are odd numbered
One bye will be given to one team in one round and to another team in the next round.
Here, total number of round = total number of teams
Suppose there are 5 teams. Total number of round will be 5.
1.23 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Round
I
Round
II
Round
III
Round
IV
Round
V 5
41
32
B
4
35
21
B 3
24
15
B 2
13
54
B 1
52
43
B
Staircase Method
In the staircase method, fixtures are made just like a ladder or a staircase. This method is the
easiest because no bye is given to any team and there is no problem of odd and even number of
teams.
For 9 teams, the solution will look like:
Example (CBSE 2019)
Draw a Fixture of 9 teams on the basis of league tournament using cyclic method.
Solution
Total Number of team = 9
Total Number of Match =N (N - 1)/2 = 9 (9 - 1)/2 =36 matches
Total number rounds = 9
Round
1
Round
2
Round
3
Round
4
Round
5
Round
6
Round
7
Round
8
Round
9
9↔Bye
8↔1
7↔2
6↔3
5↔4
8↔Bye
7↔9
6↔l
5↔2
4↔3
7↔Bye
6↔8
5↔9
4↔l
3↔2
6↔Bye
5↔7
4↔8
3↔9
2↔1
5↔Bye
4↔6
3↔7
2↔8
1↔9
4↔Bye
3↔5
2↔6
1↔7
9↔8
3↔Bye
2↔4
1↔5
9↔6
8↔7
2↔Bye
1↔3
9↔4
8↔5
7↔6
1↔Bye
9↔2
8↔3
7↔4
6↔5
Round
I
Round
II
Round
III
Round
IV
Round
V 5
41
32
B
4
35
21
B 3
24
15
B 2
13
54
B 1
52
43
B
Staircase Method
In the staircase method, fixtures are made just like a ladder or a staircase. This method is the
easiest because no bye is given to any team and there is no problem of odd and even number of
teams.
For 9 teams, the solution will look like:
Example (CBSE 2019)
Draw a Fixture of 9 teams on the basis of league tournament using cyclic method.
Solution
Total Number of team = 9
Total Number of Match =N (N - 1)/2 = 9 (9 - 1)/2 =36 matches
Total number rounds = 9
Round
1
Round
2
Round
3
Round
4
Round
5
Round
6
Round
7
Round
8
Round
9
9↔Bye
8↔1
7↔2
6↔3
5↔4
8↔Bye
7↔9
6↔l
5↔2
4↔3
7↔Bye
6↔8
5↔9
4↔l
3↔2
6↔Bye
5↔7
4↔8
3↔9
2↔1
5↔Bye
4↔6
3↔7
2↔8
1↔9
4↔Bye
3↔5
2↔6
1↔7
9↔8
3↔Bye
2↔4
1↔5
9↔6
8↔7
2↔Bye
1↔3
9↔4
8↔5
7↔6
1↔Bye
9↔2
8↔3
7↔4
6↔5
1.24 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Example (CBSE 2029)
Draw a fixture of 12 teams on a league basis according to the staircase method.
Solution
See following figure which is self-explanatory.
Example (CBSE 2023)
On the basis of given fixture, answer the following questions:
(a) Which method is shown in the picture to draw fixture in league tournament ?
(b)What is the formula to calculate number of matches ?
(c)In league or Round Robin Tournament winner will be decided on the basis
(d) If 7 teams participate in a league Tournament, _________ number of matches will be
played.
Example (CBSE 2029)
Draw a fixture of 12 teams on a league basis according to the staircase method.
Solution
See following figure which is self-explanatory.
Example (CBSE 2023)
On the basis of given fixture, answer the following questions:
(a) Which method is shown in the picture to draw fixture in league tournament ?
(b)What is the formula to calculate number of matches ?
(c)In league or Round Robin Tournament winner will be decided on the basis
(d) If 7 teams participate in a league Tournament, _________ number of matches will be
played.
1.25 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Solution
a. In this picture stair case method is used to draw fixture in league tournament.
b. The formula to calculate number of matches is N(N-1)/2.
c. In league or Round Robin Tournament winner will be decided based on maximum
points scored by a team in the tournament.
d. If 7 teams participate in a league Tournament, 21 number of matches will be played.
INTRAMURAL TOURNAMENTS
• The word ‘Intramural’ is made up of two Latin words—‘Intra (inside)’ + ‘Mural (wall)’.
• Hence, ‘Intramural’ means ‘Inside the wall’.
• Thus, organisation of physical activities for the students within their institution is called
‘Intramural Meet’.
• The students of the institution (say a school) are divided into various houses.
• Intramural tournaments are the competitions conducted within the same institution.
Objectives/advantages/significance of Intramural Tournaments
• To encourage participation in sports in an institution.
• It encourages an all-round growth and development of children.
• To develop values and personality like fair play, respect, friendship, honesty, leadership
etc. through sports.
• To provide an opportunity to compete within four walls on institution.
• To focus on fitness, wellness and health aspects of children.
• Sources of entertainment.
• Induce Discipline and practicality.
• Develops Social skills.
• Better use of leisure time.
Planning of intramural tournament
When planning for an intramural tournament, following things are considered:
• Time: How much time is available for the tournament
• Activities: Which activities students are interested in
• Tournament type: Assigning the right type of tournament for the activity
• Cooperation: Getting help from teachers and administration
Problems encountered in intramural tournament
• Limited participation: Some students might not participate
Solution
a. In this picture stair case method is used to draw fixture in league tournament.
b. The formula to calculate number of matches is N(N-1)/2.
c. In league or Round Robin Tournament winner will be decided based on maximum
points scored by a team in the tournament.
d. If 7 teams participate in a league Tournament, 21 number of matches will be played.
INTRAMURAL TOURNAMENTS
• The word ‘Intramural’ is made up of two Latin words—‘Intra (inside)’ + ‘Mural (wall)’.
• Hence, ‘Intramural’ means ‘Inside the wall’.
• Thus, organisation of physical activities for the students within their institution is called
‘Intramural Meet’.
• The students of the institution (say a school) are divided into various houses.
• Intramural tournaments are the competitions conducted within the same institution.
Objectives/advantages/significance of Intramural Tournaments
• To encourage participation in sports in an institution.
• It encourages an all-round growth and development of children.
• To develop values and personality like fair play, respect, friendship, honesty, leadership
etc. through sports.
• To provide an opportunity to compete within four walls on institution.
• To focus on fitness, wellness and health aspects of children.
• Sources of entertainment.
• Induce Discipline and practicality.
• Develops Social skills.
• Better use of leisure time.
Planning of intramural tournament
When planning for an intramural tournament, following things are considered:
• Time: How much time is available for the tournament
• Activities: Which activities students are interested in
• Tournament type: Assigning the right type of tournament for the activity
• Cooperation: Getting help from teachers and administration
Problems encountered in intramural tournament
• Limited participation: Some students might not participate
1.26 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
• Time constraints: There might not be enough time for the tournament
• Injury risk: There might be a risk of injury
• Competitive pressure: Students might feel competitive pressure
• Limited resources: There might not be enough resources
EXTRAMURAL TOURNAMENTS
• Extramural competitions are conducted between the students of two or more institution.
• In Extramural competitions selected players represent their institution to show their skill
and bring honour to their institution.
• Examples of Extramural Competitions arc Inter College. Inter University etc.
Objectives/advantages/significance of Extramural Tournaments
• To achieve high performance
• To develop the feeling of integration with other institutions
• To provide opportunities for choosing a career in sports
• To promote social, cultural, economic development through sports.
• Sources of entertainment.
• Induce Discipline and practicality.
• Develops Social skills.
• Better use of leisure time.
COMMUNITY SPORTS PROGRAM
Sports Day
• National Sports Day is celebrated in India on August 29th to mark the birth
anniversary of hockey legend, Major Dhyan Chand.
Major Dhyan Chand
• National Sports Day is also dedicated to the nation's sports heroes.
• Time constraints: There might not be enough time for the tournament
• Injury risk: There might be a risk of injury
• Competitive pressure: Students might feel competitive pressure
• Limited resources: There might not be enough resources
EXTRAMURAL TOURNAMENTS
• Extramural competitions are conducted between the students of two or more institution.
• In Extramural competitions selected players represent their institution to show their skill
and bring honour to their institution.
• Examples of Extramural Competitions arc Inter College. Inter University etc.
Objectives/advantages/significance of Extramural Tournaments
• To achieve high performance
• To develop the feeling of integration with other institutions
• To provide opportunities for choosing a career in sports
• To promote social, cultural, economic development through sports.
• Sources of entertainment.
• Induce Discipline and practicality.
• Develops Social skills.
• Better use of leisure time.
COMMUNITY SPORTS PROGRAM
Sports Day
• National Sports Day is celebrated in India on August 29th to mark the birth
anniversary of hockey legend, Major Dhyan Chand.
Major Dhyan Chand
• National Sports Day is also dedicated to the nation's sports heroes.
1.27 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
• The aim is to highlight the values of sports: discipline, perseverance, sportsman spirit,
teamwork, and to encourage the public at large to take up sports and make it an integral
part of their lives.
Health Run
• The purpose of health run is improving the health standards in society and creating
awareness about the importance of physical activities for maintaining good health.
• The purpose is not to win, but to participate.
• There is no age limit to increase registrations.
• It can be conducted by an NGO or by health departments.
Run for Fun
• The aim is to spread message of staying fit and healthy.
• Another purpose may be to raise fund for a good cause.
• No age limit.
• Examples of such races are lemon and spoon race, sack race, parent and child race,
teacher and child race, banana race, road running etc.
Run for Specific Cause
• The aim is to spread awareness about social issues like cleanliness, promoting green
environment, to help a person suffering from serious disease etc.
• It highlights the importance of charity.
• It may be conducted for a specific cause like cancer, AIDS, gender inequality etc.
Run for Unity
• To show unity and peace among the people of different religion.
• Its purpose may be national and international integration and brotherhood.
• The aim is to highlight the values of sports: discipline, perseverance, sportsman spirit,
teamwork, and to encourage the public at large to take up sports and make it an integral
part of their lives.
Health Run
• The purpose of health run is improving the health standards in society and creating
awareness about the importance of physical activities for maintaining good health.
• The purpose is not to win, but to participate.
• There is no age limit to increase registrations.
• It can be conducted by an NGO or by health departments.
Run for Fun
• The aim is to spread message of staying fit and healthy.
• Another purpose may be to raise fund for a good cause.
• No age limit.
• Examples of such races are lemon and spoon race, sack race, parent and child race,
teacher and child race, banana race, road running etc.
Run for Specific Cause
• The aim is to spread awareness about social issues like cleanliness, promoting green
environment, to help a person suffering from serious disease etc.
• It highlights the importance of charity.
• It may be conducted for a specific cause like cancer, AIDS, gender inequality etc.
Run for Unity
• To show unity and peace among the people of different religion.
• Its purpose may be national and international integration and brotherhood.
1.28 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
QUESTIONS
Q.1. Define Planning. (NCERT)
Answer: It is the basic function of sports management. It primarily deals with making strategy
to achieve the desired goal.
Q.2. Explain objective of planning related to budget. (NCERT)
Answer: The objectives of planning related to sports budgets are to ensure that the allocated
funds are utilized effectively and efficiently to achieve the desired goals of the sports program.
Q.3. What should be the role of technical committee while organizing the event. (NCERT)
Answer: This committee selects various officials such as referees, judges, umpires, etc.
Q.4. Explain the role of marketing committee during the event. (NCERT)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.5. Differentiate between knockout and league tournament. (NCERT)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.6. Write merits of league tournament. (NCERT)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.7. Write any two types of Run. (NCERT)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.8. Write the objectives of Intramural. (NCERT)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.9. Write the significance of Extramural Tournaments. (NCERT)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.10. How would you plan for an Intramural Tournament? Highlight any two problems you
may encounter. How will you deal with them? (NCERT)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.11. Discuss a method you would choose to spread health awareness and harmony in your
area. Support your answer with reasons. (NCERT)
Hint: Use mass media, Start a community health challenge, Use social media, connect with
people.
Q.12. What do you understand by planning in sports? (CBSE 2019, 1 mark)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.13. What is a fixture? Give the benefits of knock-out tournament. (CBSE 2018)
Answer: Described in this module.
QUESTIONS
Q.1. Define Planning. (NCERT)
Answer: It is the basic function of sports management. It primarily deals with making strategy
to achieve the desired goal.
Q.2. Explain objective of planning related to budget. (NCERT)
Answer: The objectives of planning related to sports budgets are to ensure that the allocated
funds are utilized effectively and efficiently to achieve the desired goals of the sports program.
Q.3. What should be the role of technical committee while organizing the event. (NCERT)
Answer: This committee selects various officials such as referees, judges, umpires, etc.
Q.4. Explain the role of marketing committee during the event. (NCERT)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.5. Differentiate between knockout and league tournament. (NCERT)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.6. Write merits of league tournament. (NCERT)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.7. Write any two types of Run. (NCERT)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.8. Write the objectives of Intramural. (NCERT)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.9. Write the significance of Extramural Tournaments. (NCERT)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.10. How would you plan for an Intramural Tournament? Highlight any two problems you
may encounter. How will you deal with them? (NCERT)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.11. Discuss a method you would choose to spread health awareness and harmony in your
area. Support your answer with reasons. (NCERT)
Hint: Use mass media, Start a community health challenge, Use social media, connect with
people.
Q.12. What do you understand by planning in sports? (CBSE 2019, 1 mark)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.13. What is a fixture? Give the benefits of knock-out tournament. (CBSE 2018)
Answer: Described in this module.
1.29 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Q.14. Define the fixture and explain various types of tournaments. (CBSE 2017, 3 marks)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.15. Define the terms Bye and seeding. (CBSE 2018)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.16. Discuss the method of fixing byes in knock-out tournaments. (CBSE 2012, 3 marks)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.17. Make a knock-out fixture for 11 teams. (CBSE 2018)
Answer: Solved in this module.
Q.18. Mention the pre and post tournament works for organising a sports event. (2011, 2020, 5
marks).
Answer: Solved in this module.
Q.19. Discuss the role of various committees and their responsibilities to organise national
level sports events. (CBSE 2019, 5 marks).
Answer: Described in this module. See responsibilities of committees.
Q.20. Prepare a knock-out fixture for 19 teams, keeping in mind the 4 seeded teams. (CBSE
2028, 2020)
Answer: Solved in this module.
Q.21. What are knockout tournaments? Draw a knockout fixture for19 teams, mentioning all
the steps involved. (CBSE 2020, Set 2, 5 marks)
Answer: Solved in this module.
Q.22. What is the formula for calculating total number of byes in a knockout tournament?
(CBSE 2024, 4 marks)
Q.23. Draw a knock out fixture for 25 teams with all steps involved. (CBSE 2020, Set 1, 2
marks)
Answer: Solved in this module.
Q.24. Discuss various methods used for drawing fixtures in league tournament. (CBSE 2012, 5
marks)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.25. What is League tournament? Draw a Fixture of 9 teams on the basis of league
tournament using cyclic method. Explain British method to declare the winner. (CBSE 2019,
Set 1, 5 marks).
Answer: Solved in this module.
Q.14. Define the fixture and explain various types of tournaments. (CBSE 2017, 3 marks)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.15. Define the terms Bye and seeding. (CBSE 2018)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.16. Discuss the method of fixing byes in knock-out tournaments. (CBSE 2012, 3 marks)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.17. Make a knock-out fixture for 11 teams. (CBSE 2018)
Answer: Solved in this module.
Q.18. Mention the pre and post tournament works for organising a sports event. (2011, 2020, 5
marks).
Answer: Solved in this module.
Q.19. Discuss the role of various committees and their responsibilities to organise national
level sports events. (CBSE 2019, 5 marks).
Answer: Described in this module. See responsibilities of committees.
Q.20. Prepare a knock-out fixture for 19 teams, keeping in mind the 4 seeded teams. (CBSE
2028, 2020)
Answer: Solved in this module.
Q.21. What are knockout tournaments? Draw a knockout fixture for19 teams, mentioning all
the steps involved. (CBSE 2020, Set 2, 5 marks)
Answer: Solved in this module.
Q.22. What is the formula for calculating total number of byes in a knockout tournament?
(CBSE 2024, 4 marks)
Q.23. Draw a knock out fixture for 25 teams with all steps involved. (CBSE 2020, Set 1, 2
marks)
Answer: Solved in this module.
Q.24. Discuss various methods used for drawing fixtures in league tournament. (CBSE 2012, 5
marks)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.25. What is League tournament? Draw a Fixture of 9 teams on the basis of league
tournament using cyclic method. Explain British method to declare the winner. (CBSE 2019,
Set 1, 5 marks).
Answer: Solved in this module.
1.30 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
According to British system, winner will be awarded 2 points, draw will get 1 and a loser will
be given 0 points.
Q.26. Draw a fixture of 12 teams on a league basis according to the staircase method. How will
you decide the winner in a league tournament? (CBSE 2019, Set 2, 5 marks)
Answer: Solved in this module.
The winner of a league tournament is determined by the number of points a team earns, either
using the British method or the American method:
• British method. The percentage of points a team earns is calculated using the formula:
(Total points obtained ÷ Total possible points) × 100. Points are awarded as follows: 2
points for a win, 1 point for a draw, and 0 points for a loss.
• American method. The percentage of matches a team wins is calculated using the
formula: (Match won ÷ Match played) × 100. Ties are not considered in this method.
Q.27. Suggest any two disadvantages of league tournament. (CBSE 2019, 1 mark).
Answer:
• League tournaments require more money as more arrangements have to be made due to
more number of matches.
• It requires more time due to the large number of matches to be held during the
tournament.
Q.28. What are the advantages of league tournament? (CBSE 2019, 3 mark).
Answer:
• Only strong or deserving team gets victory in the tournament.
• Every team gets maximum opportunities to show its efficiency or performance.
• It is easier for the sports officials to decide the winner.
• A team does not need to wait to win against another team for playing a match and only
strong teams get victory.
Q.29. League tournament is a better way to judge the best team of the tournament. Comment.
(CBSE 2020, 3 marks)
Answer: A league tournament is also known as round robin tournament. In this type of
tournament, all teams play against each other irrespective of winning or losing. In single league
tournament all participating teams compete once, with each other, where as in double league,
each team plays with every other team twice, without any consideration of victory or defeat.
Q.30. Briefly explain the functions of Directing and Controlling to organize sports event.
(CBSE, 2023, 3 marks)
According to British system, winner will be awarded 2 points, draw will get 1 and a loser will
be given 0 points.
Q.26. Draw a fixture of 12 teams on a league basis according to the staircase method. How will
you decide the winner in a league tournament? (CBSE 2019, Set 2, 5 marks)
Answer: Solved in this module.
The winner of a league tournament is determined by the number of points a team earns, either
using the British method or the American method:
• British method. The percentage of points a team earns is calculated using the formula:
(Total points obtained ÷ Total possible points) × 100. Points are awarded as follows: 2
points for a win, 1 point for a draw, and 0 points for a loss.
• American method. The percentage of matches a team wins is calculated using the
formula: (Match won ÷ Match played) × 100. Ties are not considered in this method.
Q.27. Suggest any two disadvantages of league tournament. (CBSE 2019, 1 mark).
Answer:
• League tournaments require more money as more arrangements have to be made due to
more number of matches.
• It requires more time due to the large number of matches to be held during the
tournament.
Q.28. What are the advantages of league tournament? (CBSE 2019, 3 mark).
Answer:
• Only strong or deserving team gets victory in the tournament.
• Every team gets maximum opportunities to show its efficiency or performance.
• It is easier for the sports officials to decide the winner.
• A team does not need to wait to win against another team for playing a match and only
strong teams get victory.
Q.29. League tournament is a better way to judge the best team of the tournament. Comment.
(CBSE 2020, 3 marks)
Answer: A league tournament is also known as round robin tournament. In this type of
tournament, all teams play against each other irrespective of winning or losing. In single league
tournament all participating teams compete once, with each other, where as in double league,
each team plays with every other team twice, without any consideration of victory or defeat.
Q.30. Briefly explain the functions of Directing and Controlling to organize sports event.
(CBSE, 2023, 3 marks)
1.31 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
• Directing. It is actually the life-spark of sports management because it activates people
to give their best as a result of good planning, organizing and staffing. Direction has the
following elements: (i) Supervision (ii) Motivation (iii) Leadership (iv) Communication
• Controlling. It measures accomplishment against the standards so as to monitor the
performance and decide the future course of action. It has these steps: (i) Establishment
of standard performance (ii) Measurement of actual performance (iii) Comparison of
actual performance with the standards and (iv) Corrective action
Q.31. On the basis of given fixture, answer the following questions:
(a) Which method is shown in the picture to draw fixture in league tournament ? (b)What is the
formula to calculate number of matches ? (c)In league or Round Robin Tournament winner will
be decided on the basis (d) If 7 teams participate in a league Tournament, _________ number
of matches will be played. (CBSE 2023)
Answer: Solved in this module.
Q.32. Study the table given below :
Based on the above study and your knowledge, answer the following questions :
(a) League Tournament is also known as _____________.
(b) Identify the method used in the above fixture.
(c) How many rounds will be played if 6 teams are participating in a league tournament ?
(d) How many matches are played is the above fixture ? (CBSE 2024, 4 marks)
• Directing. It is actually the life-spark of sports management because it activates people
to give their best as a result of good planning, organizing and staffing. Direction has the
following elements: (i) Supervision (ii) Motivation (iii) Leadership (iv) Communication
• Controlling. It measures accomplishment against the standards so as to monitor the
performance and decide the future course of action. It has these steps: (i) Establishment
of standard performance (ii) Measurement of actual performance (iii) Comparison of
actual performance with the standards and (iv) Corrective action
Q.31. On the basis of given fixture, answer the following questions:
(a) Which method is shown in the picture to draw fixture in league tournament ? (b)What is the
formula to calculate number of matches ? (c)In league or Round Robin Tournament winner will
be decided on the basis (d) If 7 teams participate in a league Tournament, _________ number
of matches will be played. (CBSE 2023)
Answer: Solved in this module.
Q.32. Study the table given below :
Based on the above study and your knowledge, answer the following questions :
(a) League Tournament is also known as _____________.
(b) Identify the method used in the above fixture.
(c) How many rounds will be played if 6 teams are participating in a league tournament ?
(d) How many matches are played is the above fixture ? (CBSE 2024, 4 marks)
1.32 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Answer: (a) Round Robin
(b) Cyclic method
(c) Rounds for 6 teams = N - 1 = 6 - 1 = 5
(d) Matches = N(N - 1)/2 = 7(7 - 1)/2 = 21
Q.33. Study the fixture given below:
On the basis of the above study and your knowledge, answer the following questions :
(a) According to the above fixture total number of rounds will be
(b) As shown in the fixture if the winner team plays least number of matches, then which
number of team is the winner ?
(c) What is the formula for calculating number of matches in a knockout tournament ?
(d) If 19 teams are participating in a knockout tournament, then how many byes will be given
to draw a knockout fixture ? (CBSE 2024, 4 marks)
Answer:
(a) To determine the total number of rounds in a knockout tournament, we need to look at the
structure of the fixture. Each round halves the number of teams until one team remains. The
total number of rounds will be 4.
(b) To find the winner team that plays the least number of matches, we need to trace the path of
the team that receives the most byes. The winner team that plays the least number of matches is
team number 14.
(c) The formula for calculating the number of matches in a knockout tournament is (N-1),
where N is the number of teams.
(d) To calculate the number of byes in a knockout tournament with 19 teams, we need to find
the next power of 2 greater than 19, which is 32 (i.e. 2
5
). The number of byes is 32 - 19 = 13.
Q.34. Explain the responsibilities of any four committees required to organize a sports event.
(CBSE 2023)
Answer: (a) Round Robin
(b) Cyclic method
(c) Rounds for 6 teams = N - 1 = 6 - 1 = 5
(d) Matches = N(N - 1)/2 = 7(7 - 1)/2 = 21
Q.33. Study the fixture given below:
On the basis of the above study and your knowledge, answer the following questions :
(a) According to the above fixture total number of rounds will be
(b) As shown in the fixture if the winner team plays least number of matches, then which
number of team is the winner ?
(c) What is the formula for calculating number of matches in a knockout tournament ?
(d) If 19 teams are participating in a knockout tournament, then how many byes will be given
to draw a knockout fixture ? (CBSE 2024, 4 marks)
Answer:
(a) To determine the total number of rounds in a knockout tournament, we need to look at the
structure of the fixture. Each round halves the number of teams until one team remains. The
total number of rounds will be 4.
(b) To find the winner team that plays the least number of matches, we need to trace the path of
the team that receives the most byes. The winner team that plays the least number of matches is
team number 14.
(c) The formula for calculating the number of matches in a knockout tournament is (N-1),
where N is the number of teams.
(d) To calculate the number of byes in a knockout tournament with 19 teams, we need to find
the next power of 2 greater than 19, which is 32 (i.e. 2
5
). The number of byes is 32 - 19 = 13.
Q.34. Explain the responsibilities of any four committees required to organize a sports event.
(CBSE 2023)
1.33 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.35. Explain the responsibilities of any two committees during sports competition. (CBSE
2024, 3 marks)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.36. What do you understand by intramural and extramural sports ? Write any two objectives
for each. (CBSE 2024, 4 marks)
Q.37. Give two objectives of Extramural Activities. (CBSE 2019, 1 mark)
Answer:
• To develop the feeling of integration with other institutions
• To provide opportunities for choosing a career in sports
Q.38. Describe any two Specific sports programmes. (CBSE 2020, 3 marks)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.39. Briefly explain ‘Health Run’. (CBSE 2024, 2 marks)
Q.40. How ‘Sports Day’ and ‘Health Run’ contribute to spread health awareness and harmony?
Explain. (CBSE 2024, 4 marks)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The total number of matches in a knockout tournament of 34 teams are
(a) 31 (b) 32
(c) 33* (d) 35 (CBSE 2020)
Hint: N - 1
2. What is the formula to calculate the number of matches in a single league tournament?
(2020)
(a) N – 1 (b) N(N – 1)
(c) N(N – 1)/2* (d) 2N – N
3. Which one of the following is an advantage of the round robin tournament?
(a) Time consuming (b) More number of officials
(c) Expensive (d) Decides the real strong team* (CBSE 2020)
4. When a team is promoted to quarter/semi-final due to its win in previous tournament, it is
called
(a) seeding* (b) bye
(c) robin round (d) none of these
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.35. Explain the responsibilities of any two committees during sports competition. (CBSE
2024, 3 marks)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.36. What do you understand by intramural and extramural sports ? Write any two objectives
for each. (CBSE 2024, 4 marks)
Q.37. Give two objectives of Extramural Activities. (CBSE 2019, 1 mark)
Answer:
• To develop the feeling of integration with other institutions
• To provide opportunities for choosing a career in sports
Q.38. Describe any two Specific sports programmes. (CBSE 2020, 3 marks)
Answer: Described in this module.
Q.39. Briefly explain ‘Health Run’. (CBSE 2024, 2 marks)
Q.40. How ‘Sports Day’ and ‘Health Run’ contribute to spread health awareness and harmony?
Explain. (CBSE 2024, 4 marks)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The total number of matches in a knockout tournament of 34 teams are
(a) 31 (b) 32
(c) 33* (d) 35 (CBSE 2020)
Hint: N - 1
2. What is the formula to calculate the number of matches in a single league tournament?
(2020)
(a) N – 1 (b) N(N – 1)
(c) N(N – 1)/2* (d) 2N – N
3. Which one of the following is an advantage of the round robin tournament?
(a) Time consuming (b) More number of officials
(c) Expensive (d) Decides the real strong team* (CBSE 2020)
4. When a team is promoted to quarter/semi-final due to its win in previous tournament, it is
called
(a) seeding* (b) bye
(c) robin round (d) none of these
1.34 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
5. When number of teams are odd then a few teams play from second round and onwards. This
is called
(a) seeding (b) bye*
(c) robin round (d) knock-out
6. Types of combination tournaments are
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4*
7. The basic function of management is:
(a) Planning* (b) Budgeting
(c) Staffing (d) Organising (NCERT)
8. In sports planning, when a procedure is defined, it is called:
(a) goal setting (b) policy formulation
(c) laying down rules and regulations (d) defining course of action* (NCERT)
9. Which committee deals with media
(a) Marketing* (b) Logistics
(c) Technical (d) Finance (NCERT)
10. Which committee is responsible for purchase of sports equipments
(a) Technical (b) Logistics
(c) Marketing (d) Finance* (NCERT)
11. Publication of rules and regulations should be done:
(a) Pre event* (b) During event
(c) Post event (d) Any time during the event (NCERT)
12. In ––––, after losing a single match, a team is eliminated.
(a) Knockout tournament* (b) League tournament
(c) Round Robin tournament (d) None of above (NCERT)
13. Which of the following tournament saves time and money
(a) League tournament (b) Knockout tournament*
(c) Combination tournament (d) Round Robin tournament (NCERT)
14. Which of the following tournament gives better exposure to players
(a) League tournament* (b) Knockout tournament
(c) Combination tournament (d) Round Robin tournament (NCERT)
5. When number of teams are odd then a few teams play from second round and onwards. This
is called
(a) seeding (b) bye*
(c) robin round (d) knock-out
6. Types of combination tournaments are
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4*
7. The basic function of management is:
(a) Planning* (b) Budgeting
(c) Staffing (d) Organising (NCERT)
8. In sports planning, when a procedure is defined, it is called:
(a) goal setting (b) policy formulation
(c) laying down rules and regulations (d) defining course of action* (NCERT)
9. Which committee deals with media
(a) Marketing* (b) Logistics
(c) Technical (d) Finance (NCERT)
10. Which committee is responsible for purchase of sports equipments
(a) Technical (b) Logistics
(c) Marketing (d) Finance* (NCERT)
11. Publication of rules and regulations should be done:
(a) Pre event* (b) During event
(c) Post event (d) Any time during the event (NCERT)
12. In ––––, after losing a single match, a team is eliminated.
(a) Knockout tournament* (b) League tournament
(c) Round Robin tournament (d) None of above (NCERT)
13. Which of the following tournament saves time and money
(a) League tournament (b) Knockout tournament*
(c) Combination tournament (d) Round Robin tournament (NCERT)
14. Which of the following tournament gives better exposure to players
(a) League tournament* (b) Knockout tournament
(c) Combination tournament (d) Round Robin tournament (NCERT)
1.35 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
15. Which of the following tournament is costly
(a) League tournament* (b) Knockout tournament
(c) Combination tournament (d) Round Robin tournament
16. A suitable and systematic process for fixtures would be
(a) Round robin* (b) Bye to top teams
(c) Draw of lots (d) Choice (NCERT)
17. Responsibility for Distribution of certificate should be the role of
(a) Logistics Committee (b) Marketing Committee
(c) Finance Committee (d) Technical Committee* (NCERT)
18. The purpose for conducting a community run is for
(a) Talent identification (b) Run for Publicity
(c) Sports training (d) Crowd Funding* (NCERT)
19. National Sports Day is celebrated on
(a) 19th August (b) 29th August*
(c) 9th August (d) 28th August (NCERT)
20. Which of the races is run “to promote brotherhood”?
(a) Run for Fun (b) Run for specific cause
(c) Run for Unity* (d) Health Run (NCERT)
21. How many total matches will be played in a knock-out fixture of 19 teams?
(a) 18* (b) 20
(c) 17 (d) 16 (CBSE 2023)
22. Knock-out tournament is also known as
(a) Elimination tournament* (c) League tournament
(b) Round-robin tournament (d) Challenge tournament (CBSE 2023)
23. The competitions organised outside the boundary wall of an institution are called :
(a) Intramural (b) Combination
(c) Extramural * (d) All of the above (CBSE 2020)
24. The primary goal of Intramural competition is
(a) To provide opportunity for mass participation of students*
(b) To participate in inter-school competition
(c) To provide intra-school competition
15. Which of the following tournament is costly
(a) League tournament* (b) Knockout tournament
(c) Combination tournament (d) Round Robin tournament
16. A suitable and systematic process for fixtures would be
(a) Round robin* (b) Bye to top teams
(c) Draw of lots (d) Choice (NCERT)
17. Responsibility for Distribution of certificate should be the role of
(a) Logistics Committee (b) Marketing Committee
(c) Finance Committee (d) Technical Committee* (NCERT)
18. The purpose for conducting a community run is for
(a) Talent identification (b) Run for Publicity
(c) Sports training (d) Crowd Funding* (NCERT)
19. National Sports Day is celebrated on
(a) 19th August (b) 29th August*
(c) 9th August (d) 28th August (NCERT)
20. Which of the races is run “to promote brotherhood”?
(a) Run for Fun (b) Run for specific cause
(c) Run for Unity* (d) Health Run (NCERT)
21. How many total matches will be played in a knock-out fixture of 19 teams?
(a) 18* (b) 20
(c) 17 (d) 16 (CBSE 2023)
22. Knock-out tournament is also known as
(a) Elimination tournament* (c) League tournament
(b) Round-robin tournament (d) Challenge tournament (CBSE 2023)
23. The competitions organised outside the boundary wall of an institution are called :
(a) Intramural (b) Combination
(c) Extramural * (d) All of the above (CBSE 2020)
24. The primary goal of Intramural competition is
(a) To provide opportunity for mass participation of students*
(b) To participate in inter-school competition
(c) To provide intra-school competition
1.36 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
(d) All of the above (CBSE 2020)
25. Given below are the options for number of participating teams in a tournament. Which
option will have highest number of ‘Byes’ while drawing a fixture.
(a) 17* (b) 18
(c) 19 (d) 20 (CBSE 2024)
Hint: To calculate the number of byes in a knockout tournament with 19 teams, we need to find
the next power of 2 greater than 17, which is 32 (i.e. 2
5
). The number of byes is 32 - 17 = 15.
26. Preparing budget of the tournament and maintaining a record of income and expenditure of
the tournament are the responsibilities of which committee ?
(a) Technical (b) Finance*
(c) Transport (d) Medical (CBSE 2024)
27. Which of the following is the objective of Intramural competition ?
(a) To achieve high performance
(b) To provide career opportunities
(c) To promote health and fitness*
(d) To promote cultural and economic development (CBSE 2024)
28. Given below are functions of Sports Management in List-I and their Explanation in List-II :
List -1
I. Planning
II. Controlling
III. Directing
IV. Staffing
List - II
1. It is a function of guiding, inspiring and instructing people to accomplish organizational
goals.
2. Preparing a layout for the future course of action.
3. Ensuring that proper talent is serving that specific job.
4. Establishing performance standards, measuring actual performance and comparing them for
irregularities.
Match the items of List-I with List-II and choose the correct option from the following :
I II III IV
(d) All of the above (CBSE 2020)
25. Given below are the options for number of participating teams in a tournament. Which
option will have highest number of ‘Byes’ while drawing a fixture.
(a) 17* (b) 18
(c) 19 (d) 20 (CBSE 2024)
Hint: To calculate the number of byes in a knockout tournament with 19 teams, we need to find
the next power of 2 greater than 17, which is 32 (i.e. 2
5
). The number of byes is 32 - 17 = 15.
26. Preparing budget of the tournament and maintaining a record of income and expenditure of
the tournament are the responsibilities of which committee ?
(a) Technical (b) Finance*
(c) Transport (d) Medical (CBSE 2024)
27. Which of the following is the objective of Intramural competition ?
(a) To achieve high performance
(b) To provide career opportunities
(c) To promote health and fitness*
(d) To promote cultural and economic development (CBSE 2024)
28. Given below are functions of Sports Management in List-I and their Explanation in List-II :
List -1
I. Planning
II. Controlling
III. Directing
IV. Staffing
List - II
1. It is a function of guiding, inspiring and instructing people to accomplish organizational
goals.
2. Preparing a layout for the future course of action.
3. Ensuring that proper talent is serving that specific job.
4. Establishing performance standards, measuring actual performance and comparing them for
irregularities.
Match the items of List-I with List-II and choose the correct option from the following :
I II III IV
1.37 CBSE Notes Series | Management of Sporting Events
(a) 1 2 3 4
(b) 1 2 4 3
(c) 2 4 1 3*
(d) 2 4 3 1
(CBSE 2024)
(a) 1 2 3 4
(b) 1 2 4 3
(c) 2 4 1 3*
(d) 2 4 3 1
(CBSE 2024)
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