Physics_For_Everyone_v20201111.pptx

Syllabus

1. Moonrise From Eagle Rock, May 2020 (Charles Liu) PHYSICS FOR EVERYONE The Knowledge You Need to Understand Your World and Empower Your Life Charles Liu Sarang Gopalakrishnan Vadim Oganesyan City University of New York, College of Staten Island This OER material was produced as a result of the PIT-UN network Challenge Grant – New America This work is licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License .

2. About This OER Hello! The online educational resource Physics For Everyone is the scaffolding for a 3 contact hour, 3 credit general education course that will be offered for the first time at the CUNY College of Staten Island in the spring semester of 2021. This work has been generously supported by New America’s PIT-UN (Public Interest Technology University Network) challenge grant program, and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. Please feel free to use it well! This slide deck provides the outline for the semester-long course. Each week’s lecture topics, with key points to be covered, are highlighted in two slides, which also list writing prompts, problem-solving exercises, and labs. We have envisioned this course to assess students with a large set of low-stakes, real-time assignments. Perhaps most usefully, we have curated a list of high-quality online video resources that students (and instructors) should use to help them learn (and teach) physics ideas and concepts using demonstrations, animations, and humor. Many of those videos are parts of larger series and programs, created by some of the most skilled and popular online presenters in the world; that means some of their content is commercially sponsored, but all the content is free to users like you and me. We expect the suite of materials for this Physics For Everyone OER to grow over time as the course is taught and its history lengthens. We look forward to sharing all of it with you, and thank you in advance for helping us increase and improve it all in the weeks and months to come.

3. Semester Schedule, week-by-week 1. What's physics ; w hy do we care? 2. Motion: inertia, momentum, force 3. Motion: gravity , work, energy 4. Energy: potential, kinetic, heat 5. Matter: atomic and subatomic 6. Matter: solids and fluids 7. Matter: condensed, in phases 8. Waves: sound, light, radiation 9. Electromagnetism 10. Quantum mechanics 11. Nuclear fission and fusion 12. Relativity, space and time 13. Cosmology and the Universe 14. Frontiers of physical knowledge

4. Course Materials There are two main texts that will be used throughout this course: 1. College Physics by Urone , Hinrichs , Dirks, & Sharma (a more mathematics-based approach) https ://openstax.org/details/books/college- physics 2. One Universe: At Home In The Cosmos by Tyson, Liu, & Irion (a more conceptual approach) www.nap.edu /resource/oneuniverse/ toc.html All kinds of online resources will be used throughout this course: videos, lessons, lab exercises, and more. Although some of them are commercially sponsored, all of them are free of charge to students. You are also welcome to recommend things you find useful that are not compiled here – just let us know. This course is designed to utilize the power of the Internet to increase and enhance your learning. Unless otherwise specified, every assignment and assessment in this course is open-note, open-book, and open-Internet. You’ll still have to do your own work; be ready to have fun and learn a lot while doing it!

5. 1.1 What’s physics? * Physics is the scientific study of the structure, content, and activity in and of the universe * Physics describes how space, time, matter, and energy interact to produce all that exists * Physics is the fundamental science – it's at the core of astronomy, biology, chemistry, engineering, geology, and medicine * Physics is the bedrock of our technological modern society – just about everything in our daily lives has come about because of physics Keywords: science, non-science, pseudoscience, fact, law, hypothesis, theory, Aristotle , Alhazen , Bacon * OE R 1a: youtube.com/watch?v=GOuZkYDQjpc Physics Girl – What is Physics? (Dianna’s curriculum isn’t the same as ours; her answer to this question, though, is solid.) * OER 1b : youtube.com/watch?v =- M1hxGj5bMg Eugenie Scott – Scientific theories/laws/facts * OER 1c : youtube.com/watch?v = GyN2RhbhiEU Matt Anticole – What’s the difference between a scientific law and a scientific theory?

6. 1.2 What's physics – and why do we care? * If we want to live in comfort, build wealth, cure disease, and improve our quality of life, we must understand and use physics to do it * If we want to live in safety, maintain good health, protect our homes, and make the world a better place for ourselves and those we care about, we must know enough about physics to harness its power in our best interests * Don't buy into the myth that physics is too “hard” or “useless” or “scary” - physics is fascinating, far-reaching, and fun! * Reading 1: College Physics , Ch.1.1 (Physics: An Introduction) * Writing 1: Read Karl Popper’s1963 essay Science as Falsification, widely available online (e.g., staff.washington.edu/lynnhank/Popper-1.pdf ). Write down three sentences that encapsulate the “big ideas” of this essay to you. Then read two other Internet essays written about this essay. G ive their authors and URLs, whether they agreed or disagreed with you, and why . * PS 1: Do astrologers predict the future better than you do? Let’s find out!

7. 2 .1 Motion: inertia, momentum, and force * Galileo Galilei , considered by many to be history’s first “physicist,” articulated inertia – that objects in motion tend to stay in motion. His life was marked by conflict with established norms, always pushing against non-scientific authority. * Isaac Newton inextricably tied science with math and quantitative reasoning, explaining that objects move following predictable equations. His efforts helped make physics the basis of society, bringing Galileo’s efforts to meaningful fruition. * Rotation, like motion in a straight line, is also fundamental to how objects move. Keywords: Galileo, experiment, Newton, action, reaction, angular momentum, torque * Reading 2: College Physics , Ch .4.1 – 4.4 (Newton’s Laws of Motion) * Writing 2: Watch several scenes of The Life of Galileo as performed in 2009 by the Asolo Repertory Theatre. Choose one scene that connects with you; explain how and why – characters, dialogue, themes, science are just some of the ways it could do so. * PS 2: Throw a ball. How fast does it fall?

8. 2 .2 Motion: inertia, momentum, and force * Law of Inertia: Objects that are in motion tend to stay in motion at constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an outside force. (Conservation of momentum) * Law of Force: The force exerted on an object is equal to the object’s mass multiplied by the amount the object is accelerated. * Law of Reaction: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction . * For rotation, “momentum” is replaced by “angular momentum” and “force” is replaced by “torque.” * Mini-lab 2: How Do They Drop? If you push pennies off a table, do they fall faster than dimes? Or if they’re pushed harder? * OER 2a: youtube.com/watch?v =bsOBTwa4ZbQ Excerpts from the Asolo Repertory Theatre’s production of Brecht’s play The Life of Galileo * OER 2b: youtube.com/watch?v =qgIm96-WkwY Physics Girl – Newton’s laws of motion * OER 2c: youtube.com/watch?v =FmnkQ2ytlO8 OpenStax – angular momentum conservation

9. 3 .1 Motion: gravity, work, and energy * Johannes Kepler used decades of data to deduce three laws of orbital motion. * Isaac Newton extended his laws of motion to cosmic objects, and was able to explain the laws of orbital motion by positing the existence of a force called gravity. * Gravity, reasoned Newton, acts between two objects at a distance, is directly proportional to the mass of the objects, and follows an inverse square law with respect to distance. He was mostly correct – and we still use his mathematical formulations today in almost all cases. Keywords: Kepler , orbit, Halley, Bernoulli, rocket equation, weightlessness, space travel and exploration * Reading 3: One Universe , “Motion” * Writing 3: What would it take for humans to set foot on the Moon again? Should we try? * PS 3: Will that asteroid hit Earth? If it does, how much will it hurt? * Mini-lab 3: Follow the bouncing ball – can you send an object into a suborbital trajectory?

10. 3 .2 Motion: gravity, work, and energy * Edmund Halley helped complete the elevation of Newton’s laws to a confirmed scientific theory. Halley’s Comet – and the solar system today * Flight: Bernoulli, lift, the Wright brothers * Rockets: Tsiolkovsky , Esnault-Pelterie , Goddard and the rocket equation * The rocket engine does work on the rocket – and imparts energy to the rocket – what are work and energy? * OER 3a: youtube.com/watch?v =OCjhCL2iqlQ Vox – Apollo XI to the Moon, annotated * OER 3b: youtube.com/watch?v =75szwX09pg8 Brian Greene – Galileo cannon * OER 3c: youtube.com/watch?v =8mf1Q4Q3tgc Toby Hendy – using hair to measure acceleration due to gravity * OER 3d: youtube.com//watch?v = QcUey-DVYjk Janna Levin – gravity explained five ways

11. 4 .1 Energy: potential, kinetic, and heat * The conservation of energy may be the most fundamental property of the physical universe – not to be confused, though, with “conserving” energy in our daily lives, which also matters! * James Joule devoted his life to figuring out the relationship between work and energy. Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot gave further clarity to how heat and energy are related, and how heat can be used to do work. * Entropy – in disorder, energy is stored. The laws of thermodynamics explain it all: you can’t win, you can’t break even, and you can’t get out of the game. Keywords: Joule, heat engine, Carnot, conservation laws, heat capacity, greenhouse effect * Reading 4: One Universe , “Energy” * Writing 4: What sorts of fuels would you like to use to power our future civilization? * PS 4: How much heat is in a hurricane? How much is that compared to an atomic bomb – or the heat needed to cause a one-degree increase in global temperature?

12. 4.2 Energy: potential, kinetic, and heat * Matter retains heat and moves heat around – heat capacity, conduction, convection, radiation * Machines help get work done; engines are real-world work-energy conversion devices with some inefficiency and a major waste product: heat * When heat is retained in complex systems, what can result? For Earth, it can mean floods or droughts, hurricanes or blizzards, and lots of fire * Mini-lab 4: Melting Ice Fast – what works better, shaking, rattling, or rolling? * OER 4a: youtube.com/watch?v =C4vNPEEwsmc Toby Hendy – Noether’s Theorem * OER 4b: youtube.com/watch?v =CxlHLqJ9I0A Mithuna Yoganathan – Noether’s Theorem * OER 4c: pbs.org/video/why-we-cant-invent-a-perfect-engine-wayoi2/ Shini Somara – Crash Course Engineering #10 (2 nd law of thermodynamics; see #9 & #11 too)

13. 5 .1 Matter: atomic and subatomic * The smallest piece of any matter that retains its identity – what is it? From the ancient Greeks to today, it’s been called an atom – what are they made of, though? * T he “Bohr atom” with electrons orbiting a nucleus , first presented by Danish physicist Niels Bohr (also New Zealand-born Ernest Rutherford) is the basic model taught in schools today * Rutherford’s gold foil experiment confirmed that nuclei were tiny compared to the atom as a whole (exceptions: electron degenerate and neutron degenerate matter – white dwarfs and neutron stars – not found anywhere on Earth) Keywords: Bohr, Rutherford, proton, neutron, electron, boson, fermion , quark, Higgs * Reading 5: College Physics , Ch . 30.1-30.3 (Atomic Physics) * Writing 5: What are you made of? If you break it all down physically, is that the total – are you the sum of your parts? * PS 5: How empty is solid steel?

14. 5.2 Matter: atomic and subatomic * The Standard Model describes how subatomic matter is organized – the components of atoms and other particles: fermions, bosons, quarks, leptons * Electrons and protons with elementary charge, and neutrons with zero charge – Millikan’s oil drop experiment * Quarks – up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom ( www.particleadventure.org/quarkdance ) * Bosons – gluon, photon, W&Z, graviton, Higgs * OER 5a: youtube.com/watch?v =XBqHkraf8iE Backstage Science – Rutherford’s experiment * OER 5b: pbs.org/video/inside-the-worlds-largest-science-experiment-o2pzge/ Physics Girl – inside CERN, the world’s largest physics experiment * OER 5c: youtube.com/watch?v =IElHgJG5Fe4 Barney and Goldfarb – Higgs boson basics

15. 6 .1 Matter: solids and fluids * What makes solids solid? Crystals sound solid, for example – but you’ve heard of liquid crystal displays ( LCDs ), right? * Solidity doesn’t mean density – the difference between solid and fluid is not how far apart the molecules are. * Solids have elasticity, and physical systems with many connected solid pieces move differently from single pieces of material. Fluids have viscosity ( water vs. molasses) that dissipates energy, often as heat Keywords: crystal, glass, liquid, gas , pressure, temperature , ideal gas law, elasticity, viscosity * Reading 6: One Universe , “Matter” * Writing 6: The search for life on Mars – why solid, liquid, and gas all matter * PS 6: How hot is your pressure cooker? * Mini-Lab 6: What’s the best way to warm our fingers, rubbing or blowing or something else?

16. 6.2 Matter: solids and fluids * Fluids can be incompressible (typically known as liquid) or compressible (gas). Fluid mechanics and hydrodynamics are, generally speaking, the physics of huge numbers of tiny particles affecting their surroundings as an ensemble. * The ideal gas law ( PV = NRT or P = nkT ) explains the relation between temperature and pressure – for air, it’s “close” to exactly accurate * What’s not exactly accurate about it? Collisions, mixtures, solutions, precipitates, and more – and that’s a good thing. * OER 6a: youtube.com/watch?v =AeJ9q45PfD0&t=1s Veritasium – Aerogel , world’s lightest solid * OER 6 b: pbs.org/video/what-stretching-actually-does-to-your-body-ft-sofie-dossi-iab8mj/ Physics Girl – physics of stretching * OER 6c: youtube.com/watch?v = VbdhbyiHX-s Shawn Hymel ( SparkFun ) – how LCD works * OER 6d: pbs.org/video/the-science-of-ventilation-xhztip / Physics Girl – Airflow and ventilation

17. 7.1 Matter: condensed, in phases * Solid, liquid, and gas are three states of matter with which we are familiar. When a substance (like H 2 O) changes states (like from ice to water to vapor) temperature and pressure are involved. * Phase changes are not always visible to the eye. Deep and significant physical changes can happen even if the state of a substance stays the same. * Entropy change is key to phase change. A phase diagram describes the boundaries in temperature and pressure that require adding or removing heat (of vaporization or solidification, for example) to cross. Keywords: phase diagram, absolute zero, superconductivity, Bose-Einstein condensate * Reading 7: College Physics , Ch . 14.1 – 14.4 (Heat and heat transfer) * Writing 7: What does it mean to you in your life when something is hot or cold? How about superhot or supercold ? * PS 7: How powerful is a superconducting magnet?

18. 7.2 Matter: condensed, in phases * Bose-Einstein condensate is a phas e of matter very close to absolute zero in temperature. * Superconductivity is a fascinating phase - see nationalmaglab.org/education/magnet-academy/learn-the-basics/stories / superconductivity-101 (National High Magnetic Field Laboratory) * Superconductivity may someday revolutionize transportation and energy efficiency – if they can ever get warm enough. * Coffee spill stain patterns? Cell phone antennae design? Condensed matter may have some answers. * Mini-Lab 7: paper crumpling phase changes * OER 7a: pbs.org/video/how-to-make-fluid-climb-up-amazing-slime-experiment-kegoc4/ Physics Girl – how to make fluid flow upward (also: Strange sand acts like liquid) * OER 7b: ted.com/talks/boaz_almog_the_levitating_superconductor Boaz Almog – quantum locking * OER 7c: youtube.com/watch?v =zPqEEZa2Gis Royal Institution – levitating superconductor

19. 8.1 Waves: sound, light, and radiation * How can energy be transferred from place to place without actual contact? Waves. * Longitudinal waves : acoustic waves traveling through a medium, for example. Decibels are a way to measure the power carried in a sound wave. * Transverse waves: ripples in a pond, for example, wher e the water moves vertically (up and down) while the energy moves horizontally (outward). * Wavelength times frequency equals velocity Keywords: acoustic wave, Doppler, sound speed, Maxwell, Hertz, photon, color, spectrum, 5G wireless * Reading 8: College Physics , Ch . 16.9-16.11 (Waves) * Writing 8: How do waves – especially waves that make wireless communications possible – affect your life now, and how will they in the future? * PS 8: How much energy is in that light beam?

20. 8.2 Waves: sound, light, and radiation * Waves in matter can rip apart solid ground, roads, bridges, and more . * Superposition of waves – music and colors * Electromagnetic radiation is light – gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, radio waves * Polarization – transverse light waves become orderly – that’s why your phone’s touchscreen works Lab 8: The sound and the blurry * OER 8a: youtube.com/watch?v =i_0DXxNeaQ0 Vi Hart – what is up with noises * OER 8b: pbs.org/video/i-built-an-acoustic-levitator-making-liquid-float-on-air-thoxmt/ Physics Girl – sound wave levitator * OER 8c: pbs.org/video/can-you-guess-this-note-perfect-pitch-and-physics-tcuvmo/ Physics Girl – physics of perfect pitch * OER 8d: youtube.com/watch?v =mXVGIb3bzHI Veritasium – humans in a soundless place

21. 9.1 Electromagnetism * How powerful is electromagnetism? Think about a balloon defying Earth’s gravity just with a little static electricity on it. * Coulombs measure the amount of charge. Electric force has the same inverse square law as gravity – so it can extend far into space. * Ohm’s Law ( V = IR ) and the electric power formula ( P = IV ) describes how electricity works – and how electricity drives modern civilization Keywords: Coulomb, Ohm, Ampere, Watt, Faraday, dynamo, alternating current, Tesla, transformer, power grid * Reading 9: College Physics , Ch . 20.1 – 20.4 (Electricity and Magnetism) * Writing 9: Electricity is everywhere. How fast can you name ten examples of how electricity is affecting your life right now? * PS 9: How much electric power do humans produce – and does your cell phone use?

22. 9.2 Electromagnetism * AC (alternating current) and DC (direct current) and why your cell phone has a charger – the real history of Thomas Edison vs. Nikola Tesla * Electric vehicles – the past, present, and future (did you know that the first electric car was built before the first gasoline-powered car?) of any car is about function, convenience, and cost. What will that mean for us as technology advances? * Electromagnetism is one of four fundamental forces in the universe, along with gravity and the two nuclear forces. This matters at the most basic level of physics as well as in everyday life. * OER 9a: youtube.com/watch?v =wCrtk-pyP0I Veritasium – making plasma with grapes * OER 9b: ed.ted.com/lessons/light-waves-visible-and-invisible-lucianne-walkowicz Lucianne Walkowicz - light * OER 9c: youtube.com/watch?v =FmnkQ2ytlO8 Physics Girl (early) – electromagnetic waves * OER 9d: youtube.com/watch?v = xyQfrzBfnDU Wayne Campbell (Science Online) – AC vs DC * OER 9e: youtube.com/watch?v =bVquLXTq4bQ Toby Hendy – Van de Graaf generator

23. 10.1 Quantum Mechanics * Thermal radiation ( called blackbody radiation) experiments late in the 1800s led Max Planck to deduce light quanta. * The photoelectric effect led Albert Einstein to deduce the same thing from another direction. * T he famous Solvay conference photo is a snapshot of the history of “modern physics.” * A few decades later – including Curie with radioactivity, de Broglie with wave-particle duality, Pauli with matrix mechanics, Schrodinger with a wave equation, and Heisenberg with uncertainty – quantum mechanics was established. Keywords: Planck, quantization, deBroglie , uncertainty, Schrodinger, energy level, nanotechnology * Reading 10: College Physics , Ch . 29.5-29.8 (Quantum Physics) * Writing 10: Schroedinger’s Cat – after watching two videos on the topic, create your own brief example of the same thought experiment based on your own life experience. * PS 10: How uncertain is an atom’s size?

24. 10.2 Quantum Mechanics * Nanotechnology: machinery and information coded on molecule-sized structures – quantum dots are just one example – have fascinating properties and potential. Buckyballs . Graphene . * Quantum teleportation: not “beam me up, Scotty” but how to move information securely * Quantum computing – is that the future? * Here’s a deep thought: is human consciousness the consequence of quantum physics? * Mini-lab 10: Quantum Staircases How far will an object fall down the stairs, and what percent of the time? * OER 10a: youtube.com/watch?v =UjaAxUO6-Uw Chad Orzel – Schroedinger’s Cat * OER 10b: youtube.com/watch?v =z1GCnycbMeA Josh Samani – cat & quantum entanglement * OER 10c: youtube.com/watch?v =UjFkIy1GTlk Dianna and Jade – quantum coin toss * OER 10d: youtube.com/watch?v =g_IaVepNDT4 Veritasium – how quantum computers work

25. 11.1 Nuclear fission and fusion * The first atomic bombs used nuclear fission. So does every nuclear power plant operating in the world – they provide about one-fifth of the world’s (including the USA’s) electric power. * Human-produced nuclear fission comes from slowing down neutrons. Fuel for nuclear fission must either be enriched (U-235) or manufactured (Pu-239) and how to do those things – and how to assemble them into bombs – is well understood. What does that mean when it comes to the proliferation of nuclear weapons? * Nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium powers the Sun, and will do so for billions more years. Keywords: E = mc 2 , Fermi, Heisenberg, atomic bomb, Oppenheimer, hydrogen bomb, nuclear power, Pu-238 * Reading 11: College Physics , Ch . 28.6, Ch. 32.5-32.7 ( relativisitic energy, fusion, & fission) * Writing 11: Destroyer of Worlds The human species has had the ability to end its existence for more than half a century. It hasn’t yet. Discuss. * PS 11: How brightly does the Sun shine?

26. 11.2 Nuclear fission and fusion * nobelprize.org /prizes/themes/how-the-sun-shines-2 / (John Bahcall explaining nuclear fusion and solar neutrinos) * Fusion bombs are also well understood, albeit much harder to construct and test – they also usually need a fission bomb to start the process * There are no controlled fusion reactors yet, after half a century of trying – are they still worth the effort to design and build them? * Nuclear fusion in the universe – called nucleosynthesis – is the process that built the elements that in turn have built us all! * Mini-Lab 11: Atoms For Peace – how much do we need nuclear power? * OER 11a: youtube.com/watch?v =7pSqk-XV2QM Veritasium – exposing the first atomic bomb * OER 11b: youtube.com/watch?v =b22HKFMIfWo Crash Course Astronomy #10 – the Sun * OER 11c: youtube.com/watch?v =W1ZQ4JBv3-Y Science Channel – How fusion powers the Sun * OER 11d: watch?v =6yLGeviU8FM Matthew O’Dowd – We are star stuff

27. 12.1 Relativity, space, and time * In 1905, Albert Einstein explained the apparent constant measurement of the speed of a light beam by every observer. The special theory of relativity was confirmed decades later. (How?) * The general theory of relatively was developed by Einstein about a decade later. Then: Arthur Eddington , the first world war, the influenza pandemic and the total solar eclipse confirmation. Decades later: gravitational lensing . * How do you use general relativity every day? Mapping and location services via GPS. Keywords: Einstein, twin paradox, spacetime , geodesic, black hole, GPS * Reading 12: College Physics , Ch .4.1 – 4.4 (Newton’s Laws of Motion) * Writing 12: Black holes don’t suck. If you fall in one, though, you’re not coming back in any recognizable form. Discuss. * PS 12: Who’s older, you or your twin?

28. 12.2 Relativity, space, and time * Gravitational waves: from their possible prediction to, nearly a century later, the 2017 Nobel Prize in physics to Rainer Weiss, Barry Barish , and Kip Thorne * Black holes: from their possible prediction in 1920 to, a century later, the 2020 Nobel Prize in physics to Andrea Ghez , Reinhard Genzel , and Roger Penrose * What happens when you fall into a black hole? * Mini-lab 12: Motion relative to you Throw something. Move while you throw something. What happens? Does it make sense? * OER 12a: youtube.com/watch?v =h8GqaAp3cGs Amber Stuver – the twin paradox * OER 12b: youtube.com/watch?v =ERgwVm9qWKA Physics Girl – the twin paradox * OER 12c: youtube.com/watch?v = ajZojAwfEbs Brian Greene – LIGO & gravitational waves * OER 12d: youtube.com/watch?v =iphcyNWFD10 Veritasium – detecting gravitational waves

29. 13.1 Cosmology and the Universe * Starting with Einstein’s general theory of relativity, evidence of the motion ( expansion of space), matter ( nucleosynthesis ), and energy (cosmic background radiation) confirms that the universe started with a Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago. * Radiometric dating, meteorite and Moon rock data, and astronomical observations confirm that the solar system was created 4.6 billion years ago, and Earth and the Moon soon thereafter. * Inflationary universe – did solving the horizon and flatness problems create an eternally growing multiverse ? Keywords: Hubble, LeMaitre , big bang, nucleosynthesis , dark matter, dark energy * Reading 13: wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/index.html ( Cosmology 101) * Writing 13: The Universe in Us With physics, we have shown that every one of us is as amazing – and as ordinary – as every planet, star, and galaxy in the cosmos. Discuss. * PS 13: How old was the universe when…? * Lab 13: I like Big Bang – make your own expanding universe

30. 13.2 Cosmology and the Universe * Dark matter: more than 80% of the material in the universe is totally unknown to science. How do we even know it’s there? Only by its gravity. * Dark energy: more than two-thirds of all the energy in the universe is equally unknown to science. How do we even know it’s there? The acceleration of common expansion. * Extraterrestrial life: we’re looking for it. What have we found so far? Warmth, water, and SPONCH – but nothing alive. Yet. * OER 13a: youtube.com/watch?v =tQSbms5MDvY Matt O’Dowd – Planck’s constant and QM * OER 13b: pbs.org/video/how-the-edge-of-our-galaxy-defies-known-physics-tejjmc/ Physics Girl – LHC and our galaxy’s edge * OER 13c: youtube.com/watch?v =HneiEA1B8ks Jamies Gillies – dark matter * OER 13d: pbs.org/video/stephen-hawkings-final-theory-on-black-holes-loopdz/ Physics Girl – Stephen Hawking’s final ideas about black holes

31. 14.1 Frontiers of Physical Knowledge * Never mind science fiction – faster than light travel, transporters, the Force and all that; science fact has plenty of mysteries to ponder. * String Theory and Supersymmetry – quantum foam; Randall- Sundrum theory; “turtles all the way down” * Multiverse – eternal inflation; the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics; M theory * Intelligence and consciousness – the mathematics of the mind; awareness beyond obvious physics; free will, emergent cosmic awareness; shared observed reality Keywords: supersymmetry , string theory, inflation, quantum computing, the end of time * Reading 14: One Universe , “Frontiers” * Writing 14: The Physical Universe - h umans have tried to use science to figure out how the universe works. How are we doing? * PS 14: How hot – or cold – will Earth get? * CAPSTONE PROJECT: Physics For Me – design, build, write up, and present your own exploration into the physics of your life

32. 14.2 Frontiers of Physical Knowledge * The end of time: some say the world will end in fire. Some say in ice. What does physics say? Both – first one, then the other. Stellar deaths, then proton decay, then Hawking radiation. And then ? “In the end, the questions we will have to answer are the ones we have yet to ask.” * OER 14a: youtube.com/watch?v =TI6sY0kCPpk Brian Greene – What is string theory? * OER 14b: youtube.com/watch?v =DJUnw8CHzsk Lisa Randall – dimensions beyond our own * OER 14c: https:// www.pbs.org /video/physics-girl-quantum-crypt/ Physics Girl – quantum cryptography * OER 14d: youtube.com/watch?v =EKR- HydGohQ Veritasium – the delusion of permanence * OER 14e: closertotruth.com/series/asking-ultimate-questions#video-2875 Lisa Randall – Always keep asking questions

33. Appendices and Additions