Physics notes
luckyalmj20906
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Apr 21, 2011
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7
CH,ll
', Ugr,,tQ &,rte&sry1_*
e_!
Ef{tl"n..{ ( e) =
ulhul tlcu qel
-
kihqF qur hrrct ta
P'1
lte
\orger fhe errerXq^losses t.., g Bqere-rv1, S" looer ils e0-fiuen,rt
RCuchc,is co.t/r co*e"
'{rom
L d|,l'Ferenf sc..*r.-eE:
I ProcesS Lim ilahbns:
tn*gl \osses due lo practra.l e\eku\s .:F c^n' energl +r*as Formr,Ston
fcrcSS
D fundcrrneilf&l U rnifc-fionS'.
6^erq.a toSSeS ct-v^e-d.-r-e t?r ph.lstc-cJ lct-r-,--:s Fhcr,t c-c^-rvno4- be c;^c*,/
Tf.l-Sd result Q-ron--t FLe- d,'F{-,tu"tq <>F hzrnqQ.irrrnis l-f.,e-rrnqr-\
*e.1q r,nto ot'{.-q*- forrrr'S oF e-nertq,
' Wc,,\<rn3 up c. 9\i3rl+ o* s\z.rrs, ,-tout f nc-ne.crSe qor,r.f bodrl's
13
bV o.lmt)l lf(nT
' Bo+ qi * u- tcoe\1 crse.d a-.[rc{ts -1 2r)oX oF eu"r-r.{.1 Fo c\inaf
-FL.a.
sk..j r
3
lnc-re.crs<- in ut - "b.-lr-,.-F q.r.^ oF' ,
-IzooJ
\our
b" r.'a€.s= "&Jh"..h
r4.ouharJtd
u
'1to1u'4 =
(tool
=
o, ZS = Zb.L process
eQQ'c-l'erc1 is TLool -tLeu. e-|_Fr'c-ter.1 due lD
'
'I--rrrvrl'-1=*1'lrr-r=
r,it".l bI loioc,V.orntshcr,l of F"ocl diTtn r hiome-cjnco-vri"-s o! ho* .tctu rvrove
Nlol Cr. F.,ndcrnne-rrrFcr" Ltr*iF btc proc-e-ss c-ou\d r"q w.c-r-clq rv"r<;re- e-FQtc-,,e-nt-
, tr\e.c.lrrrccr- e-rne.rX1 vsed d..i5 rnuSts \o<-
%n*1"d
Fro""r olhet Sol-r.rc.e-g,
tltucr-\g cherntccr enerXtl G .r.^J or o\{^q.r Cossi eue\s
. E*r"n', Conve-rhe.d h 6*t to
1
butrnfnS , cta:v,), {-{"!- rr€utt\5 Er-v, converte.cl
{L 6a.-*v''"'-
e-: #
= 3 sr - nxer.1 due- tu cr Rrndarnnenkr, Lirnikrhbrt
Ea^ CcunOt be- h''rcrnsGrrr^-.- ha oH".e.-r €trrng O0 *""1t r^l [Oti'/- e-0hUeyrg.l
k 35'/"e t's ctose ltr h'{"c{rrejn<.c- ntc>a.t'rnuvn
6.erqr4 Ef&'a'enc"t Probbms
crS "urV**b L{...( ql-\". this co.t\<1 be- *ve- usek,.,\
qeqq o-lFgu! oF c..rr', e-nXtne or procsSs or H^€- tlorl< +4^cttk clo"e- ,',. corhilole.-h'n1 <
PfO€\.
E('. U-)h!.n Llov Cimb c. Pl,'3nr .>& glcrirs,
n'U"hc"+,,1ou
?r-t'=
AU3
.(A"Lunc* qc,u had tu
eof " r^,:ill
Eereru-l\g
be- the- \stc^I e.ne-rg.{ t.?uts nc.edeel
fo o* entrne, ta6\, 0r prcceS8 . A. i ulkn i1c,r.n r*n your c,,.l'. condihi.rne-r-
tAhoh qou
F^ig" - e,\ec-hricsl *.xxf fngrri
So\vel )or,,. l\mr{ ned h do cdrliNc,lrc,- ii.,tc-*^tr^l'c}ns
-C-t)ff\PUK
Vc"\uef iot t^fV,of t{y g^}" t "6hc.J-,r.!wpo-rd''
o B. sove- c,tl evrergt vr*tves
t$"U,r**,.-
CoVnpUte e =
a hc"l- vp, ?*/ril.* .t* pcud
CH,ll
', Ugr,,tQ &,rte&sry1_*
e_!
Ef{tl"n..{ ( e) =
ulhul tlcu qel
-
kihqF qur hrrct ta
P'1
lte
\orger fhe errerXq^losses t.., g Bqere-rv1, S" looer ils e0-fiuen,rt
RCuchc,is co.t/r co*e"
'{rom
L d|,l'Ferenf sc..*r.-eE:
I ProcesS Lim ilahbns:
tn*gl \osses due lo practra.l e\eku\s .:F c^n' energl +r*as Formr,Ston
fcrcSS
D fundcrrneilf&l U rnifc-fionS'.
6^erq.a toSSeS ct-v^e-d.-r-e t?r ph.lstc-cJ lct-r-,--:s Fhcr,t c-c^-rvno4- be c;^c*,/
Tf.l-Sd result Q-ron--t FLe- d,'F{-,tu"tq <>F hzrnqQ.irrrnis l-f.,e-rrnqr-\
*e.1q r,nto ot'{.-q*- forrrr'S oF e-nertq,
' Wc,,\<rn3 up c. 9\i3rl+ o* s\z.rrs, ,-tout f nc-ne.crSe qor,r.f bodrl's
13
bV o.lmt)l lf(nT
' Bo+ qi * u- tcoe\1 crse.d a-.[rc{ts -1 2r)oX oF eu"r-r.{.1 Fo c\inaf
-FL.a.
sk..j r
3
lnc-re.crs<- in ut - "b.-lr-,.-F q.r.^ oF' ,
-IzooJ
\our
b" r.'a€.s= "&Jh"..h
r4.ouharJtd
u
'1to1u'4 =
(tool
=
o, ZS = Zb.L process
eQQ'c-l'erc1 is TLool -tLeu. e-|_Fr'c-ter.1 due lD
'
'I--rrrvrl'-1=*1'lrr-r=
r,it".l bI loioc,V.orntshcr,l of F"ocl diTtn r hiome-cjnco-vri"-s o! ho* .tctu rvrove
Nlol Cr. F.,ndcrnne-rrrFcr" Ltr*iF btc proc-e-ss c-ou\d r"q w.c-r-clq rv"r<;re- e-FQtc-,,e-nt-
, tr\e.c.lrrrccr- e-rne.rX1 vsed d..i5 rnuSts \o<-
%n*1"d
Fro""r olhet Sol-r.rc.e-g,
tltucr-\g cherntccr enerXtl G .r.^J or o\{^q.r Cossi eue\s
. E*r"n', Conve-rhe.d h 6*t to
1
butrnfnS , cta:v,), {-{"!- rr€utt\5 Er-v, converte.cl
{L 6a.-*v''"'-
e-: #
= 3 sr - nxer.1 due- tu cr Rrndarnnenkr, Lirnikrhbrt
Ea^ CcunOt be- h''rcrnsGrrr^-.- ha oH".e.-r €trrng O0 *""1t r^l [Oti'/- e-0hUeyrg.l
k 35'/"e t's ctose ltr h'{"c{rrejn<.c- ntc>a.t'rnuvn
6.erqr4 Ef&'a'enc"t Probbms
crS "urV**b L{...( ql-\". this co.t\<1 be- *ve- usek,.,\
qeqq o-lFgu! oF c..rr', e-nXtne or procsSs or H^€- tlorl< +4^cttk clo"e- ,',. corhilole.-h'n1 <
PfO€\.
E('. U-)h!.n Llov Cimb c. Pl,'3nr .>& glcrirs,
n'U"hc"+,,1ou
?r-t'=
AU3
.(A"Lunc* qc,u had tu
eof " r^,:ill
Eereru-l\g
be- the- \stc^I e.ne-rg.{ t.?uts nc.edeel
fo o* entrne, ta6\, 0r prcceS8 . A. i ulkn i1c,r.n r*n your c,,.l'. condihi.rne-r-
tAhoh qou
F^ig" - e,\ec-hricsl *.xxf fngrri
So\vel )or,,. l\mr{ ned h do cdrliNc,lrc,- ii.,tc-*^tr^l'c}ns
-C-t)ff\PUK
Vc"\uef iot t^fV,of t{y g^}" t "6hc.J-,r.!wpo-rd''
o B. sove- c,tl evrergt vr*tves
t$"U,r**,.-
CoVnpUte e =
a hc"l- vp, ?*/ril.* .t* pcud
7
Pc-r--Z
-A Cr+r-\3 brc^ve-\;5 cio..15 c^- \e-rzel v^o<C e^Jr c.t St€,€.*a!1 $S
^ph
(Offr* ?0%)
t-'.jhc*. q"{qq frarrilforrrrrh'on cef\cl bvz"rrs.$brs ar-e- fs$(i^a p \c.r-e.-?
Akr Ar,t1;A&h+ AE r.e"., = W tCL
Conse.rvcuh'c,n
o& E e1. ftr on open sqtRrn, fnctr.rcIE
'&rod tg \ev<-\, so no
- \F qrr iS rwrnr well,r
6<l,.rn does chonctr<-, clerx-ecr\inX aS &r.e. r's brrrnecl
AG.r."r, = frl rcl
.CC\!.
mov1.n3@ coc\Sfsrrtsgeec\, n,raKl olttlg"S oF 6 {rJhigh rn,'ghf q{pt^.,t ta l'{.0.-c-c*r
i Se.nnp. r"r:ilt be c.ng1tl.{., no AE"."
U*q tD cl o u.ny!1 [t" oF Ctyir€ Go.co * *u d-rayuEftr E aS h4c.i- ,tz> F{^a- e.rwrnt
r A c(L( an a-
hc..t a dr""3 coegfitjenl oF 0,60', CLfet* of Hlr (fovrtr <ll t{o Cf,*r = [,trnz, WhCtts
t/nin. pou/e;. doe-s thts cry neeel b
yv'royg o c,gteadq spee.cl o4 3ofr/s on kvel
ftround
I
'Cc* c\oing work blc of droq
, Fshiry
afrncnp\cre *i) F = in mcrtnihrJe tu d.o.q h-c,e- b:
on l4^g €lWrn*.l-lnis is +\.t 6.cu thcri's ao5 r-,..rortr
D=icpAu. \.
P= Fv =(zfuN)ts"*ts) -gloo
onc€-
its
b= L(o 3px\.2*V*9(t.rr) [eo*ru;
*2&os
-Tko c-orve-re-. ho* Fxlt'l ft r<*+<o] a+ zs rni(-o.s/guJtan o? go-s a* hr^6h,n*.7 sFecc)
fuhc.,fk fL"
"*{blen'1
o? a Cav-va*<- clriw<,n 25 mite-s (ctctt<*.,) o,j- Sants?
fa g.<ff6>n ,F
tc.s
cankr.,.r'ng 1."{xtor t aF c$sry1teel *ernq\
aE*,., = PA! = P(+) =GroowXatrtr) =' lt.to* irrtT
- -'t'&
\au7'/.trtotT
= o.ot 3 = 8. E"/,
O^ t. 6Z oF l-{^.- c-l,unfe*.| e-n.t-17 Froy", {-i.c gas
f s use-d lz evucafte
dfclt. fl^-c- regt i6 ^'tc>sh-" crg h!c^-t- $" Y^R- q\v;ran*qr{.
in t1rnle--licr,l Enery.r' ln.,-td*S -t13
lvc.r6e otly af*dxlde
_
wcrler
=!rot-
,
L e l"-"d.I\
bn erqq frui
'ft:or)
i;I;;b..' Gd z-{,
Lo,' (nt'+,o'
ne-lo'ods -K
tv('trlaurg v-4
JZ.ipTiljr 1t.:--= S::1.1", -1:t.jl,f^ "i k=,, .cr'*b,'n<s
u f
e1\er9'
6f"lri*ft"--t o^Wx t-hcr-fS brerjftuc.l fn {-r' prodvre " '
eJts|l cc-rgor1 clr'oy,icle, uth;ch r'S e-yhoJ<d; t^:e,ler r-Jhic4
-.,,2'
cr-q be uSe-c. ta1'l-he-_taa)
?"
*\1
. \. 4:*+-q$Lgt\, . ^
uOxic.,tahbn oF ti oF
3[rrcoae-b.
<rX ot{^r cc,rb\
- +l ef\erc4t4 t'S Use.gr bq
. eff",rOq
r.l.lit re\ecrse ctPProA ' 17 \<T oC en.er t
r^a r-- -,r.thr--rdR;;€du
d-
- a...-.-., L.
-,
r--. -- c- ^ - ^ tt --.-
-u
L-
\. O s c,{aqy\1iq^,\,
+ enen3Y fs useo trtl
oF H.,e- 0.,*t.1" TH"ffi;;"H*
-
purnr'n3 fzroal 1-'-.ns6aq1f..{l-'-t
F*r*.,
lr>
o.s Q$6,rk* J,.o-^*t
E;{."t*. . Jill'un c<rn bq e'o*tt\3 w-rerr+r'rreel
fuut"t
cw *
Q)
E*..^ t tsucr.\5 nnerrt,ur,recj r'h rn,:$ rt CalofreS(cg'f)
Ik.,a*t.j,..,$$ ",t
q4
i= tsr:lb
^ {
^r
Cnwqq C{.)n\€J\I Oir tDoct \S Lr\Lrcr_t
quoted in Cci\ories Ccaf) u-ll c. cr.pibr^l_"c
iCc.\u.ie
(a-\so
"at..t
o'"€r94 cr^ltt'ia")=
IOOO
"".lo',es
sr 1kcc.J . lF a, ccrndq. bar
:c.rn#r-u'ns 1?dCn.l . fl U,,rnn{ :l uLc-tulll nrr)..i'l n";6s
"
lSo C*t, i(-b -r nd, ;t f
;il4
-
p rr> d,, ce
Z*,bCS cc-l (r,r 9&2KT) irl E*".^.-t
\.OO cs"\on'e- a
11,11
\outes
Pc-r--Z
-A Cr+r-\3 brc^ve-\;5 cio..15 c^- \e-rzel v^o<C e^Jr c.t St€,€.*a!1 $S
^ph
(Offr* ?0%)
t-'.jhc*. q"{qq frarrilforrrrrh'on cef\cl bvz"rrs.$brs ar-e- fs$(i^a p \c.r-e.-?
Akr Ar,t1;A&h+ AE r.e"., = W tCL
Conse.rvcuh'c,n
o& E e1. ftr on open sqtRrn, fnctr.rcIE
'&rod tg \ev<-\, so no
- \F qrr iS rwrnr well,r
6<l,.rn does chonctr<-, clerx-ecr\inX aS &r.e. r's brrrnecl
AG.r."r, = frl rcl
.CC\!.
mov1.n3@ coc\Sfsrrtsgeec\, n,raKl olttlg"S oF 6 {rJhigh rn,'ghf q{pt^.,t ta l'{.0.-c-c*r
i Se.nnp. r"r:ilt be c.ng1tl.{., no AE"."
U*q tD cl o u.ny!1 [t" oF Ctyir€ Go.co * *u d-rayuEftr E aS h4c.i- ,tz> F{^a- e.rwrnt
r A c(L( an a-
hc..t a dr""3 coegfitjenl oF 0,60', CLfet* of Hlr (fovrtr <ll t{o Cf,*r = [,trnz, WhCtts
t/nin. pou/e;. doe-s thts cry neeel b
yv'royg o c,gteadq spee.cl o4 3ofr/s on kvel
ftround
I
'Cc* c\oing work blc of droq
, Fshiry
afrncnp\cre *i) F = in mcrtnihrJe tu d.o.q h-c,e- b:
on l4^g €lWrn*.l-lnis is +\.t 6.cu thcri's ao5 r-,..rortr
D=icpAu. \.
P= Fv =(zfuN)ts"*ts) -gloo
onc€-
its
b= L(o 3px\.2*V*9(t.rr) [eo*ru;
*2&os
-Tko c-orve-re-. ho* Fxlt'l ft r<*+<o] a+ zs rni(-o.s/guJtan o? go-s a* hr^6h,n*.7 sFecc)
fuhc.,fk fL"
"*{blen'1
o? a Cav-va*<- clriw<,n 25 mite-s (ctctt<*.,) o,j- Sants?
fa g.<ff6>n ,F
tc.s
cankr.,.r'ng 1."{xtor t aF c$sry1teel *ernq\
aE*,., = PA! = P(+) =GroowXatrtr) =' lt.to* irrtT
- -'t'&
\au7'/.trtotT
= o.ot 3 = 8. E"/,
O^ t. 6Z oF l-{^.- c-l,unfe*.| e-n.t-17 Froy", {-i.c gas
f s use-d lz evucafte
dfclt. fl^-c- regt i6 ^'tc>sh-" crg h!c^-t- $" Y^R- q\v;ran*qr{.
in t1rnle--licr,l Enery.r' ln.,-td*S -t13
lvc.r6e otly af*dxlde
_
wcrler
=!rot-
,
L e l"-"d.I\
bn erqq frui
'ft:or)
i;I;;b..' Gd z-{,
Lo,' (nt'+,o'
ne-lo'ods -K
tv('trlaurg v-4
JZ.ipTiljr 1t.:--= S::1.1", -1:t.jl,f^ "i k=,, .cr'*b,'n<s
u f
e1\er9'
6f"lri*ft"--t o^Wx t-hcr-fS brerjftuc.l fn {-r' prodvre " '
eJts|l cc-rgor1 clr'oy,icle, uth;ch r'S e-yhoJ<d; t^:e,ler r-Jhic4
-.,,2'
cr-q be uSe-c. ta1'l-he-_taa)
?"
*\1
. \. 4:*+-q$Lgt\, . ^
uOxic.,tahbn oF ti oF
3[rrcoae-b.
<rX ot{^r cc,rb\
- +l ef\erc4t4 t'S Use.gr bq
. eff",rOq
r.l.lit re\ecrse ctPProA ' 17 \<T oC en.er t
r^a r-- -,r.thr--rdR;;€du
d-
- a...-.-., L.
-,
r--. -- c- ^ - ^ tt --.-
-u
L-
\. O s c,{aqy\1iq^,\,
+ enen3Y fs useo trtl
oF H.,e- 0.,*t.1" TH"ffi;;"H*
-
purnr'n3 fzroal 1-'-.ns6aq1f..{l-'-t
F*r*.,
lr>
o.s Q$6,rk* J,.o-^*t
E;{."t*. . Jill'un c<rn bq e'o*tt\3 w-rerr+r'rreel
fuut"t
cw *
Q)
E*..^ t tsucr.\5 nnerrt,ur,recj r'h rn,:$ rt CalofreS(cg'f)
Ik.,a*t.j,..,$$ ",t
q4
i= tsr:lb
^ {
^r
Cnwqq C{.)n\€J\I Oir tDoct \S Lr\Lrcr_t
quoted in Cci\ories Ccaf) u-ll c. cr.pibr^l_"c
iCc.\u.ie
(a-\so
"at..t
o'"€r94 cr^ltt'ia")=
IOOO
"".lo',es
sr 1kcc.J . lF a, ccrndq. bar
:c.rn#r-u'ns 1?dCn.l . fl U,,rnn{ :l uLc-tulll nrr)..i'l n";6s
"
lSo C*t, i(-b -r nd, ;t f
;il4
-
p rr> d,, ce
Z*,bCS cc-l (r,r 9&2KT) irl E*".^.-t
\.OO cs"\on'e- a
11,11
\outes
7
& ll.s; trt,erg{ tn Fxd
_Pe.s -
- ft \Z aZ .o]^' o( sodcr cohta-u'1rg eqprax. '/oj
(v;+Lss i-h6, 7r cr^p)
"F
6ufr*,
a simple cc,,rd>hyolr.,-c-.), Hot^t fvrvch C)t!.mtccJ <nerql in
.lstrles
cl.:eS fhrs Scr{f,rf conta,r'n(
tb.-
-"-nt
cr^-lorr'e.S iS lhis ?
t g o( sf3c.r = t-T l<T 1- cat * L{,
\1 jo,o\es
\u3 =68011T - &Eo,ooo1 = zza c-c^l = \GoCaJ in !* c-..--, -P
socl,e.*
6""-fl Us-e o$ J-s4\__
'bod'a ii a-[uc.qS Usinq (aeratL/
t ovex cr-h re.St-
btrlo!,rn1 F repc^-irih3 hr'ssJ.re, d,3ue(.t-t.'3 F...a, q-.-td
jce-e-prn{ *.Lr"rr.
il:", \e.3/3-". c:,-,4 ipo-er
(.n w-l-fs)
'Enet^n1 c'orwteS F-o'n-lt 6-^-"n tn gtaur L-olra't 6.!zre.St
'
d,.rtd ",-i t-r-lh^rrao-fel q ccrnwe-rlr-aa <.i^H-eJj t+ l-i"A-fmc.l €
-h'c-h
13 i-rc<,nS{-t.d.4 cLS heaf- b H^e- e)1vi.oY1rvreo1-
'A Spirarne'l-er me,.svreg hoc', rnuch 0z \-he- bod,1 lffiff'
S tcr\<t..o rrD + l\leo.SLrre-s khe tacrclq's
'l-ot-c^f
TakL d.tJoor.. En.,z1 Us. (fr"Frfr{1,),";[*
\
ge-h $c:7 rw'rt n3
to-r-,t
oc+-,'"t
! )
()t'14c,..-n
.._-<-
" Liv<--r-
'Brc.a',^,
' l'teay {-
'hte^1s
zQ
I1
-l
LL
\?
r1
tcx)\U
'lf qnu elimb cL aet o€ 6{zdrs c,.l a
AUq :-A
E11'
*
A C-.1..o,, = o
.J \,
'--.G
bolh ;a.rgas5 (n) be.rn3
"sed t-)
IAE
^"..
= AUq
o- A 6.n
Chevnr'ccrl eme-t"q.1 Fr"rd yuu.r bc,dl
iS ccrrrve-rted in'l-o^ po,l-ent,c;' eI\eyt'({
( He,3hr,is increa5l'-) and lhurna) rle1(nc- 1 5 | l c-r €(-(a
I rEr I uI c4 { nJLf, I
enerbl Lbcx i s s{' gll"ttq ..-:c.r.r,.e-r)
x-fr,f
Y," hf:" .o€
och'vitts,
*f9c
ere4 in
c.on€fcrrrt specd
(no ake)
1-. Whc,f L16u
X*', t*1
:.
3
A.t
Ail3: t6t\<3{9.tmls) 1z'.1"..) = itoc:.5-
2. 1t1hc.t tqou hac) b pnl The ..E+- is li^e
vrrekc.r.-)oo\;c enetnl Fl,'o- b.,d| arsec{ i n
corngl-h"1 Flr.{ r..s k . c1.,.^"\
flt.
f
!
Uu"\1i3, t:oaltciagt o-nA cUyitq,el"o
ra4dp a( Zo- Sd z oW15'/"
ends up us t'f.-qrrncrl ,rrl
lncr€crciecl t^l
&.tlq, I*uw rnc^n1 H|flhrs
- lF u1". c-r,nELrrvlec c! \Zo a c.,-n oF sodc(r h.r^ **.1 *ttXt"t5 of sh^r'rS cou\d
\art
C. nn\o or' [,[i- 6-v.,.n" its c.onl-a^rhS3 f*ssuvv'te- .-. rvecrSS oF 6F {<} C-Lnc o. Fl,gtnt- tl
Sfotrs hc.s q- vev h'cg- he.rqh* .t z.-Inr .
I c-r^*-r sodo- = G86 lqS oV 6o^....,
'l. Ssurne- ?5'/. ls trc.rrrk,rrnecl h>
i,nrrpc.Serl t/,3
Aug =
Lts,esXf" trr r ros 6) A.{ = ryla\l
A(g= [,]'l()sT 2,-1rn
: 1-t F\iXhts of sk rrs
'
h"q.i
used
f;er *.^cz:nd runnt\= proporhonc.r.I F6
lcrurr
speeal
u'funnt
2x o-s R^.ef takes ofet". Zx as muc-h
[rcru:€r,
brlF cllso te"V4S
1w
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-For W fuf"t
o€ och'v;6pg congdered,h \5-,".,.1 '-1ZpoT
Fr*[Z lat;?ffi'EH:,N,";'H'# EW
-'":z:zoor ] o,::-:F!:,
Sr'nsq flvtg = m't'Arl
Act= 4*a
=
1,1' tsT--
' *5 -tr,r,::ltq.t-r")
Reshhq pd!/er(V\i
oF 6g fi.i i",a. '
& ll.s; trt,erg{ tn Fxd
_Pe.s -
- ft \Z aZ .o]^' o( sodcr cohta-u'1rg eqprax. '/oj
(v;+Lss i-h6, 7r cr^p)
"F
6ufr*,
a simple cc,,rd>hyolr.,-c-.), Hot^t fvrvch C)t!.mtccJ <nerql in
.lstrles
cl.:eS fhrs Scr{f,rf conta,r'n(
tb.-
-"-nt
cr^-lorr'e.S iS lhis ?
t g o( sf3c.r = t-T l<T 1- cat * L{,
\1 jo,o\es
\u3 =68011T - &Eo,ooo1 = zza c-c^l = \GoCaJ in !* c-..--, -P
socl,e.*
6""-fl Us-e o$ J-s4\__
'bod'a ii a-[uc.qS Usinq (aeratL/
t ovex cr-h re.St-
btrlo!,rn1 F repc^-irih3 hr'ssJ.re, d,3ue(.t-t.'3 F...a, q-.-td
jce-e-prn{ *.Lr"rr.
il:", \e.3/3-". c:,-,4 ipo-er
(.n w-l-fs)
'Enet^n1 c'orwteS F-o'n-lt 6-^-"n tn gtaur L-olra't 6.!zre.St
'
d,.rtd ",-i t-r-lh^rrao-fel q ccrnwe-rlr-aa <.i^H-eJj t+ l-i"A-fmc.l €
-h'c-h
13 i-rc<,nS{-t.d.4 cLS heaf- b H^e- e)1vi.oY1rvreo1-
'A Spirarne'l-er me,.svreg hoc', rnuch 0z \-he- bod,1 lffiff'
S tcr\<t..o rrD + l\leo.SLrre-s khe tacrclq's
'l-ot-c^f
TakL d.tJoor.. En.,z1 Us. (fr"Frfr{1,),";[*
\
ge-h $c:7 rw'rt n3
to-r-,t
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.J \,
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bolh ;a.rgas5 (n) be.rn3
"sed t-)
IAE
^"..
= AUq
o- A 6.n
Chevnr'ccrl eme-t"q.1 Fr"rd yuu.r bc,dl
iS ccrrrve-rted in'l-o^ po,l-ent,c;' eI\eyt'({
( He,3hr,is increa5l'-) and lhurna) rle1(nc- 1 5 | l c-r €(-(a
I rEr I uI c4 { nJLf, I
enerbl Lbcx i s s{' gll"ttq ..-:c.r.r,.e-r)
x-fr,f
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ere4 in
c.on€fcrrrt specd
(no ake)
1-. Whc,f L16u
X*', t*1
:.
3
A.t
Ail3: t6t\<3{9.tmls) 1z'.1"..) = itoc:.5-
2. 1t1hc.t tqou hac) b pnl The ..E+- is li^e
vrrekc.r.-)oo\;c enetnl Fl,'o- b.,d| arsec{ i n
corngl-h"1 Flr.{ r..s k . c1.,.^"\
flt.
f
!
Uu"\1i3, t:oaltciagt o-nA cUyitq,el"o
ra4dp a( Zo- Sd z oW15'/"
ends up us t'f.-qrrncrl ,rrl
lncr€crciecl t^l
&.tlq, I*uw rnc^n1 H|flhrs
- lF u1". c-r,nELrrvlec c! \Zo a c.,-n oF sodc(r h.r^ **.1 *ttXt"t5 of sh^r'rS cou\d
\art
C. nn\o or' [,[i- 6-v.,.n" its c.onl-a^rhS3 f*ssuvv'te- .-. rvecrSS oF 6F {<} C-Lnc o. Fl,gtnt- tl
Sfotrs hc.s q- vev h'cg- he.rqh* .t z.-Inr .
I c-r^*-r sodo- = G86 lqS oV 6o^....,
'l. Ssurne- ?5'/. ls trc.rrrk,rrnecl h>
i,nrrpc.Serl t/,3
Aug =
Lts,esXf" trr r ros 6) A.{ = ryla\l
A(g= [,]'l()sT 2,-1rn
: 1-t F\iXhts of sk rrs
'
h"q.i
used
f;er *.^cz:nd runnt\= proporhonc.r.I F6
lcrurr
speeal
u'funnt
2x o-s R^.ef takes ofet". Zx as muc-h
[rcru:€r,
brlF cllso te"V4S
1w
Zx ct0Lf
b"*Bq quu. ttse- bu run a- ecrkcrin chEkrncs.- doetn'l- depend on your apeeal)
-For W fuf"t
o€ och'v;6pg congdered,h \5-,".,.1 '-1ZpoT
Fr*[Z lat;?ffi'EH:,N,";'H'# EW
-'":z:zoor ] o,::-:F!:,
Sr'nsq flvtg = m't'Arl
Act= 4*a
=
1,1' tsT--
' *5 -tr,r,::ltq.t-r")
Reshhq pd!/er(V\i
oF 6g fi.i i",a. '
7
Co En Gn w ht-1,'Fh^
lhe- F\o.rr
Successran.
lb a
P"si}1a,n
At- U^i- e" rrl
Rt,-tl
ov€1- h,S hce^d
oF fi,s eaerc{,s€
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4
6lc-rn I ute-tVht'liFW * b-.t
Snvrninh c,tt.:e-S na QorR on k1^4- aLiSrca'v't A F.tot,
(LSSurr"ve- H^r- Hrn€- t'6 Shcrrh eni'rXl-r <'a-c-r' #'"Vr^e-
H". t- fio hr-cr.!r g5 ^e.r>s$c-rred Qr*, lht ^uSel'<-S
t{.c- s1;*--t t-a)
'H^-e- e.llvvaq+f, {'h;s e^erX"l
B--r t'S re-brlrnecJ, +r> its s!c{-hr^ru3 Fosih<:n
cl.rrc}
no cVrqn* in \-A3 .r kg
)e l*toSt e*eraiSeS in [-f{
t 1-
(
ot-t Fl"e hcprrsfurpys;h'on oF
ctn), bccc1( ks H"1a FL,r6r- qtcq-n
\O X in
lJhc(F .41-n1 {-ra-nsFurrnc-honf hcuvth;u-r p ) c..c-c-?
"A C*r" = 4)
---Lre- bc,-a ;3 rot^s.) ot /ot"etu'l
,
t:se' E.t e-rr, . U (l-'r.-r.**-11, qJl
at
rS FraagQ'lntec| f., 5,-+"
iS rlod tuvtuial t So la<-re'S beet1-
1;fhnt .-*th}, runnrh3 c)v1 a. frec^-Lvr,tl) invalo
E"-t-at--, + Er+-,
nL.eh rnejaba/ic q1gg11 tS
"
, re7u4
2<> mr\x (*{)
=
lr2-ac> 5
'A a.4c,l6t pe.cJc.ls tor 20 rniq a-v 6. 5;pe-ceJ og 15 l<*',1h.. Hau-s
'l8O W esecJ in c*1cl in3 c'-f
ffi be=?At
o- apeed a? t$ k-rnf hr
AG=
Llt'OW (r2oos) u-
Ae -sKoff
6ner.?1 Sh,rc, q(
'Boc)",1
cit,tg 6t"*.Jn frcr"n &rod, iF \{"rts e.l.e{t1 isn't wEed, iF u,i be shured 4r
-Tha bd stoFeS &bcx^n- YOOa .,F csrbolqa"^*a. Aggrax. hc-,r.^.r 0<*r- c-zru\c.lu 68 t.3 run$€,
}rc.rr{ on Fhts s{-orecl qo7l 7
t1 t.T pu \oF
c<^rr"ox.aa,"^re. (rlooor)(.{oo3) = Q.tr loo T
I 5o W useJ i n runrricl c!t- l5\<m[ l+r
e .yrr \o& ,-
A8.r.."r.,=Pct At":
A.6.,n'-.^/p :-oi_-:
b'tt3.oq
Ax= VAt
=(teKrn/*r)(t.t"U gt; Ax = L_1.ta \<rn - 25lcrn
usa 4"nrf 6 ua)k bl. ol merhano'o,/ ine-F&z-;et'tcr es t n oL,-r
?u<'f.-
(tne-he €-ne,ri.1
'frrnott{1
t-raltSfu"w1aA intz: ffu+rna} *uffi t'rt qoutl n/ruseles r ShoeS
6dh-oecLr c.r-1 be- c)e-Si3ne.c[ +a r"'rinirniae lc,Ss oF e."er11
Lt A
"p",nq
rn l{.e Scl\€ ol {-he Shoe Ccu,r S\-Dre polen\'o- enert.{ ,uJhioh
CAi^l bd re-turnecl t-D \<nerh'c, *."?Y dcr*-,n3 fL'-L MN+ stride.
(Spr,hq maJc< {-l.e- calli;fon cu/ lhe
X-t'attnd
,nc'}e e"las'ne)
.J
-A"\-F : srvrcJl on-ertnf o(
-G tlco2zn I cs-\d glucose:
'Ha-lhhq actull rna.k 5d-ares
ne-cded Qr. rmrnecl,'cr-te 0.6e
o.rwrvr,,h
"r
?Htflsil-6cecl ir,
aF l-/.aae ec,rb'(a, h,#A rr-ro(e {-/T-1
rmrtsole hrtaerlt'v<t
cc:n$urwel ln 7 du1
s = t.Gl Ftours
U"rvt/
\c-r.a^r
* LlooT
Co En Gn w ht-1,'Fh^
lhe- F\o.rr
Successran.
lb a
P"si}1a,n
At- U^i- e" rrl
Rt,-tl
ov€1- h,S hce^d
oF fi,s eaerc{,s€
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4
6lc-rn I ute-tVht'liFW * b-.t
Snvrninh c,tt.:e-S na QorR on k1^4- aLiSrca'v't A F.tot,
(LSSurr"ve- H^r- Hrn€- t'6 Shcrrh eni'rXl-r <'a-c-r' #'"Vr^e-
H". t- fio hr-cr.!r g5 ^e.r>s$c-rred Qr*, lht ^uSel'<-S
t{.c- s1;*--t t-a)
'H^-e- e.llvvaq+f, {'h;s e^erX"l
B--r t'S re-brlrnecJ, +r> its s!c{-hr^ru3 Fosih<:n
cl.rrc}
no cVrqn* in \-A3 .r kg
)e l*toSt e*eraiSeS in [-f{
t 1-
(
ot-t Fl"e hcprrsfurpys;h'on oF
ctn), bccc1( ks H"1a FL,r6r- qtcq-n
\O X in
lJhc(F .41-n1 {-ra-nsFurrnc-honf hcuvth;u-r p ) c..c-c-?
"A C*r" = 4)
---Lre- bc,-a ;3 rot^s.) ot /ot"etu'l
,
t:se' E.t e-rr, . U (l-'r.-r.**-11, qJl
at
rS FraagQ'lntec| f., 5,-+"
iS rlod tuvtuial t So la<-re'S beet1-
1;fhnt .-*th}, runnrh3 c)v1 a. frec^-Lvr,tl) invalo
E"-t-at--, + Er+-,
nL.eh rnejaba/ic q1gg11 tS
"
, re7u4
2<> mr\x (*{)
=
lr2-ac> 5
'A a.4c,l6t pe.cJc.ls tor 20 rniq a-v 6. 5;pe-ceJ og 15 l<*',1h.. Hau-s
'l8O W esecJ in c*1cl in3 c'-f
ffi be=?At
o- apeed a? t$ k-rnf hr
AG=
Llt'OW (r2oos) u-
Ae -sKoff
6ner.?1 Sh,rc, q(
'Boc)",1
cit,tg 6t"*.Jn frcr"n &rod, iF \{"rts e.l.e{t1 isn't wEed, iF u,i be shured 4r
-Tha bd stoFeS &bcx^n- YOOa .,F csrbolqa"^*a. Aggrax. hc-,r.^.r 0<*r- c-zru\c.lu 68 t.3 run$€,
}rc.rr{ on Fhts s{-orecl qo7l 7
t1 t.T pu \oF
c<^rr"ox.aa,"^re. (rlooor)(.{oo3) = Q.tr loo T
I 5o W useJ i n runrricl c!t- l5\<m[ l+r
e .yrr \o& ,-
A8.r.."r.,=Pct At":
A.6.,n'-.^/p :-oi_-:
b'tt3.oq
Ax= VAt
=(teKrn/*r)(t.t"U gt; Ax = L_1.ta \<rn - 25lcrn
usa 4"nrf 6 ua)k bl. ol merhano'o,/ ine-F&z-;et'tcr es t n oL,-r
?u<'f.-
(tne-he €-ne,ri.1
'frrnott{1
t-raltSfu"w1aA intz: ffu+rna} *uffi t'rt qoutl n/ruseles r ShoeS
6dh-oecLr c.r-1 be- c)e-Si3ne.c[ +a r"'rinirniae lc,Ss oF e."er11
Lt A
"p",nq
rn l{.e Scl\€ ol {-he Shoe Ccu,r S\-Dre polen\'o- enert.{ ,uJhioh
CAi^l bd re-turnecl t-D \<nerh'c, *."?Y dcr*-,n3 fL'-L MN+ stride.
(Spr,hq maJc< {-l.e- calli;fon cu/ lhe
X-t'attnd
,nc'}e e"las'ne)
.J
-A"\-F : srvrcJl on-ertnf o(
-G tlco2zn I cs-\d glucose:
'Ha-lhhq actull rna.k 5d-ares
ne-cded Qr. rmrnecl,'cr-te 0.6e
o.rwrvr,,h
"r
?Htflsil-6cecl ir,
aF l-/.aae ec,rb'(a, h,#A rr-ro(e {-/T-1
rmrtsole hrtaerlt'v<t
cc:n$urwel ln 7 du1
s = t.Gl Ftours
U"rvt/
\c-r.a^r
* LlooT
7
P6.5
s
-a/\
'tre.lnre-nhe.il
v
"15{Sf
b grn
I
=2
KeT
fi
epeed is ProporFr'onc.l
br> t'lne
{ o$ vhe Ternpe.rce}ure.
1-nlT
x A gc.s ,.ll
On Crvercrsyq
l*th* cr.kornS r-r:i\
{+an <>(
tcrS
tll
C'IH)
ho"ve- Qlster cr,hrrvrt,
hecrvfer c.-FornS
_-
lc- a
t
" ce,\si u s
tdeat 6crS
L'".tr*S
do nol_ inferccc-t tl[ er^c-l"r othe-r te-x.epF 6r collisfans:e\c.SHc,tro no
"*rtt
is \ost) , {he sqst<rn, haS no
Va+enh.J **X1 (U{
, anll Kineh'c
*T?-r'e nh*"*t enerXl oF en ideo. gas = ir"J'hDki ki.,e-Vtc.-en"r11
SoBl o[* {-he o=turns {+c,=l rrLctke op f-h€- qc"-g
*,The ternperc"bure- oF cqf \'derd gcts. rg e.- rne-c+-€uy-€. o[- {tte avecctl-
(ineh'c <rre-rfl r$ H"e a,lrorns t-hc,!- rna)ca uF ++',L qa-s.
! z
kouS --Z rn.Vrrrs
c.tomtcmas"
n
r-oot rrrecr-q SqUA*1.e. Spe-er)
nurnbe-r o$ qhornS
E'
N rnv.-*'
Tlwrgero.ture on tl.,e. Ke vin 6c<r\e
(T=T.
"
21
C
O K= Points o-h uJ\icj^ !L"a Ktne-hL
^uX1
crF aJzms i$
'Ze;^o
-'24
lernperc.h-:res on Hne- \<e,\vin S<.c--\e o{e Lr)
3
kc..r3 = 2
_ .. Ka*r
1-e*.n9e-rc.:tute- c>F c\Jt rc1ec.I gcx in S<-rrvrS aF f{^{-
\<g dr,)er^c'ar- ktne-htc- e'nenxrl per a-tztnn
ku (fjottanrc.nn's conshanf) : t.3E x tO-tt %.
{he, lonletv.lure, nots on fhe crC-om rncLrs
3\<e'T
rn
I
,'
*h,gher kmpesalare c<rrresponclS
i b ftrsfer alrcrnla or mr:leclrkrr epeecls
ChcrSin3 X
c.fz.cJa,,'ot
C e-}atqts I
b'{
't
S,r+"c oQ- {ZUacd'ar d*- \c-
rr'\= otfum\c rnqss r l,6Gx tt,^" 1<3
Ex l/.8iSpecd oF rrttr"gen w.'o\ec-u"\eS
&rcfor ots
Y
L
on l..r clerends on
| lncrerrsinq x lrr c^ Scrctur oF cl
lncrerrsino x Lr-r c^ Scrclur oF cl
1,.rg-r^se-.d 1 \"i
-
e-'c'btrs oF2-
-l.liFroqrurr.,es (ti2-).
tj
2o". ohc:]r r:s \-h!- rms speedjl_ilgw$bcgtes oG__qlqgi
(n="78^*\]qb;lO.a?k3=T.2orL.l3V,*u=.F^@Vrr.ns:5(om/5
y.,r= Ll,&sr.ro-11Jg
1-= z-g3 tq
-
-
-V
L\.Gb nlo'uus
P6.5
s
-a/\
'tre.lnre-nhe.il
v
"15{Sf
b grn
I
=2
KeT
fi
epeed is ProporFr'onc.l
br> t'lne
{ o$ vhe Ternpe.rce}ure.
1-nlT
x A gc.s ,.ll
On Crvercrsyq
l*th* cr.kornS r-r:i\
{+an <>(
tcrS
tll
C'IH)
ho"ve- Qlster cr,hrrvrt,
hecrvfer c.-FornS
_-
lc- a
t
" ce,\si u s
tdeat 6crS
L'".tr*S
do nol_ inferccc-t tl[ er^c-l"r othe-r te-x.epF 6r collisfans:e\c.SHc,tro no
"*rtt
is \ost) , {he sqst<rn, haS no
Va+enh.J **X1 (U{
, anll Kineh'c
*T?-r'e nh*"*t enerXl oF en ideo. gas = ir"J'hDki ki.,e-Vtc.-en"r11
SoBl o[* {-he o=turns {+c,=l rrLctke op f-h€- qc"-g
*,The ternperc"bure- oF cqf \'derd gcts. rg e.- rne-c+-€uy-€. o[- {tte avecctl-
(ineh'c <rre-rfl r$ H"e a,lrorns t-hc,!- rna)ca uF ++',L qa-s.
! z
kouS --Z rn.Vrrrs
c.tomtcmas"
n
r-oot rrrecr-q SqUA*1.e. Spe-er)
nurnbe-r o$ qhornS
E'
N rnv.-*'
Tlwrgero.ture on tl.,e. Ke vin 6c<r\e
(T=T.
"
21
C
O K= Points o-h uJ\icj^ !L"a Ktne-hL
^uX1
crF aJzms i$
'Ze;^o
-'24
lernperc.h-:res on Hne- \<e,\vin S<.c--\e o{e Lr)
3
kc..r3 = 2
_ .. Ka*r
1-e*.n9e-rc.:tute- c>F c\Jt rc1ec.I gcx in S<-rrvrS aF f{^{-
\<g dr,)er^c'ar- ktne-htc- e'nenxrl per a-tztnn
ku (fjottanrc.nn's conshanf) : t.3E x tO-tt %.
{he, lonletv.lure, nots on fhe crC-om rncLrs
3\<e'T
rn
I
,'
*h,gher kmpesalare c<rrresponclS
i b ftrsfer alrcrnla or mr:leclrkrr epeecls
ChcrSin3 X
c.fz.cJa,,'ot
C e-}atqts I
b'{
't
S,r+"c oQ- {ZUacd'ar d*- \c-
rr'\= otfum\c rnqss r l,6Gx tt,^" 1<3
Ex l/.8iSpecd oF rrttr"gen w.'o\ec-u"\eS
&rcfor ots
Y
L
on l..r clerends on
| lncrerrsinq x lrr c^ Scrctur oF cl
lncrerrsino x Lr-r c^ Scrclur oF cl
1,.rg-r^se-.d 1 \"i
-
e-'c'btrs oF2-
-l.liFroqrurr.,es (ti2-).
tj
2o". ohc:]r r:s \-h!- rms speedjl_ilgw$bcgtes oG__qlqgi
(n="78^*\]qb;lO.a?k3=T.2orL.l3V,*u=.F^@Vrr.ns:5(om/5
y.,r= Ll,&sr.ro-11Jg
1-= z-g3 tq
-
-
-V
L\.Gb nlo'uus
C-ort g*b
%
11ner n c,. Ene.c61
-YGr.b
x Therrnc- **t1 f s a\irac-l{.1
f1*.,= N'ko.,1 = t tq'Ke'lf
therrnal F6*X1 Jg c.^ icJec,.
Xa,s
oQ
g roportr'c,ncr. \Q Te{Ylpe,{cr$ure
N a.rhurng A6,.^ = * U:ku'AT
\, Tne E*. oF o. s ubskrncr- f s p ro porfr6,ra^J; t?, H,.e- humber oQ cr.irornS
A gcrs r-o m6re c^*orns hcrS rnore- 6*h Hac.n o,
tci*s
a.ts S-e-
Sdn4 e- Te-r.perer-h:re- w I Fe.rre-. cttt>rrrs.
2. A A in Ternpe-rzlfure- cr*u8es c:.
\cropor{i'\'c,inc--L
c-\,1c,-ng,L I n {"1 4*
5 $V2EV<u cets Vllerrnc.l *15 .t
; ,
A [arctr er tso,rvrporature cVrcuu.r-
(rrr.r€e.s a l*tgr chc*n1e t n thcrmc.,{ areft1
c.-tsrnosphere- pre-Ssrre- ancl
81 ho.^t nnr-rc-[r 6[oe-S itsS $.l-rn..-l
^*1rt
d'ea"rt-
AT-= lo i<
AFr,.,
:
i (2.5 r to'')[t . r,tol,l*X ror.)
A 6*t =6, 5Z 5
2Lo c- c-ont-crjn: 2.5
|{ r'{-s hq-+eol tzt
* lott rnole<-tr;\eg
%'c-?.
O, t'
I,(a1 c
to o c-r|,13 oF
r \+e.Ak ena W"'r\< o{e aimp\y Z d,'FFcrerrf
enen1l bb or {..o"^ a, €lgFenn x
'Therrnc- ey\.r3t1 fs trci-ns$<r-rec.t b [,^r cr sqel-e-rrn crtrd ?l-!- €-v1vt ran *-,enl
cLS cr C-oAseclue-rice o? a fer^np. ;1; p$<r<nce
b l* Pt"-&1
''Whe*1 the fast -
p,at-,\e.c,u\es in t4^e hoFler oblec-l- co\icJ<- u,l lhe Src'ser
n,Tcr\ecr-r\e-S (n Vhe- r-a\er obierrt-
NeJr Resol|l fi.ri1 4rc-xr'tslerrq) k*n hoHer -->
Coole.r o61<c-f
[{ ecr is Vhe- a\er% .1 trc.ns$<-J- d,
^
i o- tl^errnc.l 1 q Fer-i:.c-t-rc rr
rrrcr-L{-S oF {-ratrSf'.'etr rh3
%
11ner n c,. Ene.c61
-YGr.b
x Therrnc- **t1 f s a\irac-l{.1
f1*.,= N'ko.,1 = t tq'Ke'lf
therrnal F6*X1 Jg c.^ icJec,.
Xa,s
oQ
g roportr'c,ncr. \Q Te{Ylpe,{cr$ure
N a.rhurng A6,.^ = * U:ku'AT
\, Tne E*. oF o. s ubskrncr- f s p ro porfr6,ra^J; t?, H,.e- humber oQ cr.irornS
A gcrs r-o m6re c^*orns hcrS rnore- 6*h Hac.n o,
tci*s
a.ts S-e-
Sdn4 e- Te-r.perer-h:re- w I Fe.rre-. cttt>rrrs.
2. A A in Ternpe-rzlfure- cr*u8es c:.
\cropor{i'\'c,inc--L
c-\,1c,-ng,L I n {"1 4*
5 $V2EV<u cets Vllerrnc.l *15 .t
; ,
A [arctr er tso,rvrporature cVrcuu.r-
(rrr.r€e.s a l*tgr chc*n1e t n thcrmc.,{ areft1
c.-tsrnosphere- pre-Ssrre- ancl
81 ho.^t nnr-rc-[r 6[oe-S itsS $.l-rn..-l
^*1rt
d'ea"rt-
AT-= lo i<
AFr,.,
:
i (2.5 r to'')[t . r,tol,l*X ror.)
A 6*t =6, 5Z 5
2Lo c- c-ont-crjn: 2.5
|{ r'{-s hq-+eol tzt
* lott rnole<-tr;\eg
%'c-?.
O, t'
I,(a1 c
to o c-r|,13 oF
r \+e.Ak ena W"'r\< o{e aimp\y Z d,'FFcrerrf
enen1l bb or {..o"^ a, €lgFenn x
'Therrnc- ey\.r3t1 fs trci-ns$<r-rec.t b [,^r cr sqel-e-rrn crtrd ?l-!- €-v1vt ran *-,enl
cLS cr C-oAseclue-rice o? a fer^np. ;1; p$<r<nce
b l* Pt"-&1
''Whe*1 the fast -
p,at-,\e.c,u\es in t4^e hoFler oblec-l- co\icJ<- u,l lhe Src'ser
n,Tcr\ecr-r\e-S (n Vhe- r-a\er obierrt-
NeJr Resol|l fi.ri1 4rc-xr'tslerrq) k*n hoHer -->
Coole.r o61<c-f
[{ ecr is Vhe- a\er% .1 trc.ns$<-J- d,
^
i o- tl^errnc.l 1 q Fer-i:.c-t-rc rr
rrrcr-L{-S oF {-ratrSf'.'etr rh3
L-b.L6"6;s.{
n€''l-
)rZ Sqsferns p\c^c-e.d
in thermc" eonrferc-l
LDi I Frc^yrs$er *fiernrc^l
ene*tl t.l-nlil $.dr
Slow
<-<)
Etc.s'Lr c
rol\isioh
GrCrrnS Enerqq
#'
Ore.vc-nks erlrprnS Ffotn
nrro'rr'nq
Sqsk-rn I tD 2. bwts sbr\l o-\Pou5
H^e.-rvr tu co\icdg
Fro"t {-he
U)o-rrnq- E;lcj€
*he- asler St^c{e
5qe,+errl
1'la1 n bqJrr'er
Wem
(
P_e'r.61
Tr tTi
'AtsurvrS in SqstelnL hc'ra o.--hiXh.e* kr'u3
F-z^sl-
Oa
Therrrn.)
e" e''rXLI
( s h'crnS6erre-ct
; .$o-tt*- t^lov\'^n c<-bpr-"-S 6n {-h.
.b ${-re, S\ot-se-r-"fvrcrvr'rt3 o-tsornS o11
Cotlt5;orn3 lrc.rtt&er eAe.tfqL,t Fr.or- l'[re u-Efmer
Sq're-/}1 +-?, H^-o- *-tu/
to-S
,vno"e enetTe'li<
o-L*S \osa Cn€rrCq tb \eSS e-rrrerqeFl'q
a*Fzr rnS . Th i s
=."
.i4v trc'ns$er = [ 915-
q; tr-) qrhen
^*XrI
i=' h.*l*$.u..d
SpJ*
6fierr enerXl iS hr-ounskrred
ok c^ S.t6h€rn
F \{ecr"t
€co"n 6carrs u)1,\e4 the Sqs+<-tvts hc-re H^0. -tc,!r.a
a-Ne-rcLc* tfc.n6lC--h^onc-l lcine,fi'c e1\er1r1
o-y,d, f{r,.r.S Hne- sc}rne 1-crnpera}-iZ
llnd, e-o(l,Srbns sh'll tra-nsFere/^e-rqq t-"* L
Srcte fr.r {-{^n- ofu, 6ra J-l,,e-re,k n" fr*r err."E1
lrc.n s$cr )
6ner3t1 ln
Wclr\< bt{
EnerXl out
Q <c)
Hec.l- &ro.n
=c1arcrn
\stem.r
uz
fr-
,oJ"E
Lr.,o n€-.\-
^uI
r's /as I r'n a* pere<c*11
a o qtr'c e-o l ti-s icrn)
-+
&-'q71 franS$e.r
(as Hec^'r)
I tr
(k,)c.u3
Q,<o
Q =(-)
OUF
T+ lTr
Qz --l-Q, r
(l<.)"."1
&^*t ternperir*t^rcs
O{e t{"0- Scrrn.Lf
\S Fra.ns€e-r'qg9\
hoF to cokix
themcJ k1vilibr,utt
lJn" ls* Lc.* oF thermodqncrFn\'cs : [g*= VJ*Q
lZt sqstcrnS f n \^rhrcl^ on\1 {-he- Fhe."'..t €-nefil chc-n3es, lh" %ny,
^
in fherr c- e-ne--n1 iS eluc^, +15 F{^e er1"t1 trc-.ns$err<d I'ata ar ouf't
YL-,e Sq6€i.n cLS tt)rk W ard/c,r herr-t- O
'sqslerns lL,crt cen't fnovinS Cno 6r) ,
Fhcrl_gun"n'9 q-hcst, c\ernicolrl(ca'-4, bul-
UhoSe. t€,,x pert'h-tre5 dcrn ohc{nx,e- -- the:rnaAlna-rnr'6
Wov( on
Sqstern
w>o
su st<rn'
f,r) <O
Q>o
Hee* to
6r.1S€rn
Srlsherrr
AE+v,=W rCl
n€''l-
)rZ Sqsferns p\c^c-e.d
in thermc" eonrferc-l
LDi I Frc^yrs$er *fiernrc^l
ene*tl t.l-nlil $.dr
Slow
<-<)
Etc.s'Lr c
rol\isioh
GrCrrnS Enerqq
#'
Ore.vc-nks erlrprnS Ffotn
nrro'rr'nq
Sqsk-rn I tD 2. bwts sbr\l o-\Pou5
H^e.-rvr tu co\icdg
Fro"t {-he
U)o-rrnq- E;lcj€
*he- asler St^c{e
5qe,+errl
1'la1 n bqJrr'er
Wem
(
P_e'r.61
Tr tTi
'AtsurvrS in SqstelnL hc'ra o.--hiXh.e* kr'u3
F-z^sl-
Oa
Therrrn.)
e" e''rXLI
( s h'crnS6erre-ct
; .$o-tt*- t^lov\'^n c<-bpr-"-S 6n {-h.
.b ${-re, S\ot-se-r-"fvrcrvr'rt3 o-tsornS o11
Cotlt5;orn3 lrc.rtt&er eAe.tfqL,t Fr.or- l'[re u-Efmer
Sq're-/}1 +-?, H^-o- *-tu/
to-S
,vno"e enetTe'li<
o-L*S \osa Cn€rrCq tb \eSS e-rrrerqeFl'q
a*Fzr rnS . Th i s
=."
.i4v trc'ns$er = [ 915-
q; tr-) qrhen
^*XrI
i=' h.*l*$.u..d
SpJ*
6fierr enerXl iS hr-ounskrred
ok c^ S.t6h€rn
F \{ecr"t
€co"n 6carrs u)1,\e4 the Sqs+<-tvts hc-re H^0. -tc,!r.a
a-Ne-rcLc* tfc.n6lC--h^onc-l lcine,fi'c e1\er1r1
o-y,d, f{r,.r.S Hne- sc}rne 1-crnpera}-iZ
llnd, e-o(l,Srbns sh'll tra-nsFere/^e-rqq t-"* L
Srcte fr.r {-{^n- ofu, 6ra J-l,,e-re,k n" fr*r err."E1
lrc.n s$cr )
6ner3t1 ln
Wclr\< bt{
EnerXl out
Q <c)
Hec.l- &ro.n
=c1arcrn
\stem.r
uz
fr-
,oJ"E
Lr.,o n€-.\-
^uI
r's /as I r'n a* pere<c*11
a o qtr'c e-o l ti-s icrn)
-+
&-'q71 franS$e.r
(as Hec^'r)
I tr
(k,)c.u3
Q,<o
Q =(-)
OUF
T+ lTr
Qz --l-Q, r
(l<.)"."1
&^*t ternperir*t^rcs
O{e t{"0- Scrrn.Lf
\S Fra.ns€e-r'qg9\
hoF to cokix
themcJ k1vilibr,utt
lJn" ls* Lc.* oF thermodqncrFn\'cs : [g*= VJ*Q
lZt sqstcrnS f n \^rhrcl^ on\1 {-he- Fhe."'..t €-nefil chc-n3es, lh" %ny,
^
in fherr c- e-ne--n1 iS eluc^, +15 F{^e er1"t1 trc-.ns$err<d I'ata ar ouf't
YL-,e Sq6€i.n cLS tt)rk W ard/c,r herr-t- O
'sqslerns lL,crt cen't fnovinS Cno 6r) ,
Fhcrl_gun"n'9 q-hcst, c\ernicolrl(ca'-4, bul-
UhoSe. t€,,x pert'h-tre5 dcrn ohc{nx,e- -- the:rnaAlna-rnr'6
Wov( on
Sqstern
w>o
su st<rn'
f,r) <O
Q>o
Hee* to
6r.1S€rn
Srlsherrr
AE+v,=W rCl
7
Conc-eo\,.rc- Ex lt,3'. CompreSsinc a q4s
-|1pfrt" c(
3a-s
is in a-n ins,r\c.$eol conta,jner, so |l.rcr-t no hec.i enoty qJn escq.{>e.
tF
t
pistan is used 4o arnyress *t^-o- g*s, uJha+ happe,',t /" l1- '|enp. oF t-/^o
fq
?
"The pr'6fon cr"gg\,eS s frrr.e f0 Frr.l- $s,
r.',.t\d {'h€re ts o. d;Ebrnr.errt, ih,S
rns4rls thc* ,"n i< ts cLrne on
.|il. qc,S bq {de pitton
[Vrl to). No thervrar <.{\eJ(tu
COn be evciluna+d ill the Qnvironriient, theHninq Q=O. Sincr. ane-rqqrS lrr,rrd.rl.,
inlo the.p,lt+r"^, h" tfu""""l qe"U?
"P
+4i-a-
fas
rnus*,'nr-ui^e. Th,s
tTlgatts t/v-'#tnf rhusl ncrerts€ a-5" cae.//.
&. Il.lct', Wortt ond hea-l in a 4 tde.a-l Gds
-Sup7ose u conVcrlner ho\ds 5.or lOtt r"ro\ec,*r\€s oF ar1 rclec,.,{
flqs, 5oT oF q:orK
o.fe- done on &'1",e
toS
b'-1 o pislan fLwf @rnpreSses r'1. the. +<:vtp oF th"
9cia
Cha-rr,7cs by 3o'c- clurin3 *his proc-aes . Ilac': rnvc-h het* r^S *rans{<.rred Fa c..,-
$-."-
n
t{.,e- '*uiron.-.-ri+7
AE*n=1
N'KB ar Q=tr6+q -W
AE+r-, = ? (s.or. ro")(\.38 r ro-'3 Y*)( 3o \.) : 3tS- 5oT
,Yy, l;;:*' ilffii*
e.wtcc)'fvrn€.rr1- in Lhis procs*ss
En *J, - Tra.nsfrr Drcrns
'h*V, Re-Ssrt o,'r-; c.-n a blec'V or a- 6tart
aF the- envirarnmcrtrts so \<,-r-1p
Hac--f ifs +emp. cl.oesn'f nohc-<.c.bt1 cJnc,nXe uhen hec^-|- ;s tra-ttSl<rr<d
bt^ lt" 61stsern c-nc, &he Y?ser14;v-
(Tu) -\+Dt Re.gervoirl A re-servofr cr-F a higher +-e{\1p. +{"&-"1 Vhe sysFcrn
(f") - CD\d Re-Eervoir I A reserv6jr o-k c loc.rer hp. 1-{ru---n +{"- s,1s}-<-{v^r
.+[-{er-r.t e$eql is }ra-yrS$errect bl* q Eqsl-ern a*tcl a- reservo(r r'f
1+.e-1 hcve- dil(ere.n* *e-lrnp.eratrreS
he-c-+ t-rr-.r's&-rreci +o o( Som
hec-! Frcrns$e,rrect ho o- etov^
c.gP$-s t'|oL
Q&voir
-
Cotd reserlar'r
\-- a-I- -fc
PG.B
cr hot fe.s€rvoir
ct c-olc feServoir
y^gclurYes
QH=Qc
-^fr#au'
0 * , o-rnoon!
Q c : &wroun|
Hedr*
()l H lrc.nr
of
of
Qc-
HoF reservott
a-+
.rr!
-----r Fre \c-€
51shewr
.\+o+
rese(\/oir fs cr sc,.r-{s aF Fhe top
(k53'f
'(D\d re,&rvo-ir cr\,-rrarrs c.r.t T\s bo*owr
'-lhe sqslem tg\FT"') b\* 2 reservorr5
' Res"vuor.s c^vld alsratr 6,911aecfid b,t h;N" +W co^\d
t//f//-
,
**otrt/7
;s
-"'- J't
" I Lrr,-sE4r
bt+couF,_
)t Spnlarrrus hranskrs go rn 1 direc-hbn ont.1(
*' -*uf
fuuVr{-TrcrrrsW Dr'a6ro.rn
Conc-eo\,.rc- Ex lt,3'. CompreSsinc a q4s
-|1pfrt" c(
3a-s
is in a-n ins,r\c.$eol conta,jner, so |l.rcr-t no hec.i enoty qJn escq.{>e.
tF
t
pistan is used 4o arnyress *t^-o- g*s, uJha+ happe,',t /" l1- '|enp. oF t-/^o
fq
?
"The pr'6fon cr"gg\,eS s frrr.e f0 Frr.l- $s,
r.',.t\d {'h€re ts o. d;Ebrnr.errt, ih,S
rns4rls thc* ,"n i< ts cLrne on
.|il. qc,S bq {de pitton
[Vrl to). No thervrar <.{\eJ(tu
COn be evciluna+d ill the Qnvironriient, theHninq Q=O. Sincr. ane-rqqrS lrr,rrd.rl.,
inlo the.p,lt+r"^, h" tfu""""l qe"U?
"P
+4i-a-
fas
rnus*,'nr-ui^e. Th,s
tTlgatts t/v-'#tnf rhusl ncrerts€ a-5" cae.//.
&. Il.lct', Wortt ond hea-l in a 4 tde.a-l Gds
-Sup7ose u conVcrlner ho\ds 5.or lOtt r"ro\ec,*r\€s oF ar1 rclec,.,{
flqs, 5oT oF q:orK
o.fe- done on &'1",e
toS
b'-1 o pislan fLwf @rnpreSses r'1. the. +<:vtp oF th"
9cia
Cha-rr,7cs by 3o'c- clurin3 *his proc-aes . Ilac': rnvc-h het* r^S *rans{<.rred Fa c..,-
$-."-
n
t{.,e- '*uiron.-.-ri+7
AE*n=1
N'KB ar Q=tr6+q -W
AE+r-, = ? (s.or. ro")(\.38 r ro-'3 Y*)( 3o \.) : 3tS- 5oT
,Yy, l;;:*' ilffii*
e.wtcc)'fvrn€.rr1- in Lhis procs*ss
En *J, - Tra.nsfrr Drcrns
'h*V, Re-Ssrt o,'r-; c.-n a blec'V or a- 6tart
aF the- envirarnmcrtrts so \<,-r-1p
Hac--f ifs +emp. cl.oesn'f nohc-<.c.bt1 cJnc,nXe uhen hec^-|- ;s tra-ttSl<rr<d
bt^ lt" 61stsern c-nc, &he Y?ser14;v-
(Tu) -\+Dt Re.gervoirl A re-servofr cr-F a higher +-e{\1p. +{"&-"1 Vhe sysFcrn
(f") - CD\d Re-Eervoir I A reserv6jr o-k c loc.rer hp. 1-{ru---n +{"- s,1s}-<-{v^r
.+[-{er-r.t e$eql is }ra-yrS$errect bl* q Eqsl-ern a*tcl a- reservo(r r'f
1+.e-1 hcve- dil(ere.n* *e-lrnp.eratrreS
he-c-+ t-rr-.r's&-rreci +o o( Som
hec-! Frcrns$e,rrect ho o- etov^
c.gP$-s t'|oL
Q&voir
-
Cotd reserlar'r
\-- a-I- -fc
PG.B
cr hot fe.s€rvoir
ct c-olc feServoir
y^gclurYes
QH=Qc
-^fr#au'
0 * , o-rnoon!
Q c : &wroun|
Hedr*
()l H lrc.nr
of
of
Qc-
HoF reservott
a-+
.rr!
-----r Fre \c-€
51shewr
.\+o+
rese(\/oir fs cr sc,.r-{s aF Fhe top
(k53'f
'(D\d re,&rvo-ir cr\,-rrarrs c.r.t T\s bo*owr
'-lhe sqslem tg\FT"') b\* 2 reservorr5
' Res"vuor.s c^vld alsratr 6,911aecfid b,t h;N" +W co^\d
t//f//-
,
**otrt/7
;s
-"'- J't
" I Lrr,-sE4r
bt+couF,_
)t Spnlarrrus hranskrs go rn 1 direc-hbn ont.1(
*' -*uf
fuuVr{-TrcrrrsW Dr'a6ro.rn
7
?csr
Cbncegfual 5, ll.'l : Anut, t**tdku-< . ', r l'lno 8"O,
-)ldhy-in phlSr'cS &ercnS- r's i+ rylor<- tux;oj ort *he bou la ereretse tn
"e*,/
hal
w e+^\+rer?
Llor,
fua1 cenhhuovsl7 c-ctnver*s Fohemo E*n, . E (q*r?r4zt"th a. cons'ic-n{r bocLq k-r,rtX"
Tourboel{
musi urnh'nrrl.zl1 {rransfu hr<* t- t1.*- ertv{rdftfte({1. Thts is ecLE.l fn c<,.t\
tt'te-u.]-l*r :
'hrcol-
ts Sponlclner*ts! t'rasrs|ered h tdt- €t-tvtn*
,
bu[- olkan l,l.a- o-t'.
l*af i: h,Xt^rr |hclrl l1cr* b..{i ts€rnp ,L{N" b"t1 ec*nnaf aol idset? l'h,s cr6ll/
rutd Muat ose olLt* rne.-hc"rlisrns *b fi-c.nsSe"r- this **Ajt Suc-h as
fe.rspr'rrn5.
Tl.,nSe rher)-lc,'-rt6zraS r eTur're a.ctcl,'han -t
ener7
7
elqr<,,no ih.lf<.
ffiexq, f s
u'C,rwur,ua
Woor =aR _ec_
6e41au\& Evergl it'pul
6nerto{ f5 e-xhc{ckd
ht ru{ l-l.re S.*\
Fr.cess heal-
'i\e-,--u. bq f ru
""ST.-
tZ
\c
e^oo= \-T
\e.o reh'cc.l ry"\axl mum eFft
C erc.t
o( o- h-e.^f e-n3ine-
deterrnined
Znd La-,^t eF
br dte
dha(
'n-d{ra&lc:Hecrt ene{j1 is Q r+
trcsrs$erle'l €rorn the
ho,t- r.^rqtler
Stinu
e-^ Worr - Qrr-e.
Qu a
" B lc er^c.x e I ,
?\. werr\< done is
o-\u:crr{S \e SS Y\"\c^rr^ {-L.r,e hec^} i vr p t-,r"t
(wo.,* .
Q
")
So !her. b-^.uST ba hec-t
Co\d /
ksenroir
Qc exhc^.rs\<.l +" f{.re co\d Te.servoir
q
No hec+ enqfre- er.n corwqr\
ci% o[- Lt-,y in&z sefi]. r,oor-(
z-,b-r+ rg l-\''g
enercM rs'usecJ
hloun d'#.i"f=ff-l"^Yg1 l:,yi,
Worl< Nou+
'h"nl flzr^ nac)a-r 7yr13;n tr4,o c.,(e ac e-
\uc-\eqjr- rec-eh)r procluceS h^'Sh-PreSSt,re.
Sl-ect-gh al- Z\O-e-. +Fle-r ils use-cl FD spin c
'l-t,-rtine, ifts cr-nds6gqd ( usiS cc-,a\3 .^.oher
(-c..
cr.- irec,-rr\o1 rive-.) bc,ctc h: Urcther qi
ZO"C--
'l'trre
e-tce5s hor.l-rs,cleEei/ed ,n l/* nnq.'{1,,t
oxr.ber iS H^{t1 refur.lel,C}r\d +l."l. qde beginS off4'n
hrhcL!3 lLe rncrx.
oss
i l"e 46tn^c*qi4,,s yb,n I ;,t)
a
, zlo"e +?-13= 5 L3 K A* zot +z1B= Z1#n
, LNLV'T
€rvrr"X= l- /b63l<
€rrro* =L182
3.1h" rernarninq enerqq
Qc'Q *l - Wori is ex'krrrrs\d
h, ll,e. cc\d reservoir cLS
ui&Sl h4f^,k
5ysfer4
erlertl rs +tc.1s$<rrei
"6.
into !he- cotd tpcrter
?csr
Cbncegfual 5, ll.'l : Anut, t**tdku-< . ', r l'lno 8"O,
-)ldhy-in phlSr'cS &ercnS- r's i+ rylor<- tux;oj ort *he bou la ereretse tn
"e*,/
hal
w e+^\+rer?
Llor,
fua1 cenhhuovsl7 c-ctnver*s Fohemo E*n, . E (q*r?r4zt"th a. cons'ic-n{r bocLq k-r,rtX"
Tourboel{
musi urnh'nrrl.zl1 {rransfu hr<* t- t1.*- ertv{rdftfte({1. Thts is ecLE.l fn c<,.t\
tt'te-u.]-l*r :
'hrcol-
ts Sponlclner*ts! t'rasrs|ered h tdt- €t-tvtn*
,
bu[- olkan l,l.a- o-t'.
l*af i: h,Xt^rr |hclrl l1cr* b..{i ts€rnp ,L{N" b"t1 ec*nnaf aol idset? l'h,s cr6ll/
rutd Muat ose olLt* rne.-hc"rlisrns *b fi-c.nsSe"r- this **Ajt Suc-h as
fe.rspr'rrn5.
Tl.,nSe rher)-lc,'-rt6zraS r eTur're a.ctcl,'han -t
ener7
7
elqr<,,no ih.lf<.
ffiexq, f s
u'C,rwur,ua
Woor =aR _ec_
6e41au\& Evergl it'pul
6nerto{ f5 e-xhc{ckd
ht ru{ l-l.re S.*\
Fr.cess heal-
'i\e-,--u. bq f ru
""ST.-
tZ
\c
e^oo= \-T
\e.o reh'cc.l ry"\axl mum eFft
C erc.t
o( o- h-e.^f e-n3ine-
deterrnined
Znd La-,^t eF
br dte
dha(
'n-d{ra&lc:Hecrt ene{j1 is Q r+
trcsrs$erle'l €rorn the
ho,t- r.^rqtler
Stinu
e-^ Worr - Qrr-e.
Qu a
" B lc er^c.x e I ,
?\. werr\< done is
o-\u:crr{S \e SS Y\"\c^rr^ {-L.r,e hec^} i vr p t-,r"t
(wo.,* .
Q
")
So !her. b-^.uST ba hec-t
Co\d /
ksenroir
Qc exhc^.rs\<.l +" f{.re co\d Te.servoir
q
No hec+ enqfre- er.n corwqr\
ci% o[- Lt-,y in&z sefi]. r,oor-(
z-,b-r+ rg l-\''g
enercM rs'usecJ
hloun d'#.i"f=ff-l"^Yg1 l:,yi,
Worl< Nou+
'h"nl flzr^ nac)a-r 7yr13;n tr4,o c.,(e ac e-
\uc-\eqjr- rec-eh)r procluceS h^'Sh-PreSSt,re.
Sl-ect-gh al- Z\O-e-. +Fle-r ils use-cl FD spin c
'l-t,-rtine, ifts cr-nds6gqd ( usiS cc-,a\3 .^.oher
(-c..
cr.- irec,-rr\o1 rive-.) bc,ctc h: Urcther qi
ZO"C--
'l'trre
e-tce5s hor.l-rs,cleEei/ed ,n l/* nnq.'{1,,t
oxr.ber iS H^{t1 refur.lel,C}r\d +l."l. qde beginS off4'n
hrhcL!3 lLe rncrx.
oss
i l"e 46tn^c*qi4,,s yb,n I ;,t)
a
, zlo"e +?-13= 5 L3 K A* zot +z1B= Z1#n
, LNLV'T
€rvrr"X= l- /b63l<
€rrro* =L182
3.1h" rernarninq enerqq
Qc'Q *l - Wori is ex'krrrrs\d
h, ll,e. cc\d reservoir cLS
ui&Sl h4f^,k
5ysfer4
erlertl rs +tc.1s$<rrei
"6.
into !he- cotd tpcrter
7
t\, J I \1 eerts P. nnps
16'\0
L>Ticrntf€{:s hec- i*ou !ro*
"^
cotcl reservior fo o. hot resgvior
(tt"e
o3'pcsifs .F the"ri,^l.rtol cdrrecht -,\
6r.: Kgh''gnr*Vr:#rcc.nsffers h"a^h Fro* the cokl cur ins{a\e lhe refrinercrior tl fiine
W0rn^q otr in f{,,9 fo,lvn,
Qtt= Q-rWin
'-fhu.
arnou.,nt oF heo.t- 6nerq q ry'vusd-. b e conSerfccl
e,xl.arusd *o $re hoL
I Ffecr.tu lep-si
a-er-I in t-'Ls h"[ stde- rnr,si*
.q"o- tt€ Surn o F k'Lve nec.*-
r€SB.rcvoir ,f lyrty ,thL,/, tQ t^e.rvro.rec &ror* $-{.q col._l -sioVg
a,mo,.mf & h!-I- e,X\ycrs-bed
CLr\41 {-ha uoorl< inpr.lf-'
g"o"n {4a cold roS?yvo(y
\&+tnol
eyv,<rs usel to
femove l,ta* harn a- alcl
fe,se.rvoir q-rd gxkr-us'l- hae,,f
t> c. ho\- reservoir
t.F llea* pump Is ussJ eor hecoh'n3',
COp =
3da
3 ener€q ardcled to t{'re k:h rescr voir
e
Pc.tl r,oc,r ralur'rec| to per-$orr,, t+r4- hrctfss-r
-lhgore-hr:c*I
nrcs coP
"1 "-i*^t e,*p-' COp-* = #*
Oser.l Crr hecA'=
CoeE6'ql'*"\0 oF pa-[.t.,rrnc{rc€-
(Coe)
eseA far aKrreJl.l
coP= g
= =_
6;
l*1 c,>er r1a'ceA la
?e.fucrn
{t,- $ran&r
C,op,".,.o =+€ Theore-fi,..-{
P u't-? UsedL. coa\ig
)t A \cu3er CoP yneAnE cl
rr,tsre- e.Ffrcrerrf hec$
Qt*"
W,'.1
Qe
Wl'
tr
r'ylcr.x C-c.t? oS o.- he-,or+
-'f(. tnsr'oliq aF qosc F"ra* is agrrav, Ooc-. t+e{+ S.o".., lhe- ineicle {E depositeaj rnto t-L(
Cdr
!. lour
\citsc-\^.n
,
Lrhrch has c,. 't*p o( 2O'c-. UIE-+; phe n
1x
co,lo(
Vr, hdV".
'iH
= 2o.c- 2a3k Tc-:Zl3\<. boP,-.,* - fr., : L13l< {tZ">
cop o.i \3.(o rne(.{ls f4"$,i. uie- p(Jmp 13,Gil- Tv--\- ffis-----
ot- her! (or
c.l.r eret.{ ce6{- o& tf
" If.5 c,- hoh dA1, c-.-l.rc yoor c-ph, \s rctf\,-5r r^)cJ-c^. 1.,r. r.E>6,,4 ftv--t-e- so3get;;
t\, J I \1 eerts P. nnps
16'\0
L>Ticrntf€{:s hec- i*ou !ro*
"^
cotcl reservior fo o. hot resgvior
(tt"e
o3'pcsifs .F the"ri,^l.rtol cdrrecht -,\
6r.: Kgh''gnr*Vr:#rcc.nsffers h"a^h Fro* the cokl cur ins{a\e lhe refrinercrior tl fiine
W0rn^q otr in f{,,9 fo,lvn,
Qtt= Q-rWin
'-fhu.
arnou.,nt oF heo.t- 6nerq q ry'vusd-. b e conSerfccl
e,xl.arusd *o $re hoL
I Ffecr.tu lep-si
a-er-I in t-'Ls h"[ stde- rnr,si*
.q"o- tt€ Surn o F k'Lve nec.*-
r€SB.rcvoir ,f lyrty ,thL,/, tQ t^e.rvro.rec &ror* $-{.q col._l -sioVg
a,mo,.mf & h!-I- e,X\ycrs-bed
CLr\41 {-ha uoorl< inpr.lf-'
g"o"n {4a cold roS?yvo(y
\&+tnol
eyv,<rs usel to
femove l,ta* harn a- alcl
fe,se.rvoir q-rd gxkr-us'l- hae,,f
t> c. ho\- reservoir
t.F llea* pump Is ussJ eor hecoh'n3',
COp =
3da
3 ener€q ardcled to t{'re k:h rescr voir
e
Pc.tl r,oc,r ralur'rec| to per-$orr,, t+r4- hrctfss-r
-lhgore-hr:c*I
nrcs coP
"1 "-i*^t e,*p-' COp-* = #*
Oser.l Crr hecA'=
CoeE6'ql'*"\0 oF pa-[.t.,rrnc{rc€-
(Coe)
eseA far aKrreJl.l
coP= g
= =_
6;
l*1 c,>er r1a'ceA la
?e.fucrn
{t,- $ran&r
C,op,".,.o =+€ Theore-fi,..-{
P u't-? UsedL. coa\ig
)t A \cu3er CoP yneAnE cl
rr,tsre- e.Ffrcrerrf hec$
Qt*"
W,'.1
Qe
Wl'
tr
r'ylcr.x C-c.t? oS o.- he-,or+
-'f(. tnsr'oliq aF qosc F"ra* is agrrav, Ooc-. t+e{+ S.o".., lhe- ineicle {E depositeaj rnto t-L(
Cdr
!. lour
\citsc-\^.n
,
Lrhrch has c,. 't*p o( 2O'c-. UIE-+; phe n
1x
co,lo(
Vr, hdV".
'iH
= 2o.c- 2a3k Tc-:Zl3\<. boP,-.,* - fr., : L13l< {tZ">
cop o.i \3.(o rne(.{ls f4"$,i. uie- p(Jmp 13,Gil- Tv--\- ffis-----
ot- her! (or
c.l.r eret.{ ce6{- o& tf
" If.5 c,- hoh dA1, c-.-l.rc yoor c-ph, \s rctf\,-5r r^)cJ-c^. 1.,r. r.E>6,,4 ftv--t-e- so3get;;
7
'{he #crlafer o$ he<rf firon^ hot h cod t8 qn rerersibte process
AlthorSh
inlerachons o-.1- i-he rnolecr-rlcrr te.va a.re ratq6ible, the sho$s at- lc.rg,r_.
hunbers frtr'(e, i{- overu.rhenr'ng\1 \ikd1 tt^c}+ \4te sqslern U;itl s/o\ve-
fou:cocl @utl,i'briam
(it-s |te ,-ost prob,-be sh.,Fe- in whr,ch +o be)
&1m"ru I me4e*Jr.s {-he c.mourrq. oF o soraer (n e,, Eqale'nn
crecrseS &s
lcru
(nove- Sto* a.n c:r:oleleA sqolern to c- fl'tcsre cl&c'rclereet st|t4rr-t
'2 fherr'nc,r\ in\eraclig stlslen"rs u-tl al;((, l-engwcrturS \6ve a lor.,.l enkopq
jrda<cl:
hdkralorns Gle on o{\e Bio\e <l$ Fhe Vaorrt{, lhe sLt-ue, e'.-}ornt .. lfu o//*
The rur.rsf rc"ndsn
laossib)e
drSlribu*bn oF enory1 (*l" ts.t'l- orde-*'er) st1s+e.m)
correEfruk +b r'thzn {he Z slslerr":s Afe l'n f{.rmrj quilibl'orn dlqr"rtl l-*,PS.
Fhopq
incvec,r,seS os lhe 2 tqslews w rn,hc,r 1 ollfferenl terngera,trxee n'byg
luwo,rd l-{rerrrc" equi I ilorium
zn"t L".,^ o9 Therrr,odqha-m\'c-a'. Thet e.,*'rcy1c,f o.n @
clerrecrses. 1\e. errhopcl gfher
incxecrsc, u,r" r t-lne aystun
or, il +hu. sqs+ern b*Sl-. ln equi\ibritim, Starls I'he Sar
reazhzs
Satn e-.
nn lsotc"ted sqsfern e.rlo\les sucj. thrrt:
" 0rdey hrynS rnio dr6orcler a..nd nlurdorrvness
' ln4o.-c.ha:n is los+ fct-tlr.cr +^ftc.n q.tt,,ed
' fh,e- 6r1tb<.m
*ru-rrg
du^-:nu .f other ftv*S oF **qq qre ha$ssorrneol +.)
therp,16,.1
"JrW1
' 1'fterrna e-rnerql^ hHs enkogcl, oHner t'or*s oF enerX do nof
Vtihen orroFher hovrvr ol a.rernl is converYe *o dterrnal *o(u|, fhe,re is
incfecrSe in ut/ropy. The proc-€ss usill_ ndf sytr*aneaslq re\/e-/se-
(S^fi*'n=
\DVy conve-rsionS c& of{.sr Fo..'.s
"f
**.11 \. t/v1a,crnc,1 <-r
is irre-ve-r-s ble)
e6- e)"rwcr cz)rrr'> t'" gnqttl T.. Yr'T Y^c' *'-11
*'
ff
*/il#//ru,"[[rinru.
t$, ?*ff , rF ffi"u,
{s ci-clct€d tD t{,e- hec^} errgine
fhe work oul- coi\k$ns no
Qlrrtr4tt.The on \^rri{ H4Gl-
€x\hoBg{ sa$ l€qrve iS rrik
her.C,Sto.^: to lhe cor,d
resejV(or
qoes ocrt o+ H^e hrea! ryrrrnq intu \he
b'r*tyl rs f€.rvrovecl S.z,-u
pfie he-a.t- er€roe.
la-ta-J aqs CVT
epilibrlum,
---L.
E
\No.r\-
6+-f1
Cod Pessvur:
,///iv'Tc
'{he #crlafer o$ he<rf firon^ hot h cod t8 qn rerersibte process
AlthorSh
inlerachons o-.1- i-he rnolecr-rlcrr te.va a.re ratq6ible, the sho$s at- lc.rg,r_.
hunbers frtr'(e, i{- overu.rhenr'ng\1 \ikd1 tt^c}+ \4te sqslern U;itl s/o\ve-
fou:cocl @utl,i'briam
(it-s |te ,-ost prob,-be sh.,Fe- in whr,ch +o be)
&1m"ru I me4e*Jr.s {-he c.mourrq. oF o soraer (n e,, Eqale'nn
crecrseS &s
lcru
(nove- Sto* a.n c:r:oleleA sqolern to c- fl'tcsre cl&c'rclereet st|t4rr-t
'2 fherr'nc,r\ in\eraclig stlslen"rs u-tl al;((, l-engwcrturS \6ve a lor.,.l enkopq
jrda<cl:
hdkralorns Gle on o{\e Bio\e <l$ Fhe Vaorrt{, lhe sLt-ue, e'.-}ornt .. lfu o//*
The rur.rsf rc"ndsn
laossib)e
drSlribu*bn oF enory1 (*l" ts.t'l- orde-*'er) st1s+e.m)
correEfruk +b r'thzn {he Z slslerr":s Afe l'n f{.rmrj quilibl'orn dlqr"rtl l-*,PS.
Fhopq
incvec,r,seS os lhe 2 tqslews w rn,hc,r 1 ollfferenl terngera,trxee n'byg
luwo,rd l-{rerrrc" equi I ilorium
zn"t L".,^ o9 Therrr,odqha-m\'c-a'. Thet e.,*'rcy1c,f o.n @
clerrecrses. 1\e. errhopcl gfher
incxecrsc, u,r" r t-lne aystun
or, il +hu. sqs+ern b*Sl-. ln equi\ibritim, Starls I'he Sar
reazhzs
Satn e-.
nn lsotc"ted sqsfern e.rlo\les sucj. thrrt:
" 0rdey hrynS rnio dr6orcler a..nd nlurdorrvness
' ln4o.-c.ha:n is los+ fct-tlr.cr +^ftc.n q.tt,,ed
' fh,e- 6r1tb<.m
*ru-rrg
du^-:nu .f other ftv*S oF **qq qre ha$ssorrneol +.)
therp,16,.1
"JrW1
' 1'fterrna e-rnerql^ hHs enkogcl, oHner t'or*s oF enerX do nof
Vtihen orroFher hovrvr ol a.rernl is converYe *o dterrnal *o(u|, fhe,re is
incfecrSe in ut/ropy. The proc-€ss usill_ ndf sytr*aneaslq re\/e-/se-
(S^fi*'n=
\DVy conve-rsionS c& of{.sr Fo..'.s
"f
**.11 \. t/v1a,crnc,1 <-r
is irre-ve-r-s ble)
e6- e)"rwcr cz)rrr'> t'" gnqttl T.. Yr'T Y^c' *'-11
*'
ff
*/il#//ru,"[[rinru.
t$, ?*ff , rF ffi"u,
{s ci-clct€d tD t{,e- hec^} errgine
fhe work oul- coi\k$ns no
Qlrrtr4tt.The on \^rri{ H4Gl-
€x\hoBg{ sa$ l€qrve iS rrik
her.C,Sto.^: to lhe cor,d
resejV(or
qoes ocrt o+ H^e hrea! ryrrrnq intu \he
b'r*tyl rs f€.rvrovecl S.z,-u
pfie he-a.t- er€roe.
la-ta-J aqs CVT
epilibrlum,
---L.
E
\No.r\-
6+-f1
Cod Pessvur:
,///iv'Tc
7
Pa,z
.
UJhen 2 eqokms ctt diffuent )evnpercdwex intcnrcf, ha,rl
s€{r1 is hctrskrd
S?*
klneoun\1 Som \" hotter io *h
eo\der 6q8iern, Fevor trom lYe co6.. b the hdfer
" ts nov ptai\o to wrcrke <r hecr\- e-rrqine \-h$ts
converK fhermo enetl in\o qn equivop-nF o,nnowr\
ofr wciy\<,
'Hk nr! potsib\e to wnrke er hecrf pump thc^k nnnnel \s,
ko"n cr co\o obleci ts c,. hot- o\e*
''^\lo on oxt€i-rurl
tu.ntt t nguF
'1he h'.. dire.han in rNic ?he *rna71
"[
on
iSalcr-lecl
16+€r0n
crecr.SeS tS "ttre Prr,t -lrot'
$
Alkrnc^hve 6t-0,\ernenk o$ fhe Znd trr^o d Xte,rwodqrv:rrrvrrcs
?h.*.rn.t*n*
Fec{i Tert..1
6pn}anecrs1
Flor,ot tr.nh hot to co\d
" hnhogtl conetdera*h'ons \imt t
fhe possib\e etftciencg oF u
hq^t enXine
'\+ |o,kus ene,vtg lo rnove
hel^f 0.u* c^ ci,ta objeci io
o. Vttcrfrn objes-l-
'Ihe- <x1hrcpl of crn
iso\cr-lecl €qsfern Wi ne.'rer
5ponhcrneou$
1
decrecrse
'We can! C,rfualh/ rotn od*- ,:t enetXl (tn.tq c<lrr't .r ol€st"ofd)
hre Cnu ru"n ou# of htqh-9ue\i sttrrc-et .l!'eneratl (G"r-s
{4rcd-co.n .oa,'U
be conver|..I inb other fiit^* o!
-*tf)
v r
E*'.Oi\+ cocrFc^aYr: c,!'.s.m"c€, ener"ll, h l&rc1). quqlh,l.l . Jf's c- ltc1uful,r5a rJ eoarll
kcrnSpodd cqld ec,ei1 f,*.n".t in c* liust oS d,e,n",ices b
3ener.te.
L,*i
9 clrtci\, ar rnobron.
'Vrlhen we lcqrn oi\, Wedon'l- useup ils eneql-Ne 6imgt1 eonueft il ,lu ['{u,r-rncul e
As we do +hs, v,redecreose lLe orrrunt ofi hrqh-quoti
C"r,"-',. rn ile hovlcl
O.nc incretrSQ t4re SUggll ol- 5rt Ll.ss use-fu I aiFh'c*,tl F., .onwrr b o{o"6rmS'
t(Z*'t Lcrw oF therrntctqno.rnrts ontq agplries lb ltOr-nteU Scza+<ns (qsl.erns
i-,tc^+
dcin'f ercfrurql erne"qtl Ul Fhr-ir environrrrent)
&, )0,^, boc1 it nof e"n isokrted s\s\ern
' \her \.fou hu(e in chrxnico{ enerfltt r)n t\e- {oo.l .1u., @l"t, rl5 us..J f". er,e€t.{, r'nosfr al
i! eno\s up os t\srrv.cA €-nerxu1 Fh.rt qo* e-xhc"$.sV qs heolr hho l-{'e. envlranrr:.rrf-
!X\:
ctvuctrl Fe uxrbrop Vk$ ncrrurcA
TJrcce-sses
in qour bd.1 c-r'erdas
_ Eyrerqq lec.tves Uour
{ t
HFq
T*T,q
larve1
\o.t"
bd ,{v\o6q\{ ' b fh,S cocfrinr.re'rA exc.krlrqr- otqero
:I$'R-enttoq
N
(oop1 .r.pon rol Fhe €nvirLnry*nt
.H.c^t
' b fh,S cocfrinr.re'rA exc.krlrqr- otAerl,
toosE r*r ol ujeli
nnctlfes
\o)r
\,\e -o.ncl *t t,te- j,SsibP
Pa,z
.
UJhen 2 eqokms ctt diffuent )evnpercdwex intcnrcf, ha,rl
s€{r1 is hctrskrd
S?*
klneoun\1 Som \" hotter io *h
eo\der 6q8iern, Fevor trom lYe co6.. b the hdfer
" ts nov ptai\o to wrcrke <r hecr\- e-rrqine \-h$ts
converK fhermo enetl in\o qn equivop-nF o,nnowr\
ofr wciy\<,
'Hk nr! potsib\e to wnrke er hecrf pump thc^k nnnnel \s,
ko"n cr co\o obleci ts c,. hot- o\e*
''^\lo on oxt€i-rurl
tu.ntt t nguF
'1he h'.. dire.han in rNic ?he *rna71
"[
on
iSalcr-lecl
16+€r0n
crecr.SeS tS "ttre Prr,t -lrot'
$
Alkrnc^hve 6t-0,\ernenk o$ fhe Znd trr^o d Xte,rwodqrv:rrrvrrcs
?h.*.rn.t*n*
Fec{i Tert..1
6pn}anecrs1
Flor,ot tr.nh hot to co\d
" hnhogtl conetdera*h'ons \imt t
fhe possib\e etftciencg oF u
hq^t enXine
'\+ |o,kus ene,vtg lo rnove
hel^f 0.u* c^ ci,ta objeci io
o. Vttcrfrn objes-l-
'Ihe- <x1hrcpl of crn
iso\cr-lecl €qsfern Wi ne.'rer
5ponhcrneou$
1
decrecrse
'We can! C,rfualh/ rotn od*- ,:t enetXl (tn.tq c<lrr't .r ol€st"ofd)
hre Cnu ru"n ou# of htqh-9ue\i sttrrc-et .l!'eneratl (G"r-s
{4rcd-co.n .oa,'U
be conver|..I inb other fiit^* o!
-*tf)
v r
E*'.Oi\+ cocrFc^aYr: c,!'.s.m"c€, ener"ll, h l&rc1). quqlh,l.l . Jf's c- ltc1uful,r5a rJ eoarll
kcrnSpodd cqld ec,ei1 f,*.n".t in c* liust oS d,e,n",ices b
3ener.te.
L,*i
9 clrtci\, ar rnobron.
'Vrlhen we lcqrn oi\, Wedon'l- useup ils eneql-Ne 6imgt1 eonueft il ,lu ['{u,r-rncul e
As we do +hs, v,redecreose lLe orrrunt ofi hrqh-quoti
C"r,"-',. rn ile hovlcl
O.nc incretrSQ t4re SUggll ol- 5rt Ll.ss use-fu I aiFh'c*,tl F., .onwrr b o{o"6rmS'
t(Z*'t Lcrw oF therrntctqno.rnrts ontq agplries lb ltOr-nteU Scza+<ns (qsl.erns
i-,tc^+
dcin'f ercfrurql erne"qtl Ul Fhr-ir environrrrent)
&, )0,^, boc1 it nof e"n isokrted s\s\ern
' \her \.fou hu(e in chrxnico{ enerfltt r)n t\e- {oo.l .1u., @l"t, rl5 us..J f". er,e€t.{, r'nosfr al
i! eno\s up os t\srrv.cA €-nerxu1 Fh.rt qo* e-xhc"$.sV qs heolr hho l-{'e. envlranrr:.rrf-
!X\:
ctvuctrl Fe uxrbrop Vk$ ncrrurcA
TJrcce-sses
in qour bd.1 c-r'erdas
_ Eyrerqq lec.tves Uour
{ t
HFq
T*T,q
larve1
\o.t"
bd ,{v\o6q\{ ' b fh,S cocfrinr.re'rA exc.krlrqr- otqero
:I$'R-enttoq
N
(oop1 .r.pon rol Fhe €nvirLnry*nt
.H.c^t
' b fh,S cocfrinr.re'rA exc.krlrqr- otAerl,
toosE r*r ol ujeli
nnctlfes
\o)r
\,\e -o.ncl *t t,te- j,SsibP
CI+ [z', I'tcr\er
PG, \
-t) Gc^S: Q Sgslern in rihtoh eqdr lccrrho\e
rnoves fted1 through :pace r.r.rrbi
, dh
6cccrs(on, il_ codes tuiHr onoYher pcrrHcle or' the uq o$ ils c.on!c.'.r'oer
Lvlud: r.o ecrk bcrnds pe.r..tiF
\e*t"or
rnotr'on,ovri\q -e.-eptn1 *h e- pcrrh^o\es c-\os(
)
a) Sol'c,l: A rrqrcl-sa\d h<:s cr. cleGnife etscf9 ar\d ec^n te- .ornpressed e)r
deh"t'"d on'l1 s\,gt{1 ,. c<.rns s\s .S e,\o'n3 conn e,c}€d
epril- Iitlo
rno\e<.rr"\c,,.rr 6o\13.
Lrluiot: gcr-rt'tdeS hc.-ye- goc-c.J<- U"r.tcls
!.l.cJ.i-
t Akee,p
'tsre
c-\ose- toXe.t+^ec fl-e
q;-,.::) pcrrtr'cle.s crrn s\ide c^ro.:n. ec<J
\-? ot\er,so t e- \q,,,id c<r-r'r Q\.r.*r
Airannt'c- N{e1s S r A t-ocnic- Hc!q> Nornlsrr ( f* e."rrpg = l4xrb sn)
.Atornf e nocrSS Nurnbe-c
(p.) = * prohcns'+ nerrtr-orns (n= b t(c =tz)
Lt
-ri!t<rr
cr$ c! \ecrAin5 sobscrtlol c,h &f.e crJn5rn\c 6qmal ('tC)
tnC,
fcrdioc,c!-ive tsoiole used 9zr. ccrrbon dofrnl , !rc.,,3 b prohong+8ne..,tnu.
'Ato-i.
mc^ss LrnftLly) = t.t t x lo
tt
\.q
LadeFerrnrned bl
,T--\Zcr
Cercrc-r-\1)
t
*t.")= \2vr
' !4h>rntc- nncrSeeS crre, Cd lefl hecr\1 e1'.rcr.r fo \.dr gvto.nniC nur^\er LA)
tt1*, ,"r;r'lt A- , is tn- l,bOlt..)
* 6r t-hiS h6k, juSl USe A cr-S t{,."- va\ue of U"- olrtirnts rnv-\5
-F{o\e-<r,r"\crr t{c^q = 6urm of }-he- cr-tornrc- fn(.rtsses o$ t\e- o.J-crns forntfnl
fhe motecrlJle
ettl rn(O.) = 2*,('cf) = 32cr
'A lln e)efnenfk, crf,crcn\E nr..crgS nur"nbay is Netr t*re 6cr.nr,e crq \s Cr'Vornre-
num\oar "
q!omts,,
ttumbulSives t-e- dementS positioct tn thre- 6ricdic k$t*)
ig !V,e CIr.irnber- ol
locol-onS
&re rn fASclOrn
fnohon curd inferc.t-c.H.{
"n\
e\€ts\'rc c-o i sicrns
CnoSt
Po.rhL\es
.: Sat id : f\e Pc.-rf'k-\e-S
a'<-e-
-) rffi
q-a
ne'q-.ts€.4 b re-\c.F't d1
ffi
6h +'+ slrinS- i\zs\oncls
w
PG, \
-t) Gc^S: Q Sgslern in rihtoh eqdr lccrrho\e
rnoves fted1 through :pace r.r.rrbi
, dh
6cccrs(on, il_ codes tuiHr onoYher pcrrHcle or' the uq o$ ils c.on!c.'.r'oer
Lvlud: r.o ecrk bcrnds pe.r..tiF
\e*t"or
rnotr'on,ovri\q -e.-eptn1 *h e- pcrrh^o\es c-\os(
)
a) Sol'c,l: A rrqrcl-sa\d h<:s cr. cleGnife etscf9 ar\d ec^n te- .ornpressed e)r
deh"t'"d on'l1 s\,gt{1 ,. c<.rns s\s .S e,\o'n3 conn e,c}€d
epril- Iitlo
rno\e<.rr"\c,,.rr 6o\13.
Lrluiot: gcr-rt'tdeS hc.-ye- goc-c.J<- U"r.tcls
!.l.cJ.i-
t Akee,p
'tsre
c-\ose- toXe.t+^ec fl-e
q;-,.::) pcrrtr'cle.s crrn s\ide c^ro.:n. ec<J
\-? ot\er,so t e- \q,,,id c<r-r'r Q\.r.*r
Airannt'c- N{e1s S r A t-ocnic- Hc!q> Nornlsrr ( f* e."rrpg = l4xrb sn)
.Atornf e nocrSS Nurnbe-c
(p.) = * prohcns'+ nerrtr-orns (n= b t(c =tz)
Lt
-ri!t<rr
cr$ c! \ecrAin5 sobscrtlol c,h &f.e crJn5rn\c 6qmal ('tC)
tnC,
fcrdioc,c!-ive tsoiole used 9zr. ccrrbon dofrnl , !rc.,,3 b prohong+8ne..,tnu.
'Ato-i.
mc^ss LrnftLly) = t.t t x lo
tt
\.q
LadeFerrnrned bl
,T--\Zcr
Cercrc-r-\1)
t
*t.")= \2vr
' !4h>rntc- nncrSeeS crre, Cd lefl hecr\1 e1'.rcr.r fo \.dr gvto.nniC nur^\er LA)
tt1*, ,"r;r'lt A- , is tn- l,bOlt..)
* 6r t-hiS h6k, juSl USe A cr-S t{,."- va\ue of U"- olrtirnts rnv-\5
-F{o\e-<r,r"\crr t{c^q = 6urm of }-he- cr-tornrc- fn(.rtsses o$ t\e- o.J-crns forntfnl
fhe motecrlJle
ettl rn(O.) = 2*,('cf) = 32cr
'A lln e)efnenfk, crf,crcn\E nr..crgS nur"nbay is Netr t*re 6cr.nr,e crq \s Cr'Vornre-
num\oar "
q!omts,,
ttumbulSives t-e- dementS positioct tn thre- 6ricdic k$t*)
ig !V,e CIr.irnber- ol
locol-onS
&re rn fASclOrn
fnohon curd inferc.t-c.H.{
"n\
e\€ts\'rc c-o i sicrns
CnoSt
Po.rhL\es
.: Sat id : f\e Pc.-rf'k-\e-S
a'<-e-
-) rffi
q-a
ne'q-.ts€.4 b re-\c.F't d1
ffi
6h +'+ slrinS- i\zs\oncls
w
7
De& nihbn oF .eth. t{o\e
!-
f\= Nn
P6.z
1 rt*rt" of tshgfcrnce,a-bbrevfc,.tecl 1 rnol., r's G.ozxloz3 fa"rorc- pc,rhcle5
(1
rnde oF rncrf}et ,s ft" a*novnt= o$ et-lLstc*ne€ conlcuninl arS *"1 bcrsrc
os lh€re Gre in iz
3
o$ ''c)
'{'{onatorrrtc Cnc,-s'. (e-x'. \irr9, l-he- bcrstc- por-h+cle rs t\e he- um c^borv\
G.oZ rfg
he-\it,..n c-rlurnS c,re. t r',o o$ he-\iurn.
-Dic^tO".ric
Gac.S', (e-6r Orql&rl, of bcrsic- pc'-rtr.c,\e- = OL
rno cXqyn gcr"S
,'<irrrr'ns G.O?-x(oz3 rnb\ecr.,rleg
"l&
O2 c^rrcJ Ytr'.r,S
2 (G.oazr lo"t) 'ox11rrr cr-torn6
AvoXctdros Nurnber !S^)
: Thq * of hac^trc pclrhE\es per mole- of subescrnc-€.
Nn=G.OLx1OtS nnol-l
f^rhttes
oQ cl. surbsY<rnc€ c.onkrr'nrinl
'Nt.:t"*.- rncrss (Hr"ol) eb ae €, sobskn(c rs Hne- rnoas €nrcrrns -S
I mo of aobsyunc-e
Ex \Z.t'. Deterrnintnl quc.-nH\es o$ oxq?-
-A 5,16\ern c.r>rrtc^r'ns \oo1 og *fy-rr. !b,^t mo{ rno\ss cAoeS i$ cantt^r'n? t*o,*. Yncu\y
Ox11cn
(O
r) H"i'-r = \Zg/i'.al Ft'..* rvrdte. cavrtcJnS Na mote.cur.*,,
=-l**W$tf?
n=!X{p_== 3.125 rno d \1. n,UR = 3.lLS ,L.ozxto'3*;t
= 1.1;pzq.,..r\ecutes
v-
rv.o\
Vo\unne (r"t)
t'l-hg
crrvrc,,-tr* g$ sp.^ce lhe eqtbenn occqpir$
I rnt = tou.-3 uiter = i ooo -*3, so r",t= \03 L
(^ mrllililer (mr_) iS lhe so.dne c6 .Lcml
lZ. 2 i'Ihefmc^t &pc^-nsion
O+, Hne mo\cr - wrusg o( €.
ttC
is Hrr.,",t (ttC) = l2g/ rno\
fnoles at c^ sclbelrrncg in fervns oS ihS rrras5.
c-re-ereeS l+€- vo[urn& oF c.r) oQics-F c-LS fe.nnpeac.br.re- rtncres.se-5
\'f hecr\- Cs Frc.nr$erreA '\-o on 6[\ecl-, tK fkfi.
"AY</ltpu*t*xF;aH'?"'r"*10:;ilhk'
/ r, I ) I I I
tt'''rfher c*'c^rt'
ttxher speeds ard m.ve
lVoluincl I L/ -B.trc\S c^<-< "Gfrehc]rec\' '. crec^ses l+re-
Tennp. T; I
Volttrne v+ I o dtstc,.^c-e blto c,$orns , Eo bhe cu"ue\
Te-rg. G lo\urnet inerecrses t.l \g
Vo\ume
'llecrrre{
6rP"nqi.^ '
AV=(3ViAT fo. rnost 6rrbstunceE, AV=V+-V; ia \inecs\1 rc-\c-tcct tD v!.,<-
co9tfide-r"vh eG
-it
lliro;"g*l* tt:rt;:i[t o"r"rcJs oq the- ncrhr.e, of, rr"€- bonc]s. in cr r.r-*e-rio])
l-turnbev- oQ mo\e,s (n)
N bc.r.6rt- gc*r\-r.c)eS
[U oa"tot3 shr>rrrl\
oSN )
De& nihbn oF .eth. t{o\e
!-
f\= Nn
P6.z
1 rt*rt" of tshgfcrnce,a-bbrevfc,.tecl 1 rnol., r's G.ozxloz3 fa"rorc- pc,rhcle5
(1
rnde oF rncrf}et ,s ft" a*novnt= o$ et-lLstc*ne€ conlcuninl arS *"1 bcrsrc
os lh€re Gre in iz
3
o$ ''c)
'{'{onatorrrtc Cnc,-s'. (e-x'. \irr9, l-he- bcrstc- por-h+cle rs t\e he- um c^borv\
G.oZ rfg
he-\it,..n c-rlurnS c,re. t r',o o$ he-\iurn.
-Dic^tO".ric
Gac.S', (e-6r Orql&rl, of bcrsic- pc'-rtr.c,\e- = OL
rno cXqyn gcr"S
,'<irrrr'ns G.O?-x(oz3 rnb\ecr.,rleg
"l&
O2 c^rrcJ Ytr'.r,S
2 (G.oazr lo"t) 'ox11rrr cr-torn6
AvoXctdros Nurnber !S^)
: Thq * of hac^trc pclrhE\es per mole- of subescrnc-€.
Nn=G.OLx1OtS nnol-l
f^rhttes
oQ cl. surbsY<rnc€ c.onkrr'nrinl
'Nt.:t"*.- rncrss (Hr"ol) eb ae €, sobskn(c rs Hne- rnoas €nrcrrns -S
I mo of aobsyunc-e
Ex \Z.t'. Deterrnintnl quc.-nH\es o$ oxq?-
-A 5,16\ern c.r>rrtc^r'ns \oo1 og *fy-rr. !b,^t mo{ rno\ss cAoeS i$ cantt^r'n? t*o,*. Yncu\y
Ox11cn
(O
r) H"i'-r = \Zg/i'.al Ft'..* rvrdte. cavrtcJnS Na mote.cur.*,,
=-l**W$tf?
n=!X{p_== 3.125 rno d \1. n,UR = 3.lLS ,L.ozxto'3*;t
= 1.1;pzq.,..r\ecutes
v-
rv.o\
Vo\unne (r"t)
t'l-hg
crrvrc,,-tr* g$ sp.^ce lhe eqtbenn occqpir$
I rnt = tou.-3 uiter = i ooo -*3, so r",t= \03 L
(^ mrllililer (mr_) iS lhe so.dne c6 .Lcml
lZ. 2 i'Ihefmc^t &pc^-nsion
O+, Hne mo\cr - wrusg o( €.
ttC
is Hrr.,",t (ttC) = l2g/ rno\
fnoles at c^ sclbelrrncg in fervns oS ihS rrras5.
c-re-ereeS l+€- vo[urn& oF c.r) oQics-F c-LS fe.nnpeac.br.re- rtncres.se-5
\'f hecr\- Cs Frc.nr$erreA '\-o on 6[\ecl-, tK fkfi.
"AY</ltpu*t*xF;aH'?"'r"*10:;ilhk'
/ r, I ) I I I
tt'''rfher c*'c^rt'
ttxher speeds ard m.ve
lVoluincl I L/ -B.trc\S c^<-< "Gfrehc]rec\' '. crec^ses l+re-
Tennp. T; I
Volttrne v+ I o dtstc,.^c-e blto c,$orns , Eo bhe cu"ue\
Te-rg. G lo\urnet inerecrses t.l \g
Vo\ume
'llecrrre{
6rP"nqi.^ '
AV=(3ViAT fo. rnost 6rrbstunceE, AV=V+-V; ia \inecs\1 rc-\c-tcct tD v!.,<-
co9tfide-r"vh eG
-it
lliro;"g*l* tt:rt;:i[t o"r"rcJs oq the- ncrhr.e, of, rr"€- bonc]s. in cr r.r-*e-rio])
l-turnbev- oQ mo\e,s (n)
N bc.r.6rt- gc*r\-r.c)eS
[U oa"tot3 shr>rrrl\
oSN )
7
Linecr-r Th<-rrncrl Ftgccnsion I
A L=3 Li ar
A6 o, solrd's \oltrme
'ncf,ecrs€S, ecrc-h o0 ifs ltnecrr
A constroF:Ccie(f,i:r'enf of \Wt- erF:rfitlcr-l dirvrenSdors increcr8eS crS roel\.
'The- ex?reaaions for lhermc.l elpan6fon crre on{ c'-pfroyirncrh€ e+precci<rts, }-hcf
P(is-
Apgll over c^ \irni.lecl r"*r? 6$ |eryrpercrlweS.
"Ef.Pirt'ccr- Brrn,..,r\e^t: l-hrl're er So€l frt fu m"c.s.,red clc*cl, b.t| Fhel clonf
fegfe8en| Crnq [rrterltlinX fr^r.tdotnent
"t
tcurO L therc- crre, rncrfc.rrb! g ts{'.<r} cJc' UOT
*(r<-r)
sr.r.bsf<rnc€ L r.., ec^*-
' Arntnurn Z3x \O-u
.6lc.ss lxl6*c
' lron ot 3lee- \Lx10:L
' Gncrele tZxttfu
Btr.-l)
V"\,^rn..
(s 1 n to'6
Zl x t0-b
3G xro-b
SGrtob
' Efhql alct$o llC0x tot
. lqrter 2tO
x ltf
' Air(*.a oflner Gs,s.s) 3t{6rtdk
e\oq to\.:--.q. ei+her \.jlc.Jhtc,r.S
:ta^r*e t2.3,, coefGic-ierr\s oF Line..--
\otvrn€
-lhermal
e+po-r'eion a'l-20'c
e.\iquid
r-r .5'i
-2
ll
It.!
la
r Spoce Needle is Q.S<-nn tc^lte- in l-\e €clmher , taLE^. he.igVr\- = \8O.bG5rn
Con..fh.'", l-]1 t2.l I t,)h,f happens to !\e hote ?
-A rr€.tal ptc,,te krrs er slrc.ulcrr holein i|. As the plcute ls he^rec\, doe8 lhe hote get lcrrrtrr ocern<-rltr
*" lhe siee oF Fhe hokEXPAkT DS <-g the- g\c'...\e. e-x pc.nds
* Put thQ-ld of a
6k.ssjc-,.r
order verl hcrh rp<^Fsr tt'er1
both
_e'lgand,
bc-it the stee- 1id- <ird lhe 6ge,ninX ic. $.e- tid
th6t $\S over {he g\<reS jc,!r-'e.npcrrrcls
br.1 more Vhc^n \hq
Skrss .\c{r.
fhe lor \id uliil be- \oqgr, c.rd con be- moce.
e*Sl[ ae-n v:vecl '
Sgecl'ot Properhes oS \Nc^"tser crnC \ee.
- A rettr\F of, t\e cx.,."Oe ctigtribh'on o-n
u.thtcrh c\e,lerrn tnes hot^r neclrbl molecrileS
-> As qrcrber c1pffoc11hs H"e keeeioX goin mc>\e<.LL\eS benin hr hrwr
ctusYers ll'rc*t alre rnore €hronqtq I'aonded, Hao mo\cgr.\eS rSw.rsl
dlL-"rr\^t s1l 6,Ioit g.itUrr-'a+erf+
'i6
F'"ni eir-rr <-\utie.rs,-vnerr4i6q l\
voturne-tnLrerraes,. Aeeet'rui' +he t+]eter nasrrlts tn <rrr €-rren
v
<irer.r-\er i ncrer.xse- r'n ve\ufteJ-> tc-e (sod) is l,oss de.ngc S'cr.n
Y^r + .e.r (\i c1u ro) o.nd $\<rcd6
/-64ow 1o< S,s"t+€f
ue<.ooL'
n&st.r,tts inq
trrreCr\R "dn Vo\,+me
r^rcr.|er
H^e W\o\er.44.,\g/
intercrol o{ ect ot{"
*,
r3
t,-
I -dr
l'aJ
l-
l€
l)
tE
o L q
E9tar<1rz.s!!)
1a569<rc*hsre- ('Q
-Vcrriatr'1oq<]F-I{.,,e--v-oT
i.,.) til^'le,fnPe.fc&Y.r.ce
-The- hrr'gh+ ol f'he €g*ce Nenakr ct steel .J1osq1r1cr$r'crr *orrrer th 6ec^|t.J</ is lt0rrrc-ters oncr
O"c ,^rinVJ d.cq. !f6oo Yr,vcln Fc,tlter is rT on c-{- ho} Surnrner cicg{ toVrarnr t<rnp = 3O'c-J
AT= 3o\< AL="ILIAT -- AL= L\z*to-cla-').trc-)CBor.) Au= o.O(eS r-, .L.L,
.re..gg
l-.,-:-:;l
Temgwrtr.rre
lffi*
AS |V.e +e.,ciP.
necrrs O'i.
'rcrker
bg3fnS
to e.y.p11d
6 gYrF\1 snce. th€.
/
q)crher iS co\e.l
rt"
'/1/ri,
F'qure- \2'5(c;):
J
o2
-o
.)
€\J
Vl o)
*-
.ttJ
"z
o/
e. .olb
5
'o .o\s
t8.o
'.ort
K.ti tt
.or-l
Temg<rer.fu,e('c)
Linecr-r Th<-rrncrl Ftgccnsion I
A L=3 Li ar
A6 o, solrd's \oltrme
'ncf,ecrs€S, ecrc-h o0 ifs ltnecrr
A constroF:Ccie(f,i:r'enf of \Wt- erF:rfitlcr-l dirvrenSdors increcr8eS crS roel\.
'The- ex?reaaions for lhermc.l elpan6fon crre on{ c'-pfroyirncrh€ e+precci<rts, }-hcf
P(is-
Apgll over c^ \irni.lecl r"*r? 6$ |eryrpercrlweS.
"Ef.Pirt'ccr- Brrn,..,r\e^t: l-hrl're er So€l frt fu m"c.s.,red clc*cl, b.t| Fhel clonf
fegfe8en| Crnq [rrterltlinX fr^r.tdotnent
"t
tcurO L therc- crre, rncrfc.rrb! g ts{'.<r} cJc' UOT
*(r<-r)
sr.r.bsf<rnc€ L r.., ec^*-
' Arntnurn Z3x \O-u
.6lc.ss lxl6*c
' lron ot 3lee- \Lx10:L
' Gncrele tZxttfu
Btr.-l)
V"\,^rn..
(s 1 n to'6
Zl x t0-b
3G xro-b
SGrtob
' Efhql alct$o llC0x tot
. lqrter 2tO
x ltf
' Air(*.a oflner Gs,s.s) 3t{6rtdk
e\oq to\.:--.q. ei+her \.jlc.Jhtc,r.S
:ta^r*e t2.3,, coefGic-ierr\s oF Line..--
\otvrn€
-lhermal
e+po-r'eion a'l-20'c
e.\iquid
r-r .5'i
-2
ll
It.!
la
r Spoce Needle is Q.S<-nn tc^lte- in l-\e €clmher , taLE^. he.igVr\- = \8O.bG5rn
Con..fh.'", l-]1 t2.l I t,)h,f happens to !\e hote ?
-A rr€.tal ptc,,te krrs er slrc.ulcrr holein i|. As the plcute ls he^rec\, doe8 lhe hote get lcrrrtrr ocern<-rltr
*" lhe siee oF Fhe hokEXPAkT DS <-g the- g\c'...\e. e-x pc.nds
* Put thQ-ld of a
6k.ssjc-,.r
order verl hcrh rp<^Fsr tt'er1
both
_e'lgand,
bc-it the stee- 1id- <ird lhe 6ge,ninX ic. $.e- tid
th6t $\S over {he g\<reS jc,!r-'e.npcrrrcls
br.1 more Vhc^n \hq
Skrss .\c{r.
fhe lor \id uliil be- \oqgr, c.rd con be- moce.
e*Sl[ ae-n v:vecl '
Sgecl'ot Properhes oS \Nc^"tser crnC \ee.
- A rettr\F of, t\e cx.,."Oe ctigtribh'on o-n
u.thtcrh c\e,lerrn tnes hot^r neclrbl molecrileS
-> As qrcrber c1pffoc11hs H"e keeeioX goin mc>\e<.LL\eS benin hr hrwr
ctusYers ll'rc*t alre rnore €hronqtq I'aonded, Hao mo\cgr.\eS rSw.rsl
dlL-"rr\^t s1l 6,Ioit g.itUrr-'a+erf+
'i6
F'"ni eir-rr <-\utie.rs,-vnerr4i6q l\
voturne-tnLrerraes,. Aeeet'rui' +he t+]eter nasrrlts tn <rrr €-rren
v
<irer.r-\er i ncrer.xse- r'n ve\ufteJ-> tc-e (sod) is l,oss de.ngc S'cr.n
Y^r + .e.r (\i c1u ro) o.nd $\<rcd6
/-64ow 1o< S,s"t+€f
ue<.ooL'
n&st.r,tts inq
trrreCr\R "dn Vo\,+me
r^rcr.|er
H^e W\o\er.44.,\g/
intercrol o{ ect ot{"
*,
r3
t,-
I -dr
l'aJ
l-
l€
l)
tE
o L q
E9tar<1rz.s!!)
1a569<rc*hsre- ('Q
-Vcrriatr'1oq<]F-I{.,,e--v-oT
i.,.) til^'le,fnPe.fc&Y.r.ce
-The- hrr'gh+ ol f'he €g*ce Nenakr ct steel .J1osq1r1cr$r'crr *orrrer th 6ec^|t.J</ is lt0rrrc-ters oncr
O"c ,^rinVJ d.cq. !f6oo Yr,vcln Fc,tlter is rT on c-{- ho} Surnrner cicg{ toVrarnr t<rnp = 3O'c-J
AT= 3o\< AL="ILIAT -- AL= L\z*to-cla-').trc-)CBor.) Au= o.O(eS r-, .L.L,
.re..gg
l-.,-:-:;l
Temgwrtr.rre
lffi*
AS |V.e +e.,ciP.
necrrs O'i.
'rcrker
bg3fnS
to e.y.p11d
6 gYrF\1 snce. th€.
/
q)crher iS co\e.l
rt"
'/1/ri,
F'qure- \2'5(c;):
J
o2
-o
.)
€\J
Vl o)
*-
.ttJ
"z
o/
e. .olb
5
'o .o\s
t8.o
'.ort
K.ti tt
.or-l
Temg<rer.fu,e('c)
fq.q-
'(ac^ses diP$er ho- gdltds or trlcluids in lhc^t lhe^1 c,re. t'hjht1 Cornpestible
L> pt
gqs ccrrt expond or conlrcrct not- ontl ro res?on\€ io ie*igetof.r.e,fo,-rFc.,lto
lu Squeeanl the p.^rhq\eS .1.rge.r logerher or
7'*l\dng
*harn f<,.rWr c{Pc'*.
l(fnehc Theonl:
J
The e-xpqnrion o$ ?rogectres
at the
ffrS
os cr \,Jhc\E fn lerrnS of rcudornllmovinl paHcle
Terngerctnr.re
"Te-9q-rcditJre o$ On {deo,
Aa-a
I'n ferrns oS Hne wroh'ovq o$ tndivtduol
?""+c["S
o{ F{^.
8o.s.
' 6rqt Hnough di[€<rgrluo\ecules hove
"V'*s
=J@.^u- u:he.e
o' fhc- rmlecrrietr velocih'es-
(rrn$=
diFerent sgeecls, we c-crn de$tne- c.rr o.vercrqA
(v'h,r"1 is $he ovg
'.il\^e
o+ +;;$J.-#'d
Y66F- il,.cr.n - Sc{u.G tr-€.
"g ".4)
Pre.ssr,lre
pc'.rhtles in hhe
,
TOSil
nef furre <rS
lhe collr'ons
-,
l ou* =lttntv =)rn,j.-.'
Tl,a Ay3 \<Y.,ehb- e-necSy of the
i.^s
porhc-\e3 in texms oF l{re- rrrs seeecl
k
".,,q=*
\<*f (\au
= l.SE' to*7x , is the Bo emc.nrlg c.rat<,.nt
b €' direr-$1 gropochoncJ }o !Le. a-bso\ui€
{ernperot^re. CT)
'Te{np ercuhr,re rn<cr'Eu.res the qv€.c4tr- ki ne-\c *re.01 aF tlne. pcrrht le.s
in o, StlSlern
XTP-rrrp K tnhmct\e\1 eonnedred to l{.re rcrnr<Jom rnohons o$ the
The- Qr..e - h: - a-r€-c raho [E), i"a"penc]enF o$ 'l-he- EurQrce., ec, rsed b,1
o$ [he g".s gc.rhcls u ith {he u-:cr,lls ol c. contc^r'ner.
; F "PreSSur€ is q. sccdcr quo$ti\
['=[. 'Gos e*er*s o.. €occa -tr rre3ni]ude (p=p"A)
,|
fre56ur" *urril
-or*ffit
::ffi":**"^, is rss,-* vn. ecs ere-rts
G Rrrcg on o. 6qcft>cc.
,
(ve.q
6rncr-\, t^suc^,lr^a
fe
pressures fn \<i\opc^sc.-ts), olhu-,^e 1Wc^= \0[0Pa
-rh"
&,1
PusccJ= tPa: t it'
b."ffil"t-n$."*t#
rvrarl be luite lorrlt' b"t if F\e1 excu-l\1
(r'tl" \ol.l €orc-e ot t€- 6srftr<€ aS
lour l'"d,{ d,.r.e trc l-lre press$re & il'*-
cYrtncsgh€re- rs sver
t{o,oco
poundS,rbul i}s bc.Jqr,<.e-d b.{ * *1"d
p re6sre- inSide \our bodq pU\hinq ouJk,
J
.
Ne| ftrceS Are exerkd anttl
^tten
ft'lere3 cr.
?resau,re-
dtf{er<no Ap,
Fneh on a turgelcg/a F*t= F -F,
*PrA -P,A=Atp"-p) = AAp
oleo, oS A
J
'(ac^ses diP$er ho- gdltds or trlcluids in lhc^t lhe^1 c,re. t'hjht1 Cornpestible
L> pt
gqs ccrrt expond or conlrcrct not- ontl ro res?on\€ io ie*igetof.r.e,fo,-rFc.,lto
lu Squeeanl the p.^rhq\eS .1.rge.r logerher or
7'*l\dng
*harn f<,.rWr c{Pc'*.
l(fnehc Theonl:
J
The e-xpqnrion o$ ?rogectres
at the
ffrS
os cr \,Jhc\E fn lerrnS of rcudornllmovinl paHcle
Terngerctnr.re
"Te-9q-rcditJre o$ On {deo,
Aa-a
I'n ferrns oS Hne wroh'ovq o$ tndivtduol
?""+c["S
o{ F{^.
8o.s.
' 6rqt Hnough di[€<rgrluo\ecules hove
"V'*s
=J@.^u- u:he.e
o' fhc- rmlecrrietr velocih'es-
(rrn$=
diFerent sgeecls, we c-crn de$tne- c.rr o.vercrqA
(v'h,r"1 is $he ovg
'.il\^e
o+ +;;$J.-#'d
Y66F- il,.cr.n - Sc{u.G tr-€.
"g ".4)
Pre.ssr,lre
pc'.rhtles in hhe
,
TOSil
nef furre <rS
lhe collr'ons
-,
l ou* =lttntv =)rn,j.-.'
Tl,a Ay3 \<Y.,ehb- e-necSy of the
i.^s
porhc-\e3 in texms oF l{re- rrrs seeecl
k
".,,q=*
\<*f (\au
= l.SE' to*7x , is the Bo emc.nrlg c.rat<,.nt
b €' direr-$1 gropochoncJ }o !Le. a-bso\ui€
{ernperot^re. CT)
'Te{np ercuhr,re rn<cr'Eu.res the qv€.c4tr- ki ne-\c *re.01 aF tlne. pcrrht le.s
in o, StlSlern
XTP-rrrp K tnhmct\e\1 eonnedred to l{.re rcrnr<Jom rnohons o$ the
The- Qr..e - h: - a-r€-c raho [E), i"a"penc]enF o$ 'l-he- EurQrce., ec, rsed b,1
o$ [he g".s gc.rhcls u ith {he u-:cr,lls ol c. contc^r'ner.
; F "PreSSur€ is q. sccdcr quo$ti\
['=[. 'Gos e*er*s o.. €occa -tr rre3ni]ude (p=p"A)
,|
fre56ur" *urril
-or*ffit
::ffi":**"^, is rss,-* vn. ecs ere-rts
G Rrrcg on o. 6qcft>cc.
,
(ve.q
6rncr-\, t^suc^,lr^a
fe
pressures fn \<i\opc^sc.-ts), olhu-,^e 1Wc^= \0[0Pa
-rh"
&,1
PusccJ= tPa: t it'
b."ffil"t-n$."*t#
rvrarl be luite lorrlt' b"t if F\e1 excu-l\1
(r'tl" \ol.l €orc-e ot t€- 6srftr<€ aS
lour l'"d,{ d,.r.e trc l-lre press$re & il'*-
cYrtncsgh€re- rs sver
t{o,oco
poundS,rbul i}s bc.Jqr,<.e-d b.{ * *1"d
p re6sre- inSide \our bodq pU\hinq ouJk,
J
.
Ne| ftrceS Are exerkd anttl
^tten
ft'lere3 cr.
?resau,re-
dtf{er<no Ap,
Fneh on a turgelcg/a F*t= F -F,
*PrA -P,A=Atp"-p) = AAp
oleo, oS A
J
7
lqs-
'DecreoBinq l-he nurnber cF rnolecules in e con[,ainer decrec^ses Vhe
pres.^re Be.o.,o. lhere ore fe-we" eol\isians W ilh the wolts.
.nA pe.r$e.| vqcr^u-rn (p=Ofa) rs (rngoee,rb\e blc ccrrrno,l- rerno\e e\erl rrrilecde
koon c^- regiorn o9 Sg.*re..
VcrCtturrr : (
p.c*cbice) rS gn encjosecl 6Pc,ce in tlhtc,
P
a'Io.rFrn
(usin3
P=
OPo is +fun e' good ogproximafnn)
Mecrsu."ir.o P.ess,.^re
*)
' lhe- pres-sure o$ Fhe c*lrnosphere (*osF
irngcrrt<rnf pressure ftr ou" dai h*) Vq,rr'es
t.\ith o.)lihrde ond $lte weother, tuF fhe g\obc,, e^verc*qa presaute-ql.!6€cr \ervelr
1 Slun"\c-l'c) Atmcsghe,re = 1 er.hrn = IOl,EdSPcr = \o\,3 \<P..
'ln l\e U,S. to..-e is vnecrtr:red in
Po.^nc\S
otncl o.recr, in slucxre- incjuS
Pressrrre fs o$ben poonds per f nz to. gsi) I c'.tr^ = \L{,1 psi
'Gc,rute
?re.ss.r.. (P3) ie Fh.,e- pressere- in e-xcess oS- 1 c*n1
PS= P- c,-trn (r.r,.rst cretd ! a.-tm=lol.3\<Pc. ho lhe r€{d{nc5 oT.^-
preggsye gc^uge ht fr'"€I the c.hEoti^Fe greStr-rre'(p)
ne,ecled b. rnost
q^\crrJc^HonS)
the
- Pcrh'ents
lrec*tec\
A=ir to.'rs*/z)'
A = o.H1zm'
tuFletio5 Cto"n de-cow,.gce-ss(on sic-ess c^rnl a!r conc,\i&ronS n"c*.{ bg
la er- hl"gerh*rc<- or,{ffn ohcunber ft\.a uf oxqX,crr o.h qrecrter thetrr ofmr:a-
pherte pre€Er.ne. h qhcia:J chcr.rrrl.er l,sir 8-t* ena qtctfes o$ dtosne-b<-r O.?S'n is fi'tfed
WilL ol..{ko^ {u cgtdfP press.e- a>f L-l fPc.. r,dhcr.t's }f,e trne.,t- on t c,ltdefS
-.1 3\u!
A=ntrE] Z-l\e?c,.=ap F=\lqZt-.zNAp
F = A'Ap
F = (0,1.{e*"X21,ero
p.,")
F = \Z\<N
fror., Collistons b Pressr.rre. or,cl Fhg lcl€*t-Gs Lc.r*s
, [ncreqBtnl the Temp le<rcB to an crecrse in PreE\ure
L> ?c*rtic,\e {yn-ve c*}r higher epeec}6, fh"\hiV tlne- wcd\s ry.ro*.e oF\eq.ll msre- [orc9,
So {-hq-re: trnore presv}re
'Decrecr.tin lL. Vo\ume- tec.cts b on Increr^Se in Pr.sture
L" Fto.e H.ealuent <,o\i8\on *ll t\e- rOC,r.\S d' lt* <ocr\.riqcr, clnd &htrS fnore PresAuJe
'cnec^sinq
Vhe Number 6$ Pcrch'o\eS
lec^cls io c*rr crer,.te in PreEsuce
L"
|.kf€- "trrrttiluenf cothsr'ont uf l
l-he .rcilfs .f FLre conle.,.i.,-*-,errrd fhuS tnore. ?..sSwe
+Cotltstons in on io\ecrl gos
1ire
per$eoH1 e\<t#tg6o no e^,""11 ts \osl in tf'e- <o\ision
thvr,\, lhe porhefe rebo,.^,njS
g.*" t\o-,*ral u:l its ve\od **Zd &o* V ta -V
lqs-
'DecreoBinq l-he nurnber cF rnolecules in e con[,ainer decrec^ses Vhe
pres.^re Be.o.,o. lhere ore fe-we" eol\isians W ilh the wolts.
.nA pe.r$e.| vqcr^u-rn (p=Ofa) rs (rngoee,rb\e blc ccrrrno,l- rerno\e e\erl rrrilecde
koon c^- regiorn o9 Sg.*re..
VcrCtturrr : (
p.c*cbice) rS gn encjosecl 6Pc,ce in tlhtc,
P
a'Io.rFrn
(usin3
P=
OPo is +fun e' good ogproximafnn)
Mecrsu."ir.o P.ess,.^re
*)
' lhe- pres-sure o$ Fhe c*lrnosphere (*osF
irngcrrt<rnf pressure ftr ou" dai h*) Vq,rr'es
t.\ith o.)lihrde ond $lte weother, tuF fhe g\obc,, e^verc*qa presaute-ql.!6€cr \ervelr
1 Slun"\c-l'c) Atmcsghe,re = 1 er.hrn = IOl,EdSPcr = \o\,3 \<P..
'ln l\e U,S. to..-e is vnecrtr:red in
Po.^nc\S
otncl o.recr, in slucxre- incjuS
Pressrrre fs o$ben poonds per f nz to. gsi) I c'.tr^ = \L{,1 psi
'Gc,rute
?re.ss.r.. (P3) ie Fh.,e- pressere- in e-xcess oS- 1 c*n1
PS= P- c,-trn (r.r,.rst cretd ! a.-tm=lol.3\<Pc. ho lhe r€{d{nc5 oT.^-
preggsye gc^uge ht fr'"€I the c.hEoti^Fe greStr-rre'(p)
ne,ecled b. rnost
q^\crrJc^HonS)
the
- Pcrh'ents
lrec*tec\
A=ir to.'rs*/z)'
A = o.H1zm'
tuFletio5 Cto"n de-cow,.gce-ss(on sic-ess c^rnl a!r conc,\i&ronS n"c*.{ bg
la er- hl"gerh*rc<- or,{ffn ohcunber ft\.a uf oxqX,crr o.h qrecrter thetrr ofmr:a-
pherte pre€Er.ne. h qhcia:J chcr.rrrl.er l,sir 8-t* ena qtctfes o$ dtosne-b<-r O.?S'n is fi'tfed
WilL ol..{ko^ {u cgtdfP press.e- a>f L-l fPc.. r,dhcr.t's }f,e trne.,t- on t c,ltdefS
-.1 3\u!
A=ntrE] Z-l\e?c,.=ap F=\lqZt-.zNAp
F = A'Ap
F = (0,1.{e*"X21,ero
p.,")
F = \Z\<N
fror., Collistons b Pressr.rre. or,cl Fhg lcl€*t-Gs Lc.r*s
, [ncreqBtnl the Temp le<rcB to an crecrse in PreE\ure
L> ?c*rtic,\e {yn-ve c*}r higher epeec}6, fh"\hiV tlne- wcd\s ry.ro*.e oF\eq.ll msre- [orc9,
So {-hq-re: trnore presv}re
'Decrecr.tin lL. Vo\ume- tec.cts b on Increr^Se in Pr.sture
L" Fto.e H.ealuent <,o\i8\on *ll t\e- rOC,r.\S d' lt* <ocr\.riqcr, clnd &htrS fnore PresAuJe
'cnec^sinq
Vhe Number 6$ Pcrch'o\eS
lec^cls io c*rr crer,.te in PreEsuce
L"
|.kf€- "trrrttiluenf cothsr'ont uf l
l-he .rcilfs .f FLre conle.,.i.,-*-,errrd fhuS tnore. ?..sSwe
+Cotltstons in on io\ecrl gos
1ire
per$eoH1 e\<t#tg6o no e^,""11 ts \osl in tf'e- <o\ision
thvr,\, lhe porhefe rebo,.^,njS
g.*" t\o-,*ral u:l its ve\od **Zd &o* V ta -V
" The F;3 erer\-el d**1 c. <o eion o$ d,,,.rahon At is re\c*!aA l"r k!.L
parhu\els cv'drqe in momennd* Of I ttro.,S)r At'APx =
m(Vr)+ - rn (vl.);
hiit5 (V*);"=y e*ncl CV*)e : -V, he L*3 o.' Fhe
FclrFr<le
i6',
(n*-.-,;axx=Yn[vx)+- h(vr\i
=
-i"r zu
AI At
11lg Q:..e. oh {-he pe^r-h'cle is neXcrtive. blc- i] poinls to Fh<r tet+.
Ac<onCinl
,lo
Ne'^ltern's E
d-l.1r,.l,
$+€ wall erperienceS l\e eg,.l but ogposirc Force
.Ii
[-,'no *. n*k'pilT*u$rp\1
fhe %r." op 1 <or\ision
r]e ]ohr nunnhr N.o*
o$ coslons lhe^t ocr.uf, du*rir,<a t|'e h'-e to+exvc.I At. t[ lLrere- <'re- N p*hq,,\eS
'lnor
io1 ol s,g"od y in cr bo> oF vitu*e V, t-Vre- t+ o$ co\isions i s',
t.\"ou = !$n.,a,t
'cregei.,g t+gc.rt'aes).'r tVc- siae- oF lher,oq A u.ri csecrse \..lcorr
'cre-cr.Si",1 the- oQ {lne- box to\ Decrecrse the- Nc,orr [sprcads tLr. gcrrhe\es ouF)
N
-V
llne
Fne-r = *+mv._J.A
SlvidioJ tr^.+ b.1 A I F','ne 1 hc.r"ve qn elpre66tor. {or +Le prcssore- i n t{^'c- t."ti
f
=
P
=
5 Y*u.-"'= e +tlnnl,,.r)
).nnv*at = c"v3 ine-ht- e,ngrtl per perrhu\e- fn q<-^. r Eo
)
?= 3 Sk*
'-f't1e Ne! 6rce on *-.he r,,aer"ll : F.,e-r= N)co[ ttrworr)*s, =HV^"'ot)tH)
-
reg\<rce V b.l VrrnS ond tUtc lhere c're 3 dimensk-,n.) 7. bl 3 I 6'rU lha}
un tsh woft b.1 cl vc^st hurnbcr of co rsicrns iS'.
rnutA
(o..o-
ercrted
Siondsrel Tgmperqlure qncl lr.ssur
(StP)
= 1 e^Frn
?ress$re-
--$B| .volvYn( ts oec*:gr'd
P=
l.*to^ = 1"0L3 KPct
Tt O". = Z1g R
n=1 rnol
*The
prestLe ol-an idecr.l qcrs degenc\s on jutt z tht,.q\'.
0lhe number o$ pc,r|''c-\qs per g|rbrc rn.i"r (N/v)
6 ftQ- o.ve-r"cr*c6r kinehc errex-X1 o$ the pc.rhrc\eS ( \<c"q)
- pV=NkeT : \dec^.\^ g-s [-c.,.rrr Lve.roton t)
tani\s oS pV rs e11:iva\ent +,r T t P"..m)
'fl= h \JnkgT= n
g.T I \d,er^I-gc^S Lqr^r (vereion z) crncl o'c
p,=xinrul
tr,a',",r+= Gcrs crrrrsh-rrt
-
' (1 r''ol oT 8es
e^'t- ETp r- z?'{LJ
PV=nRT
"p I Aloto\ule
prees,.rre Lin vnr'h5 o$ Pc") ' R
', Gc"s Conelc,'lf ( in uni]s o& *.r.r)
'Vl Vo\ume oFthe6cniw, or c.k+ineroSqqs Lin u',ils
"t
..t) '1:fa^fercr,l-ure [in units.g k)
'y1= Numt.- oF moles in
rFhe
scr.ry\p\e qe c.o6\uiner o(
tcrs
."$ c^ rno\q
q* a#
FreSture
of lc,hn ord c lemgb.{ 1 rno\c, o{ o-n lecr, gc-S
q
V=
tn W)/p
v =
(t.oo *or)tr. sr Y*d .Cf,zt
a k)
V=0.022t{ rn3 (
^3'
to3 u)
V. ZZ.'{ L
\ot,3 q
52*
o$ o'c-l
parhu\els cv'drqe in momennd* Of I ttro.,S)r At'APx =
m(Vr)+ - rn (vl.);
hiit5 (V*);"=y e*ncl CV*)e : -V, he L*3 o.' Fhe
FclrFr<le
i6',
(n*-.-,;axx=Yn[vx)+- h(vr\i
=
-i"r zu
AI At
11lg Q:..e. oh {-he pe^r-h'cle is neXcrtive. blc- i] poinls to Fh<r tet+.
Ac<onCinl
,lo
Ne'^ltern's E
d-l.1r,.l,
$+€ wall erperienceS l\e eg,.l but ogposirc Force
.Ii
[-,'no *. n*k'pilT*u$rp\1
fhe %r." op 1 <or\ision
r]e ]ohr nunnhr N.o*
o$ coslons lhe^t ocr.uf, du*rir,<a t|'e h'-e to+exvc.I At. t[ lLrere- <'re- N p*hq,,\eS
'lnor
io1 ol s,g"od y in cr bo> oF vitu*e V, t-Vre- t+ o$ co\isions i s',
t.\"ou = !$n.,a,t
'cregei.,g t+gc.rt'aes).'r tVc- siae- oF lher,oq A u.ri csecrse \..lcorr
'cre-cr.Si",1 the- oQ {lne- box to\ Decrecrse the- Nc,orr [sprcads tLr. gcrrhe\es ouF)
N
-V
llne
Fne-r = *+mv._J.A
SlvidioJ tr^.+ b.1 A I F','ne 1 hc.r"ve qn elpre66tor. {or +Le prcssore- i n t{^'c- t."ti
f
=
P
=
5 Y*u.-"'= e +tlnnl,,.r)
).nnv*at = c"v3 ine-ht- e,ngrtl per perrhu\e- fn q<-^. r Eo
)
?= 3 Sk*
'-f't1e Ne! 6rce on *-.he r,,aer"ll : F.,e-r= N)co[ ttrworr)*s, =HV^"'ot)tH)
-
reg\<rce V b.l VrrnS ond tUtc lhere c're 3 dimensk-,n.) 7. bl 3 I 6'rU lha}
un tsh woft b.1 cl vc^st hurnbcr of co rsicrns iS'.
rnutA
(o..o-
ercrted
Siondsrel Tgmperqlure qncl lr.ssur
(StP)
= 1 e^Frn
?ress$re-
--$B| .volvYn( ts oec*:gr'd
P=
l.*to^ = 1"0L3 KPct
Tt O". = Z1g R
n=1 rnol
*The
prestLe ol-an idecr.l qcrs degenc\s on jutt z tht,.q\'.
0lhe number o$ pc,r|''c-\qs per g|rbrc rn.i"r (N/v)
6 ftQ- o.ve-r"cr*c6r kinehc errex-X1 o$ the pc.rhrc\eS ( \<c"q)
- pV=NkeT : \dec^.\^ g-s [-c.,.rrr Lve.roton t)
tani\s oS pV rs e11:iva\ent +,r T t P"..m)
'fl= h \JnkgT= n
g.T I \d,er^I-gc^S Lqr^r (vereion z) crncl o'c
p,=xinrul
tr,a',",r+= Gcrs crrrrsh-rrt
-
' (1 r''ol oT 8es
e^'t- ETp r- z?'{LJ
PV=nRT
"p I Aloto\ule
prees,.rre Lin vnr'h5 o$ Pc") ' R
', Gc"s Conelc,'lf ( in uni]s o& *.r.r)
'Vl Vo\ume oFthe6cniw, or c.k+ineroSqqs Lin u',ils
"t
..t) '1:fa^fercr,l-ure [in units.g k)
'y1= Numt.- oF moles in
rFhe
scr.ry\p\e qe c.o6\uiner o(
tcrs
."$ c^ rno\q
q* a#
FreSture
of lc,hn ord c lemgb.{ 1 rno\c, o{ o-n lecr, gc-S
q
V=
tn W)/p
v =
(t.oo *or)tr. sr Y*d .Cf,zt
a k)
V=0.022t{ rn3 (
^3'
to3 u)
V. ZZ.'{ L
\ot,3 q
52*
o$ o'c-l
lZ.q I \cler,l-frc^s ?roc=esses
Pq.l
L)
Thg ideal -qF^S \c,*^f
Xro.rtcles
cr connealrtrn blur \{re gres8.rre, Volume-, crvrd tempercr}trre
s$ g qas. A"inq 1 o$ t-luse vcrricrb\eS ccl.rses L or boFh o$ the othets to ehcrn$-
" Prop*Jhes of
tt|,rs
?ro.ess'.
' thg
Quorrti d qlra iS Sxed. No G ls c^dcted ho o. rernovec) &orn +he- *rre"
' -Il.er.
c we\-defir'uc ihcA Slrl.\e. The in\hc,. vcdr..r.eS <>Q press,*re, lo\urne,
arrd \ervrterqre. crr-e deSigr.c*"te,4 pi, !'ir'IT
The"e c-,* u:e\-a\*a$fnec ffna Eh:,.,\e , vcr\ues desgrc'ted
?+,V{,G
6r qoS.S in Secr\ed conlqiners., ttte nuynlrer o$ mo\ss (* oF mo\ecr,rr.es) does llOT cJccrnl,t
ln lhc,.t ca5i,ss, the idecrt-qes lcrur c<rJn be rorib\en..
+S =CI.R.:
eonE$cqnt
T
Xhc vcilueS oF $g vor\obles in +te fnihc"l ond S'r,r*l sfcrles are l-herr r<\*hecl br1',
'Blc p cnd VcTp:f'- prVC.=S;Vi \,riha" anct Fca,. stEltes C,r, crr, idecrl q<..s
orr bc,t-h sicles o$tFfre {1fl-
r r -
r
€cru<r$icJc r r.rle w6q1 qgg l{ T ir cr se<-\ed cootcs'ner-
p\-"tF*;t'*tf ffil[l**, levnsorc,rhrrs b\usr be- i"r ke-Nin
6v;
I
cf idec" <a<s5 ig ferpre.se-nteci -> kncr,-r'nq p qr'd V, ctnd crssumi,
^
CrSePoinf <jf cA oV'dtC,tQfcMn gea1' 6 id k",o*ttl {tt- o.seo,te.d,
t Lspe.cr'$es prcssside- crr.d, v&ucne-) <-onlc*i^e-c,
1ou
coJn $r'ncr T-
c.o.d Vnorninq rr)\c.n l-hc- a-ir Fcvnp is o'<.
on !he- Iotcrc,l< *"a, Hnc- lcrnp o[ c.i. tnticle- \4^e,
frs t.rt p ?
f+=P;4.r+
r;'rt
sobK \
P+ =[q't,1pti X zra rJ
p\I
Dic^grc*rns
Ec.ch slate- oS
V t*r)
C-onBtrrr* - Vcr\utne P"ocess
(bnstcrnt*
PregEr"rre Proc-eSS
C,onatcrnh - Voluumq froce.sse.S tv+ * i)
b {h* vc.\we of V doesn'+ crr*ntrl , Shor*rn cr3 cr vertr'c-c^, \ine- i-t$ 4on t{re- pV clie,Xrc.r
&, lZ.6'.Ccmpuhnc+ hre presrure on c. Llo+ b.^a
*Tt,re-
pre.ssu're fn a ccrr hr<- is 3o.opei oy G^
AS[€r
g^g
dc.{ {"{rc.rrns ug o-rd \oriXh} €trn
ghrheS
h'ne r.r.dno-S 3O'e,
t Jkrc,.tts llne h're, pressuye cF
Pilr =+.;-Yi- ?i=
3o'0
Psi
t l'l'Jpsi
Tr T p; =lL{,lpsi
I' = 0'C = Z?3 ( Tt = 3o"c = 303 \<
ft.
L'l9,La
pti - I.r.19oi
pP = 3{.1gsi
I = lcxrt< T-= 3btX:k Ts= Goo l<
A pr6c-e-ss +hc!r cVrcrrrqeS the- qq5 frorn one Skrie \o
Onb{+rer- is reprrraSerrH bq g $ic.ier-turq o? o pV c)\'c.trc{.{/'y'\
t (<-x'. he-c.tr'^3 i* or d.oyyrPretsstni it)
Pq.l
L)
Thg ideal -qF^S \c,*^f
Xro.rtcles
cr connealrtrn blur \{re gres8.rre, Volume-, crvrd tempercr}trre
s$ g qas. A"inq 1 o$ t-luse vcrricrb\eS ccl.rses L or boFh o$ the othets to ehcrn$-
" Prop*Jhes of
tt|,rs
?ro.ess'.
' thg
Quorrti d qlra iS Sxed. No G ls c^dcted ho o. rernovec) &orn +he- *rre"
' -Il.er.
c we\-defir'uc ihcA Slrl.\e. The in\hc,. vcdr..r.eS <>Q press,*re, lo\urne,
arrd \ervrterqre. crr-e deSigr.c*"te,4 pi, !'ir'IT
The"e c-,* u:e\-a\*a$fnec ffna Eh:,.,\e , vcr\ues desgrc'ted
?+,V{,G
6r qoS.S in Secr\ed conlqiners., ttte nuynlrer o$ mo\ss (* oF mo\ecr,rr.es) does llOT cJccrnl,t
ln lhc,.t ca5i,ss, the idecrt-qes lcrur c<rJn be rorib\en..
+S =CI.R.:
eonE$cqnt
T
Xhc vcilueS oF $g vor\obles in +te fnihc"l ond S'r,r*l sfcrles are l-herr r<\*hecl br1',
'Blc p cnd VcTp:f'- prVC.=S;Vi \,riha" anct Fca,. stEltes C,r, crr, idecrl q<..s
orr bc,t-h sicles o$tFfre {1fl-
r r -
r
€cru<r$icJc r r.rle w6q1 qgg l{ T ir cr se<-\ed cootcs'ner-
p\-"tF*;t'*tf ffil[l**, levnsorc,rhrrs b\usr be- i"r ke-Nin
6v;
I
cf idec" <a<s5 ig ferpre.se-nteci -> kncr,-r'nq p qr'd V, ctnd crssumi,
^
CrSePoinf <jf cA oV'dtC,tQfcMn gea1' 6 id k",o*ttl {tt- o.seo,te.d,
t Lspe.cr'$es prcssside- crr.d, v&ucne-) <-onlc*i^e-c,
1ou
coJn $r'ncr T-
c.o.d Vnorninq rr)\c.n l-hc- a-ir Fcvnp is o'<.
on !he- Iotcrc,l< *"a, Hnc- lcrnp o[ c.i. tnticle- \4^e,
frs t.rt p ?
f+=P;4.r+
r;'rt
sobK \
P+ =[q't,1pti X zra rJ
p\I
Dic^grc*rns
Ec.ch slate- oS
V t*r)
C-onBtrrr* - Vcr\utne P"ocess
(bnstcrnt*
PregEr"rre Proc-eSS
C,onatcrnh - Voluumq froce.sse.S tv+ * i)
b {h* vc.\we of V doesn'+ crr*ntrl , Shor*rn cr3 cr vertr'c-c^, \ine- i-t$ 4on t{re- pV clie,Xrc.r
&, lZ.6'.Ccmpuhnc+ hre presrure on c. Llo+ b.^a
*Tt,re-
pre.ssu're fn a ccrr hr<- is 3o.opei oy G^
AS[€r
g^g
dc.{ {"{rc.rrns ug o-rd \oriXh} €trn
ghrheS
h'ne r.r.dno-S 3O'e,
t Jkrc,.tts llne h're, pressuye cF
Pilr =+.;-Yi- ?i=
3o'0
Psi
t l'l'Jpsi
Tr T p; =lL{,lpsi
I' = 0'C = Z?3 ( Tt = 3o"c = 303 \<
ft.
L'l9,La
pti - I.r.19oi
pP = 3{.1gsi
I = lcxrt< T-= 3btX:k Ts= Goo l<
A pr6c-e-ss +hc!r cVrcrrrqeS the- qq5 frorn one Skrie \o
Onb{+rer- is reprrraSerrH bq g $ic.ier-turq o? o pV c)\'c.trc{.{/'y'\
t (<-x'. he-c.tr'^3 i* or d.oyyrPretsstni it)
Contlc*rrf - ?res6ure ProceEeeS (
P+
= P; )
Pq. t
L:
ff\so ccr\ed c^n \sobc-,rrc- proce.GS
'HggecrrS crs a lrlorraonh^,l line on c.
PV
diaXrom
-tThe
gcrs pressure ls delermfned by i+e requirement lkrt the
3c.s
mu$,|- suggorh bofl^
fhe rnaES on hop oS the piston
(qp6t{it
cr const<.rr\-dorrnun-rcl fur.e tl3 on tq?iston) crncl
fhe Air pres6inl inwclrcJ ( lt e erir erlso pr€sses dr:.^n on lhe pishn)
x-flnis p..s*.,.e is lnclepencler* of the ternp o€ fle gcrs or {}'e heiXvh oF the
f,*ton
se if s{rrl1s eorrs*c,rrl crs \on1 o-s l'{ iS trnchar,cttd tt
nnc.rSs fnCuinkc^.t'os e^ Constcrnt
p..se'.r.re in the c1\incJer
SA
is c-ooled qlF c.onstqnt Pressure
r,tnt-i \le.{-e.rnp is (O'c-.
Ti=bdc=3z3b\<
'llq=
l0'c = ZE 3 \<r
. t ?E3.K.-\
Vt = Eo,o.r"t t s4I,. j
V+ = 93.Kcrr.s
V+=,f.v; Tf
T\'y
Ex rz. com
-A qcs occuglioi 5o,C)cm" cl"l 60'e-
Qhcril lhe Hn& vciume-?
Const<^n - -le.rngeltr\^rc- Pybceas (Ta
'T;)
bA\ss c.*\ed, c,."r. \solherwc*l pr<rcess
br.'. n piEton is beirg goshecl dor,'rn \a comgress a tG, buF the qcrs a$ircle.r ts e,"rbr',e.rg-ed {n R
lc.rctt eonrlnsr- oG \qu;rJ helcl cr-t e<rnstcrntTeir\?, l$ tt',e- pieYon is g.rshec a\ocll$, t{.4J\
hecl erver*, +nons6el: thn*th +he tr:c*\s -S lhe u{linaet u:i ke€f \'lre- gas c-+ 1!.r- sc\.rs
lernp crs tlne q.rr.o.,ndin5 \iqud L\sotsrn*. cornpreesc.rn)
' \S.r}\6i.rrt c.. eXg^.5e\oq :
-Ihe-
ravqfse. grae-tS, *sl the- ?ielbn
g\on-r:\..1
guJ\ed outs
'Bo
?
c^nd V q,hcrn(g in crn iso+herrnc-A proc€Gs. As lo5 es Tr"r"'or'ns Stxcl,
'5
= ft Bf
=
qgls!g5,t- \*oH"lrrn: The qr<ph oF ar, lso$u.rrnc,l
?rbceRs..t
;$," il*"= o', Y^uur*" R€,\c^h,o.*hip blw p a.cr V, +he
Br..gh
6g en botkrrnc./
!-'u Pro@ss is a
\perbo\cr
v1 v; Hn \so\errrg Eypev'rsion wou\o rnove in lhe olgosile cJirech'on o,\on3 {-tne- hlpcrbo\c^-
The \occrHon oft the hlperbo\c,- de perrls on lhe vcc\*€- of f
O* \o,rceat corltsi<rnrt {-ernp *(D=\4t!hes+ cpnsbcrr*r te-nnj.
- A gnort ek Fc^V.eg e. deeg brect-rh el
dercqds to e de4Hn e'f S.owr , tDhere \l^q
cu'r tn lhp snor hr-s lunqs1 Vt= Vi'P;
P+
the s,ur&rcq, ftt\i* hts \un6s rpiv\.r H'Ou oF cri.. He-ttl
pressure ts t.5 c!hn^, A t\is de,?
, uJhc^Fb the volurn. oS
Vt-(.{,t,c)(ffi)
V+= 2.b1 L
P+
= P; )
Pq. t
L:
ff\so ccr\ed c^n \sobc-,rrc- proce.GS
'HggecrrS crs a lrlorraonh^,l line on c.
PV
diaXrom
-tThe
gcrs pressure ls delermfned by i+e requirement lkrt the
3c.s
mu$,|- suggorh bofl^
fhe rnaES on hop oS the piston
(qp6t{it
cr const<.rr\-dorrnun-rcl fur.e tl3 on tq?iston) crncl
fhe Air pres6inl inwclrcJ ( lt e erir erlso pr€sses dr:.^n on lhe pishn)
x-flnis p..s*.,.e is lnclepencler* of the ternp o€ fle gcrs or {}'e heiXvh oF the
f,*ton
se if s{rrl1s eorrs*c,rrl crs \on1 o-s l'{ iS trnchar,cttd tt
nnc.rSs fnCuinkc^.t'os e^ Constcrnt
p..se'.r.re in the c1\incJer
SA
is c-ooled qlF c.onstqnt Pressure
r,tnt-i \le.{-e.rnp is (O'c-.
Ti=bdc=3z3b\<
'llq=
l0'c = ZE 3 \<r
. t ?E3.K.-\
Vt = Eo,o.r"t t s4I,. j
V+ = 93.Kcrr.s
V+=,f.v; Tf
T\'y
Ex rz. com
-A qcs occuglioi 5o,C)cm" cl"l 60'e-
Qhcril lhe Hn& vciume-?
Const<^n - -le.rngeltr\^rc- Pybceas (Ta
'T;)
bA\ss c.*\ed, c,."r. \solherwc*l pr<rcess
br.'. n piEton is beirg goshecl dor,'rn \a comgress a tG, buF the qcrs a$ircle.r ts e,"rbr',e.rg-ed {n R
lc.rctt eonrlnsr- oG \qu;rJ helcl cr-t e<rnstcrntTeir\?, l$ tt',e- pieYon is g.rshec a\ocll$, t{.4J\
hecl erver*, +nons6el: thn*th +he tr:c*\s -S lhe u{linaet u:i ke€f \'lre- gas c-+ 1!.r- sc\.rs
lernp crs tlne q.rr.o.,ndin5 \iqud L\sotsrn*. cornpreesc.rn)
' \S.r}\6i.rrt c.. eXg^.5e\oq :
-Ihe-
ravqfse. grae-tS, *sl the- ?ielbn
g\on-r:\..1
guJ\ed outs
'Bo
?
c^nd V q,hcrn(g in crn iso+herrnc-A proc€Gs. As lo5 es Tr"r"'or'ns Stxcl,
'5
= ft Bf
=
qgls!g5,t- \*oH"lrrn: The qr<ph oF ar, lso$u.rrnc,l
?rbceRs..t
;$," il*"= o', Y^uur*" R€,\c^h,o.*hip blw p a.cr V, +he
Br..gh
6g en botkrrnc./
!-'u Pro@ss is a
\perbo\cr
v1 v; Hn \so\errrg Eypev'rsion wou\o rnove in lhe olgosile cJirech'on o,\on3 {-tne- hlpcrbo\c^-
The \occrHon oft the hlperbo\c,- de perrls on lhe vcc\*€- of f
O* \o,rceat corltsi<rnrt {-ernp *(D=\4t!hes+ cpnsbcrr*r te-nnj.
- A gnort ek Fc^V.eg e. deeg brect-rh el
dercqds to e de4Hn e'f S.owr , tDhere \l^q
cu'r tn lhp snor hr-s lunqs1 Vt= Vi'P;
P+
the s,ur&rcq, ftt\i* hts \un6s rpiv\.r H'Ou oF cri.. He-ttl
pressure ts t.5 c!hn^, A t\is de,?
, uJhc^Fb the volurn. oS
Vt-(.{,t,c)(ffi)
V+= 2.b1 L
\,lorK
'AS gc.s evgc"ncK, tf does worK on cl-n ob\e-ct, F3* [s drre.io tlte qqs
?resstJre
Pq.1
bq AV'd.A
-
11,e
q.ts
\olurv.{ cfnr,Xrg
\'Jl rnaSni\ude- ot^
'xlv-
done b'{
^
gc's in on isobc'rrc'
lgos= p(vr -vi) = pnV
Wg*=o,r€cr Wrder lhe gV qrc-ph blw Vi cr.nd V+
-i?t
Vee.p tlre o6ton
in o!:rce. a-rl exltrn€^l
6rl-a tn(er Ue.
E,c.-
g"t ory*i€ b qc,$
AS lhe pfs&on fnoveto distuoce d,
the gcrs 6,.3
g'.rork
E-",d
'orcle. [.r" c*
$os
to do wc.rr(, lhe- \o[uvne lnLr,Et Clr"nxt.
Thus
fto hrorK is done in a cont!un\-- volurr,e proceas r
h've when o.; *;;"tnu'o)
b.,.t t)egc$irq (-"."i.3 wori. i dore oh t1'.e qc.O 6then lhe gas (s compressec) (AV.cl)
'hJgoS=PAV on\$ c*pp\ies to conskrnt-ptestwe
Proces8ea,
Er a-n.1 oFher [ct€a.,| -ga.s
proceS, Y\u cc"\cu\cr\e the ar".^ under lhe p
Xrcrph
'To Gilct,.\crFe \,rtcrrK) p'esEurernuStsbe tn ?o 656 yeL"r-rne in wl3. The procluci .,f
Pc^ (?*, co,d tnt is Joole ( +he- u^-,nr'ts of wort< anrcl **g..4)
\{g* it wor( done Bi tL'e sqSlern, whi\e Fhe \orK W +hcrr apyears in t-[,e- lo1c..,. ef-
Lo-r-'lAurwodqrfrrnics is (-rlorK
done OAJ H-re selsferrr . B,-,-f \4f =- Ug-t , So *& lsn
Qrrr be \Nri+ten'. AE+t= Q- Wg*
"":St).,
1 o__ ..*J
\
& l2,t,.Fn"r,' the r^,",'k rtr-,e by o G".S
--I t \,
-0,0lGg rol d$ niog4n Tol\cr^l |'l'le iaec.l-gcrs pra.r-ss sh<r,sn be)o,o
I
i
1*
^q)
hkl c,re lhe inihoJ enct fi'r'rc,rt tevngerafu,"s .f n"" qSE? I ,
{
V(c-r')
li)tb*
rnuch ur.r6 f s done tuj Hre g,.s? k:o,
p; Vi= nRT b) ig..s= oLrecr encle-r pv
S"oph
0
11 =
(ttqr,oo.rp*Xo.ooor d) (o.oo"Z .n3),*zoo,oooTa)
'
!(o.o.rcz-).zo,oooeq
(o,olO0ro)(t.atY*o'r)
NXe"s= ''lo,oT + ?o.oT
G=
[o,or
oO r"or)tt.ar Y"or. r)
T+=rlb K
k:o &o -la>
Wgat= bO .O f
'AS gc.s evgc"ncK, tf does worK on cl-n ob\e-ct, F3* [s drre.io tlte qqs
?resstJre
Pq.1
bq AV'd.A
-
11,e
q.ts
\olurv.{ cfnr,Xrg
\'Jl rnaSni\ude- ot^
'xlv-
done b'{
^
gc's in on isobc'rrc'
lgos= p(vr -vi) = pnV
Wg*=o,r€cr Wrder lhe gV qrc-ph blw Vi cr.nd V+
-i?t
Vee.p tlre o6ton
in o!:rce. a-rl exltrn€^l
6rl-a tn(er Ue.
E,c.-
g"t ory*i€ b qc,$
AS lhe pfs&on fnoveto distuoce d,
the gcrs 6,.3
g'.rork
E-",d
'orcle. [.r" c*
$os
to do wc.rr(, lhe- \o[uvne lnLr,Et Clr"nxt.
Thus
fto hrorK is done in a cont!un\-- volurr,e proceas r
h've when o.; *;;"tnu'o)
b.,.t t)egc$irq (-"."i.3 wori. i dore oh t1'.e qc.O 6then lhe gas (s compressec) (AV.cl)
'hJgoS=PAV on\$ c*pp\ies to conskrnt-ptestwe
Proces8ea,
Er a-n.1 oFher [ct€a.,| -ga.s
proceS, Y\u cc"\cu\cr\e the ar".^ under lhe p
Xrcrph
'To Gilct,.\crFe \,rtcrrK) p'esEurernuStsbe tn ?o 656 yeL"r-rne in wl3. The procluci .,f
Pc^ (?*, co,d tnt is Joole ( +he- u^-,nr'ts of wort< anrcl **g..4)
\{g* it wor( done Bi tL'e sqSlern, whi\e Fhe \orK W +hcrr apyears in t-[,e- lo1c..,. ef-
Lo-r-'lAurwodqrfrrnics is (-rlorK
done OAJ H-re selsferrr . B,-,-f \4f =- Ug-t , So *& lsn
Qrrr be \Nri+ten'. AE+t= Q- Wg*
"":St).,
1 o__ ..*J
\
& l2,t,.Fn"r,' the r^,",'k rtr-,e by o G".S
--I t \,
-0,0lGg rol d$ niog4n Tol\cr^l |'l'le iaec.l-gcrs pra.r-ss sh<r,sn be)o,o
I
i
1*
^q)
hkl c,re lhe inihoJ enct fi'r'rc,rt tevngerafu,"s .f n"" qSE? I ,
{
V(c-r')
li)tb*
rnuch ur.r6 f s done tuj Hre g,.s? k:o,
p; Vi= nRT b) ig..s= oLrecr encle-r pv
S"oph
0
11 =
(ttqr,oo.rp*Xo.ooor d) (o.oo"Z .n3),*zoo,oooTa)
'
!(o.o.rcz-).zo,oooeq
(o,olO0ro)(t.atY*o'r)
NXe"s= ''lo,oT + ?o.oT
G=
[o,or
oO r"or)tt.ar Y"or. r)
T+=rlb K
k:o &o -la>
Wgat= bO .O f
Ad iqb",t'" ?ro"..ss.s ?G. ro
Lt
Rn iclecr\-tos proeess in rqhteh no hec"t ehertl isfrc.ns$e-rrccl blur {de-
nc8
qnd the Envrronmerrl tl'us Q=O,
'L possible \$c{s it- ccrn occ{^-rl
)-U"
€qstern is thermctlll tnsr-r\c*tr<dz prevtrrH.a hec.b t--crr,eSe-r
z)The
Fro<-ess
\.rc.pge-ns foo quic-klt 6. c^ frc ns$er b occsr (ryroe| cotr.tt'.:o)
' Fl re.gid Corngression (Adiobcrhc csmgres6icn) dr ex?crrlqt.r, (odic^bc^h'L €x?crrsfon) oT ..
tc^S
doesn'f ollour fime C*/fl"-t
.|.
.*ui., ,/
. Rqises te l5*gerreture of g<*s
Lowe*s
-t\"
t*terc.{,ure o8
6c.$
.l.I$es
WorK, rg..\er t\"c'.n heatsr to Oncvtlr- l*re- sgecds oS t-he- mo\e.cr.,r,Ie8,
c*nc, I\urs ehc'nXl Hne- Tqrnpercr*trre
'.Fdrcrbcrh'c* CornPressic>Y\" Q=O r sc A6+11 = - \N$*=
-
J.tu clo .*:crr( On $he- qc's b carnprcss i],ao Hne- trsr\< aone
-b
Fhe go"S
rs negcrfive (Wgc.s-o).Thtx fl.,L F+r,, oS l\e gcr-S c-re-crses Cte+6t61
crncl +he
-Ieynp.
goes up
r+ go-s. t-hqts does t^ror\<* on a pitFon b1 e+gc..no\,'5 ad,'ab..hb"lt
(VrlX..s >o)'q€Jbs co\der ttrf) os its Tt'urrrr. enertl decrarses [AE1'o)
t?
\2
6 Conceptrrc" & lz.zl Adirbcrh'c eurves cn q p V d,'otrorn
Pz
+FV
at*{rc.rn Ot c^
ffrS
trnckrqoi,.l * i5o+krrrc,r compressdon&om pirrrt pr
la poinf Z. Rotlnhtl'ho.rl
'.rlo,,t\d
ilnegv J,5r.^- look i$ the ga$ uJere com?r€ts€d
dacm
F"nt 1 +D +{E- Sqre S'norl
PresEu.l€
bl . ragid
9d,ctU"^lr'c-
corngressrbn?
vL
Pz
Jhe cwvg of the qdrkrbcrhe
tt
.r.".o".=$q feYnp. o[ the gcla cs the
fLgher r
,
LowerT
v
\
uror\<-
hec-r.F tc)
c. \s^"caL
h<sit
?z qorprEiaign rhoves from a-bver
,ia;[.TJii.A- +o-.'[Bh;rH4. dorre- on the qos it frc*ns$rmecl in|o €u.'. Corsequerrtl$, t\
G5SE:rn
-
-----
A^rve cr.rbs creross ihe- i66 i-harrnK fd ad on o- h,$*-F.r-F
rsaFLrrm u)ht{ Fhe qcrs Pretsqr€ re.rraru-s p.
. -lhe
$i..r vdurr€ k i* lf'ere$ore l*qN ldqn tfut for lle.
isofurmcrj com?rea\ion.
P1
rvz
Spe.i&c Heert Lsq,,.u.' rs .)
Lrlhe
cr.rvrcunt a$ hec$ t,,.r-.t rqi3e< lf.eTernp oS 1k3 oT
"^
sr.rbstcrnce- b1 1\S
tt
Dqends on\1on lhe m..'.te-tcl hovn sghidn at o\e$ i€ trcrele
thehecrt neectecl(o) to groclr-rce cr Ternp. c,hc^ncnL tAT) {t:r mc.ss [F) wi\{r .r. age.rhc
Q
= H'c 'AT (
= t tte6o
ff"E
q") Q = - (t*-p qss Dor^rn)
t1i %+C I ll tr^.t.eS Yyy3y€, hec.f entrttl to e-l.rc^rr1p +U,e- Te-rng. oF c^ sr.:\oskrn<< rrr[
Specit-nt- l,u-ah 'tf^errc {c AT oF o. aulbetqr.rrc- ro[ c'. snnc^, spec-ih<-
bh Gpc,.nsioo:
Bl"
Lt
Rn iclecr\-tos proeess in rqhteh no hec"t ehertl isfrc.ns$e-rrccl blur {de-
nc8
qnd the Envrronmerrl tl'us Q=O,
'L possible \$c{s it- ccrn occ{^-rl
)-U"
€qstern is thermctlll tnsr-r\c*tr<dz prevtrrH.a hec.b t--crr,eSe-r
z)The
Fro<-ess
\.rc.pge-ns foo quic-klt 6. c^ frc ns$er b occsr (ryroe| cotr.tt'.:o)
' Fl re.gid Corngression (Adiobcrhc csmgres6icn) dr ex?crrlqt.r, (odic^bc^h'L €x?crrsfon) oT ..
tc^S
doesn'f ollour fime C*/fl"-t
.|.
.*ui., ,/
. Rqises te l5*gerreture of g<*s
Lowe*s
-t\"
t*terc.{,ure o8
6c.$
.l.I$es
WorK, rg..\er t\"c'.n heatsr to Oncvtlr- l*re- sgecds oS t-he- mo\e.cr.,r,Ie8,
c*nc, I\urs ehc'nXl Hne- Tqrnpercr*trre
'.Fdrcrbcrh'c* CornPressic>Y\" Q=O r sc A6+11 = - \N$*=
-
J.tu clo .*:crr( On $he- qc's b carnprcss i],ao Hne- trsr\< aone
-b
Fhe go"S
rs negcrfive (Wgc.s-o).Thtx fl.,L F+r,, oS l\e gcr-S c-re-crses Cte+6t61
crncl +he
-Ieynp.
goes up
r+ go-s. t-hqts does t^ror\<* on a pitFon b1 e+gc..no\,'5 ad,'ab..hb"lt
(VrlX..s >o)'q€Jbs co\der ttrf) os its Tt'urrrr. enertl decrarses [AE1'o)
t?
\2
6 Conceptrrc" & lz.zl Adirbcrh'c eurves cn q p V d,'otrorn
Pz
+FV
at*{rc.rn Ot c^
ffrS
trnckrqoi,.l * i5o+krrrc,r compressdon&om pirrrt pr
la poinf Z. Rotlnhtl'ho.rl
'.rlo,,t\d
ilnegv J,5r.^- look i$ the ga$ uJere com?r€ts€d
dacm
F"nt 1 +D +{E- Sqre S'norl
PresEu.l€
bl . ragid
9d,ctU"^lr'c-
corngressrbn?
vL
Pz
Jhe cwvg of the qdrkrbcrhe
tt
.r.".o".=$q feYnp. o[ the gcla cs the
fLgher r
,
LowerT
v
\
uror\<-
hec-r.F tc)
c. \s^"caL
h<sit
?z qorprEiaign rhoves from a-bver
,ia;[.TJii.A- +o-.'[Bh;rH4. dorre- on the qos it frc*ns$rmecl in|o €u.'. Corsequerrtl$, t\
G5SE:rn
-
-----
A^rve cr.rbs creross ihe- i66 i-harrnK fd ad on o- h,$*-F.r-F
rsaFLrrm u)ht{ Fhe qcrs Pretsqr€ re.rraru-s p.
. -lhe
$i..r vdurr€ k i* lf'ere$ore l*qN ldqn tfut for lle.
isofurmcrj com?rea\ion.
P1
rvz
Spe.i&c Heert Lsq,,.u.' rs .)
Lrlhe
cr.rvrcunt a$ hec$ t,,.r-.t rqi3e< lf.eTernp oS 1k3 oT
"^
sr.rbstcrnce- b1 1\S
tt
Dqends on\1on lhe m..'.te-tcl hovn sghidn at o\e$ i€ trcrele
thehecrt neectecl(o) to groclr-rce cr Ternp. c,hc^ncnL tAT) {t:r mc.ss [F) wi\{r .r. age.rhc
Q
= H'c 'AT (
= t tte6o
ff"E
q") Q = - (t*-p qss Dor^rn)
t1i %+C I ll tr^.t.eS Yyy3y€, hec.f entrttl to e-l.rc^rr1p +U,e- Te-rng. oF c^ sr.:\oskrn<< rrr[
Specit-nt- l,u-ah 'tf^errc {c AT oF o. aulbetqr.rrc- ro[ c'. snnc^, spec-ih<-
bh Gpc,.nsioo:
Bl"
7
Fe,.U.
6. lZ.?t6,'erttl f^. .,'n
'.
Fen".
-A 1ox3 stucf<rrt ccrfc,hes *1.'e $l,e,crnd \is hoal +€.r.? increcrteS $tom 31.Ooc(9t,G'F) fo 31.o'c-(1q12op'
l{o.*l rruc1 e11eql is reluirecl }o vc^ise hrs boclults f"rng, f
Spec-iSL het^r oS the bod\" 3'\oo|g*'L
Q = '1-1b0OO 5
a =
tl,trlosT
Q = H.c'ar
Q =
(ro \<3)tsrcoT*u. r.\zr<)
Phcr8e Chc^nq<S
T:lonsk n{- c."S
'tVre
6qS}<-rn
TC'c) a.s iirom tcrjz. trqu,ct O 'lhe T"mp, r€.ryrcLins Rxecl qb o"c{ot an exterrled pgid of }tmt
'[htS
iS fhe hrne intervcr.( durinX Ohrch llne- ice met16.
As ils rne\5, |he \ce Ttr,(P'=Ooc- Gnd the \iclurd r.rxr.\er Temp"o"c-
' Euen though+he qsrcrn iS ber hec*erl, tl'€Ter"?.doesni- br1,o tt
rise qfi+il ALL the tce hos rnelFstr,
Time
'Erte.g1 b- o.IdeA tb tV€- sn<tern it being troecl b brec^K
worrhi\
0T*rn^0. o..h tohrch
q €a\id =
cr
hn
Pr' iF llne
?sn+ or {-he
@
(b"th phc,.te cVK,rqA)
.PhcrSe
fru\ibriurnl
ftn1 omount o[ sottd con
Coex,S\- *l anul ernounl- oF Lrqurd
0b0c"u.s t.lh.rn a sqshem iS ob fhe melhnt or fr"eA€ point
'@ >lighHl , l-he €rrhre slgFem Soon becornes q Liquncl
, E\iqht\q, L[ enhre sqshern becomeS a sottd
bonds H,l the- u>qr-!er- ma\es.r'\es, Aiot the- Sorro oF +he-r*rc^.l<r
Fro* sot ie
-> Lilurct
@ Bt,^l l-he Ltquic
"."d
tde GqS ?hc,se 1 c*nc( qnl curncxints o9 Lq,.rid cc^r| @ckic* d(
Gntl o.nnounF cF (naS cr.* Fhts Te.rnp.
'As hec.$r ts aolded to lhe sqshern) +deRmg. skols fhe sctr''e. Added **11 raused f
brerot< brrts blu, the Uqu{d rvro\ecgt6, c-tb,,.rrh3 H^qrn [0 rnove iob Hre C6ri qtoSg.
@1*1. e^| r,;,htg,h o Gc's becorneS e Liquio
-=
Cond<nso.hon Poinl oy
A l.-r\uid be.connes cr Gc.g (iF E+n is crerfeJ)' Boitrlng Point
-S
'qo"t
houe q \Narrn soda th$ g.r^wrsh"+ocoo\, woold i.t- be fnoreef*ec-frV{- ta' qclc, 5J oF \i$io\,ooher
al 0'C or 253 o urc$er rc€ qt O'C?
' Fbe Zt ol-qrr+er ice. ctf
o"c- luai, ha^t \6* t^ri|l be hanskrrecl {rom +he scdc lo *.,e ica +<: .e)! i\
trans{orminS lhe0'c- tce +o Ooc t,'q",b} t.:o.,ter.^ Hec$ uoit lherr be hentkdred b the \iq'ord \acr,ber.to rc^it€
i k^p" Thrs ,no* f*-, ulitl be rernrree.l korn the soc\cr,
$ui$
\l q try\er finol Ternp,
'lf .1ot 6qJ{ \,iquid dh Ot l"cr,,[ uli orrll b0 trcssfrrred G,"rm $'E g,ocl€( [r t+1€- u:a,[cr1 ra,stt l+refe'vri
oF t{rg ulqfer od b**"3 lhc.t d tl.e godfi, t.eSS E+q, (ernovd &rctn Pt-l. Uelqt hglrr G
Gncepbuc.J R lz.qr Es+ o- st.r.^> Boi\.?
- ootre
oooKinl pcrsfcr.
gn FLr- SWelt\s ur€.ler iscrFcr tgour boi\, UJi \lne,pc'trr,, cod( rrrore elufc,k *
luu\
tr^rn up lhe b*Xe. on tlne gtuve so t\crf lhe ,,,s.r<r [s of a. &.s,t b-i
?
uhher boi[t ah \D'o; no rncrrt\er how vlprax i] bor\ig,lls-Ternp is k'torffi_
HLI|gprO*e $r^,#K
that ae\errntneS Vuo 8S+ e crrokrq3 occ.q5i ACAir{ h{rte &stcr ror,hgdi"tl'dt?,w urltt nor a,'l--orvl **[
^irg*u
fs
Skrm is
trrerrninS
Fe,.U.
6. lZ.?t6,'erttl f^. .,'n
'.
Fen".
-A 1ox3 stucf<rrt ccrfc,hes *1.'e $l,e,crnd \is hoal +€.r.? increcrteS $tom 31.Ooc(9t,G'F) fo 31.o'c-(1q12op'
l{o.*l rruc1 e11eql is reluirecl }o vc^ise hrs boclults f"rng, f
Spec-iSL het^r oS the bod\" 3'\oo|g*'L
Q = '1-1b0OO 5
a =
tl,trlosT
Q = H.c'ar
Q =
(ro \<3)tsrcoT*u. r.\zr<)
Phcr8e Chc^nq<S
T:lonsk n{- c."S
'tVre
6qS}<-rn
TC'c) a.s iirom tcrjz. trqu,ct O 'lhe T"mp, r€.ryrcLins Rxecl qb o"c{ot an exterrled pgid of }tmt
'[htS
iS fhe hrne intervcr.( durinX Ohrch llne- ice met16.
As ils rne\5, |he \ce Ttr,(P'=Ooc- Gnd the \iclurd r.rxr.\er Temp"o"c-
' Euen though+he qsrcrn iS ber hec*erl, tl'€Ter"?.doesni- br1,o tt
rise qfi+il ALL the tce hos rnelFstr,
Time
'Erte.g1 b- o.IdeA tb tV€- sn<tern it being troecl b brec^K
worrhi\
0T*rn^0. o..h tohrch
q €a\id =
cr
hn
Pr' iF llne
?sn+ or {-he
@
(b"th phc,.te cVK,rqA)
.PhcrSe
fru\ibriurnl
ftn1 omount o[ sottd con
Coex,S\- *l anul ernounl- oF Lrqurd
0b0c"u.s t.lh.rn a sqshem iS ob fhe melhnt or fr"eA€ point
'@ >lighHl , l-he €rrhre slgFem Soon becornes q Liquncl
, E\iqht\q, L[ enhre sqshern becomeS a sottd
bonds H,l the- u>qr-!er- ma\es.r'\es, Aiot the- Sorro oF +he-r*rc^.l<r
Fro* sot ie
-> Lilurct
@ Bt,^l l-he Ltquic
"."d
tde GqS ?hc,se 1 c*nc( qnl curncxints o9 Lq,.rid cc^r| @ckic* d(
Gntl o.nnounF cF (naS cr.* Fhts Te.rnp.
'As hec.$r ts aolded to lhe sqshern) +deRmg. skols fhe sctr''e. Added **11 raused f
brerot< brrts blu, the Uqu{d rvro\ecgt6, c-tb,,.rrh3 H^qrn [0 rnove iob Hre C6ri qtoSg.
@1*1. e^| r,;,htg,h o Gc's becorneS e Liquio
-=
Cond<nso.hon Poinl oy
A l.-r\uid be.connes cr Gc.g (iF E+n is crerfeJ)' Boitrlng Point
-S
'qo"t
houe q \Narrn soda th$ g.r^wrsh"+ocoo\, woold i.t- be fnoreef*ec-frV{- ta' qclc, 5J oF \i$io\,ooher
al 0'C or 253 o urc$er rc€ qt O'C?
' Fbe Zt ol-qrr+er ice. ctf
o"c- luai, ha^t \6* t^ri|l be hanskrrecl {rom +he scdc lo *.,e ica +<: .e)! i\
trans{orminS lhe0'c- tce +o Ooc t,'q",b} t.:o.,ter.^ Hec$ uoit lherr be hentkdred b the \iq'ord \acr,ber.to rc^it€
i k^p" Thrs ,no* f*-, ulitl be rernrree.l korn the soc\cr,
$ui$
\l q try\er finol Ternp,
'lf .1ot 6qJ{ \,iquid dh Ot l"cr,,[ uli orrll b0 trcssfrrred G,"rm $'E g,ocl€( [r t+1€- u:a,[cr1 ra,stt l+refe'vri
oF t{rg ulqfer od b**"3 lhc.t d tl.e godfi, t.eSS E+q, (ernovd &rctn Pt-l. Uelqt hglrr G
Gncepbuc.J R lz.qr Es+ o- st.r.^> Boi\.?
- ootre
oooKinl pcrsfcr.
gn FLr- SWelt\s ur€.ler iscrFcr tgour boi\, UJi \lne,pc'trr,, cod( rrrore elufc,k *
luu\
tr^rn up lhe b*Xe. on tlne gtuve so t\crf lhe ,,,s.r<r [s of a. &.s,t b-i
?
uhher boi[t ah \D'o; no rncrrt\er how vlprax i] bor\ig,lls-Ternp is k'torffi_
HLI|gprO*e $r^,#K
that ae\errntneS Vuo 8S+ e crrokrq3 occ.q5i ACAir{ h{rte &stcr ror,hgdi"tl'dt?,w urltt nor a,'l--orvl **[
^irg*u
fs
Skrm is
trrerrninS
7
ore in phu6e
ftuitihr'ovn
PCr.lZ
Liqvicl c".e Gc.s Gre ir1 phcse €qui\ibriurn
[.r p'.re-wet€f
t/
fron\1 c.ppl
g.,t 6hadond otrv,osph#J.'Sl*.rre
le\hn3
Point (o'c) *a BoitinX Poinh (roo"c)
eWhere
lhe dol'|ed-\inQ oh P.1a"tu
c.roaseS {lno
5A\icl- ltqurd bourrdcrrl cl't- O"c- c.ncl th€
liqu'el- gus locurndwq crFloo"e
ur
\$ crter crrnttl'ns 4i"sa\vecl Eubslonces, fnethnX
poinl- i1 lowered cmd the boitioX goint 1s rcd6q\.
c.cy
Ltlf
lou boi wqter in Derer, +he h,8h oth\x{e rescr,tts in
ofrnosphene pretsure s{$nihco.rt te6s fhan fhc^f a*
uFefl tD.shc/rr' f
o o'ol tm 3?'{
ffifnt;r*"ir" fhctse
Dug.orn for
qnd
ehosdchoneS
cf o arlost\.$-rc€ Vcrnt
with b(rih fnnl o*l Rbelre
' Hec,.l r$ F,str'v'r Lug)
\lcrfe-r sec. [e.,vet , fie Boillnq Point= slr'6hf'11 bebu tOoc-
lk^tres a l,ffts longer ti'.ool p,st in Denver It on X))
-t ?re-SSure Goke-rx: Q.tlouJs !l.re pressure irrsbte ttt wa,
1ofr",-[hiS rcds6 ]he boilinq pornt, so 6"ot ,n bo'{,i
r.ocfer ore o.f o. Tervrp >l@"e
uor,",
cc*. &rster
v
Hec^"!
"$
1i-rc-ngbrrncrStrrr (aq*ua= L)
-
t\* ^i:f
:i *tr3:1,h : Hx;
in therrnc.l 6rerg.1
'olo
cr
\<3 oS c. s,ute,tJ.^nce. hDthe amo.^r,i
"$
heo* e-ner$1 fht ccura€S
"a
.ln*T rn kr*p
snde-5o o.
phasechcrnXe[on1
phr^se cV..'*"gp)
Q -- M .L '.
-Hec.f
reluired &r thl. entire 6{sten,cF mrrst H
tu urcter13o cr- ghcrSe- ehcrrtc6c.*
: Q--:
t4'LS (Heq!
neec\e<l U
-nnlrtT
freeec. mc,.se t.)
The hecrf of lrc^r,sforrncrh'on bl,^r cr. Ea\,\3 e^nd a- Liq.-riA
'He".f # Vsforizoh'on(U.r): O,=bHLv(Flecf neecleol bf,oil/-r,"\&,*" *.^.tst)
the l"er^h o+ hc'r\s&rroh'on bl,^) cr L\utcl and cr Gcrs
6Q,
= the heot tc worm tfe ftoa'rwcrben
b1 AT- l0e= lOK to the Melling poinh
$ep O the r'c.g fnus| be rnelted. L, e" Ci.e,nof h\u''d un1rr =lclOf,tl$,000;t7Ocr:{-
'
qa=
I{ecrh required to'melt lfu o$ ice Q*,*.r= Lza9rot= Z3,Ooot
set s) fte resuJ+ri5, ltqlutqJert€r, must be warmeclb hgc +ernp.
Qa- He"rtreluiredf6 toc.rm \, d ux*er
h
Af = 31"c = 3-1 K
-A gtr errlscr
-L{53
troaen
?of6,'cle th"'f' L.\es, l:rKen af 4 q -loL &eee
dcet, her bactt use l. brinq fhe- pgsic\q ug to badq
t€rcyl?. ? Qz. H'L+
-n- ,1, - .J A
-rr
A-T-- n
-lnnrrr"C&r clsr,urne lhu ppu,"re id p,,"te;*!.. Ar=Hc,..rfT r
Q1=k),0t{5rcg)C3.sa^Kfy*A
Norwvr b.dllernp = 31"c O,--tg,olt(f,ZotoZrx.rC(tOt0 dr= tqffiSf= rt
\F.p ) 1tp popsrrlq rftNts be wqSqlad t0 0? A, = l'1oJ" Q s= H.c",..t.. bl
- lOL {reeenfb,^l rnrchef€rrt1
\qq35T= \5,$oT
p t) fie poprrfq rn6ts be wqrryyed t0 0?
6fl,
= the tre"f ne€ded la worm tle Rna Qs = to,o.{br<X)('rrto7r3f,3f K)
Qr=bl1Q i
looOtr-
Q *our = Qr
oQa
'Qs
[kry$Sdd $e rreoF recluired in eqch s]ep , 0,r'Q,-
tQs-Qutr
tTotu herrt rq^rrud)
ore in phu6e
ftuitihr'ovn
PCr.lZ
Liqvicl c".e Gc.s Gre ir1 phcse €qui\ibriurn
[.r p'.re-wet€f
t/
fron\1 c.ppl
g.,t 6hadond otrv,osph#J.'Sl*.rre
le\hn3
Point (o'c) *a BoitinX Poinh (roo"c)
eWhere
lhe dol'|ed-\inQ oh P.1a"tu
c.roaseS {lno
5A\icl- ltqurd bourrdcrrl cl't- O"c- c.ncl th€
liqu'el- gus locurndwq crFloo"e
ur
\$ crter crrnttl'ns 4i"sa\vecl Eubslonces, fnethnX
poinl- i1 lowered cmd the boitioX goint 1s rcd6q\.
c.cy
Ltlf
lou boi wqter in Derer, +he h,8h oth\x{e rescr,tts in
ofrnosphene pretsure s{$nihco.rt te6s fhan fhc^f a*
uFefl tD.shc/rr' f
o o'ol tm 3?'{
ffifnt;r*"ir" fhctse
Dug.orn for
qnd
ehosdchoneS
cf o arlost\.$-rc€ Vcrnt
with b(rih fnnl o*l Rbelre
' Hec,.l r$ F,str'v'r Lug)
\lcrfe-r sec. [e.,vet , fie Boillnq Point= slr'6hf'11 bebu tOoc-
lk^tres a l,ffts longer ti'.ool p,st in Denver It on X))
-t ?re-SSure Goke-rx: Q.tlouJs !l.re pressure irrsbte ttt wa,
1ofr",-[hiS rcds6 ]he boilinq pornt, so 6"ot ,n bo'{,i
r.ocfer ore o.f o. Tervrp >l@"e
uor,",
cc*. &rster
v
Hec^"!
"$
1i-rc-ngbrrncrStrrr (aq*ua= L)
-
t\* ^i:f
:i *tr3:1,h : Hx;
in therrnc.l 6rerg.1
'olo
cr
\<3 oS c. s,ute,tJ.^nce. hDthe amo.^r,i
"$
heo* e-ner$1 fht ccura€S
"a
.ln*T rn kr*p
snde-5o o.
phasechcrnXe[on1
phr^se cV..'*"gp)
Q -- M .L '.
-Hec.f
reluired &r thl. entire 6{sten,cF mrrst H
tu urcter13o cr- ghcrSe- ehcrrtc6c.*
: Q--:
t4'LS (Heq!
neec\e<l U
-nnlrtT
freeec. mc,.se t.)
The hecrf of lrc^r,sforrncrh'on bl,^r cr. Ea\,\3 e^nd a- Liq.-riA
'He".f # Vsforizoh'on(U.r): O,=bHLv(Flecf neecleol bf,oil/-r,"\&,*" *.^.tst)
the l"er^h o+ hc'r\s&rroh'on bl,^) cr L\utcl and cr Gcrs
6Q,
= the heot tc worm tfe ftoa'rwcrben
b1 AT- l0e= lOK to the Melling poinh
$ep O the r'c.g fnus| be rnelted. L, e" Ci.e,nof h\u''d un1rr =lclOf,tl$,000;t7Ocr:{-
'
qa=
I{ecrh required to'melt lfu o$ ice Q*,*.r= Lza9rot= Z3,Ooot
set s) fte resuJ+ri5, ltqlutqJert€r, must be warmeclb hgc +ernp.
Qa- He"rtreluiredf6 toc.rm \, d ux*er
h
Af = 31"c = 3-1 K
-A gtr errlscr
-L{53
troaen
?of6,'cle th"'f' L.\es, l:rKen af 4 q -loL &eee
dcet, her bactt use l. brinq fhe- pgsic\q ug to badq
t€rcyl?. ? Qz. H'L+
-n- ,1, - .J A
-rr
A-T-- n
-lnnrrr"C&r clsr,urne lhu ppu,"re id p,,"te;*!.. Ar=Hc,..rfT r
Q1=k),0t{5rcg)C3.sa^Kfy*A
Norwvr b.dllernp = 31"c O,--tg,olt(f,ZotoZrx.rC(tOt0 dr= tqffiSf= rt
\F.p ) 1tp popsrrlq rftNts be wqSqlad t0 0? A, = l'1oJ" Q s= H.c",..t.. bl
- lOL {reeenfb,^l rnrchef€rrt1
\qq35T= \5,$oT
p t) fie poprrfq rn6ts be wqrryyed t0 0?
6fl,
= the tre"f ne€ded la worm tle Rna Qs = to,o.{br<X)('rrto7r3f,3f K)
Qr=bl1Q i
looOtr-
Q *our = Qr
oQa
'Qs
[kry$Sdd $e rreoF recluired in eqch s]ep , 0,r'Q,-
tQs-Qutr
tTotu herrt rq^rrud)
6rc,.porahon
'qufer boils c^l tocl"c
Lfquid phose tb
,
but-
lhe
mioqte
Q=
At
; t}re rc*e d her* \ces isr
1,2r. to*T
=
lzoo W
LoO s
- S- =W
Yower = ae at
12,bl C,ct\orirne+ruF
bTle quonltlehve rneos.i.ennertl- of- l'he heo.f trc^nsfferrecl blw stletc.rns or evolvecl in rxns
'Hec* enerXl wi be- trar's$errecl $r"r the htt\er hu the c6;kCer sqsFern rrr,ti tX1 re.o.cln or
common €-,'nc,tTemprTe.
+ The Sqshems wi therr be- in Thermo Equi\ibrdrrrn o.ncl {4"r
f"*p. wi nol chcr-n$ S.rrtt"er.
"tl\cthon prevents on1 hec^l enerctrl f.r"* bO.1 hanr$erred f6 or €ror.t|e- envtronrnent-
'lhe
tlolemS exshqff ehe"t '*l
no ne\- \oss or gc,*in
Hecrt ene- 1 rs trt nt$errecl F t rr, SqsQn 1*
eqer.t t Z
EnerXl conservofibn reqqire [Ur = \qt\
Qnet=Qr+Qz-=O
'The e$etrtr1 Losb b1 lhe hot\er sqsl-e-rn = the s.t
1 gc*ined
bq the coo\er <4rlexn Q r = - Q z- I{c,.ve oppcri}e. einns
'NO e1c€rgl K e.xchor.,q,..d r.r Hne- en.,ironmest
atqehem 1at hec*
E8tem I
SqEbern (
x Thg Srqns cLre \eg rcnportr:rnt 1y1 +alerlc-n prtb\ern3
AT =
Te - Ti
, 6o AS c,.od Q ore- neg<"Five U) for
".n1
Pe,. rs
indivrduc.l rno\er-r.rles oQ wc-ler ecr-n ,move- ttovn Vhe
Gc'"s phcse e.-! Lotr:er ferngerc^tureS
exc-€s heqt & rnebboltsrn So Fhq environmen\
" A! ann temg.r 6oyne yno\<c,.r\e.s rrri\l be fnovin3 ftrst encroX tU
3o
into the gFa PhoS..
A" lhq do, lhel crrrrl E*, crrrrcnl toil-h ldem
'The rnolecutes fhcr* ler^"e the liquid crre |he rno\er,r,'..les lhat hcrve lhe h,qhest ktnefrL
t*t11 , Eo Evapc,ehbn reduees the Avt (ineh'c enerfl ( c^r'o t\us the Temp;
of ltne Liquid t+l behind
Q = \'Lv
\lectl lo exo4orcrF cr- rwcrss M o$ t^r.*-ber, cmc Hnts conount oF hea,t- 15 re,movecl
fro*
1or
bod,{. G\or^rio3 1ou
tu rncrin\ein cr 6head1 bodq l-"{t
Thq evc*to.c*h'on oP vrcr[er , boFh
(..r"" 8wec,,.f qncl in rnoiShue 1ou ex!^ote, tt 1 of fle bd.{\
rvrelhods of exhcrrsh'o3 !he.
I tres bq \€rspi
humc'*, bd1 ccrr produ€ c,.?gro*. 3oX of persyircr,tion Per min,.rte'. At tlhca rcr*<- is tt
gossible to exho'rst hec'-t bu tVe crcrprc*ion of perage-robtorfr
Q = M'Lu - lkHe.<rt losl per-
Q = to
, o3o x3)[ zr
"
ros 7r<$
Q =
-T.zxro*T
Enun1 fncrnsterred *o
t S enertq Enbexs
- i$ enenfi
t'ecr'rreS
Qrl EnerXl hvc'nsterred tu sq6hern 2
Eqsbern whose femp. bscreos-b
'qufer boils c^l tocl"c
Lfquid phose tb
,
but-
lhe
mioqte
Q=
At
; t}re rc*e d her* \ces isr
1,2r. to*T
=
lzoo W
LoO s
- S- =W
Yower = ae at
12,bl C,ct\orirne+ruF
bTle quonltlehve rneos.i.ennertl- of- l'he heo.f trc^nsfferrecl blw stletc.rns or evolvecl in rxns
'Hec* enerXl wi be- trar's$errecl $r"r the htt\er hu the c6;kCer sqsFern rrr,ti tX1 re.o.cln or
common €-,'nc,tTemprTe.
+ The Sqshems wi therr be- in Thermo Equi\ibrdrrrn o.ncl {4"r
f"*p. wi nol chcr-n$ S.rrtt"er.
"tl\cthon prevents on1 hec^l enerctrl f.r"* bO.1 hanr$erred f6 or €ror.t|e- envtronrnent-
'lhe
tlolemS exshqff ehe"t '*l
no ne\- \oss or gc,*in
Hecrt ene- 1 rs trt nt$errecl F t rr, SqsQn 1*
eqer.t t Z
EnerXl conservofibn reqqire [Ur = \qt\
Qnet=Qr+Qz-=O
'The e$etrtr1 Losb b1 lhe hot\er sqsl-e-rn = the s.t
1 gc*ined
bq the coo\er <4rlexn Q r = - Q z- I{c,.ve oppcri}e. einns
'NO e1c€rgl K e.xchor.,q,..d r.r Hne- en.,ironmest
atqehem 1at hec*
E8tem I
SqEbern (
x Thg Srqns cLre \eg rcnportr:rnt 1y1 +alerlc-n prtb\ern3
AT =
Te - Ti
, 6o AS c,.od Q ore- neg<"Five U) for
".n1
Pe,. rs
indivrduc.l rno\er-r.rles oQ wc-ler ecr-n ,move- ttovn Vhe
Gc'"s phcse e.-! Lotr:er ferngerc^tureS
exc-€s heqt & rnebboltsrn So Fhq environmen\
" A! ann temg.r 6oyne yno\<c,.r\e.s rrri\l be fnovin3 ftrst encroX tU
3o
into the gFa PhoS..
A" lhq do, lhel crrrrl E*, crrrrcnl toil-h ldem
'The rnolecutes fhcr* ler^"e the liquid crre |he rno\er,r,'..les lhat hcrve lhe h,qhest ktnefrL
t*t11 , Eo Evapc,ehbn reduees the Avt (ineh'c enerfl ( c^r'o t\us the Temp;
of ltne Liquid t+l behind
Q = \'Lv
\lectl lo exo4orcrF cr- rwcrss M o$ t^r.*-ber, cmc Hnts conount oF hea,t- 15 re,movecl
fro*
1or
bod,{. G\or^rio3 1ou
tu rncrin\ein cr 6head1 bodq l-"{t
Thq evc*to.c*h'on oP vrcr[er , boFh
(..r"" 8wec,,.f qncl in rnoiShue 1ou ex!^ote, tt 1 of fle bd.{\
rvrelhods of exhcrrsh'o3 !he.
I tres bq \€rspi
humc'*, bd1 ccrr produ€ c,.?gro*. 3oX of persyircr,tion Per min,.rte'. At tlhca rcr*<- is tt
gossible to exho'rst hec'-t bu tVe crcrprc*ion of perage-robtorfr
Q = M'Lu - lkHe.<rt losl per-
Q = to
, o3o x3)[ zr
"
ros 7r<$
Q =
-T.zxro*T
Enun1 fncrnsterred *o
t S enertq Enbexs
- i$ enenfi
t'ecr'rreS
Qrl EnerXl hvc'nsterred tu sq6hern 2
Eqsbern whose femp. bscreos-b
7
Solvl.,q Ca\ortrnetr./ ProblerrrS
JJ
Pq.f\
PAf1", lden+i$1 lhe inl,ercr.,t'a1 e1t+ernS. Assume theq're ttotofed from the tarcyr €nvironrvrent.
L-onverF cr quonlihes lo g
units
Sc,\ve-:{lne qhr^|eSnen|
o( erc,er11 <$$6ef vCrbton iS
Qne.t-Qrf Qfr... =O
-'B' 6t1s}emS ltnc* underso o t*P.chonge, Qar =H'g'tT+-"|r)
-' Rr sqslems ttrr| underXo o phose chon1ll Opuc'se =r Fl'L
topplq flre corre<-| erXn laq observinl vt\ether enert,l enters (*) or lec.ves (, |.he
tr1[f'ern dwinq ]he'l.rc'"r,eihbn
- SOWre S.lSkrnS
-t*l
txcleqo a ferng. Ch^T Aso c* p\-c'se
"h*g^,
Trect Fe e,hcrn?-s
W
Tl"P hec^t enerqrl;s ffi
xTl
ShotrH befnlhern,adte*of $"i^itnf fg \$ T- ," b"t\er or \ourer trnc^rr o.,li t!, tl'rrF c.^
indtcc,Horl thctt eo{neFhinti vvronS r
8ucr"\1 cr 8'qn error }b
a Heh:'l
-Zs oC c'-r. u-n\<-ns,*,n rne-!cr is hec.r<.cl hs zoo.o'c- fhen ch.rppecJ into Eo.Og of L$ckr cr$ Zo'oi
in on int*r\crtfed qorrkdaer.
-[he
t,so]€r lernp. ffses trf rn a. $er,s se<.onc\S \c 3\-1'c-, fu
no &rrH*. Henhfr{ +he rrrekrl,
1.= 296k Tr* =3tz'7t<
I=Lt-I3( 1r=3lL-l\<
AT= - tbo,3h
- zrf ST =(o,zook$) cCICo.S\<)
g= -'l\zt .rsT-
(0, zoorXttbo.6k)
t- 2o,otAT- t\l.'lK
C
= | !9.-1 3
*>
Gotd tor possibll Ler.rd = lzt)
Qa' = [0. osoorX)tr r"oYKt.K)("" | 1. I f)
Qrr= Y l2:t. tsf
6x \?..13'. Cer\orime wiS^ c^ ph.,se cl.,",.rr?q
-\ow Soomu socla. is c^* bb,room **p., €d qtrr^ aAA
Does cr.tt l\e trcl TYS\F? K gO, wl.*,'!b +he Rto,t $emp'? tf no\
toOg o$ fce Grotn +he, -2.o"c, Greexer,
r^rhc.b Qrcrctr'on
"$
{-he- lce w,eltS ?
Assurne ycr.^ Vu*e q wetl- inscrlc.|ecl et^p
'NeeO lo dishnquislr bluo Z
1rcasib\e.
oohccrme$. \$ c*t Hne re-e rne-s, !h*Ie -o"c-, l*lso gossibl<
|hot Lhe toclc-r wi coo to Ooc- beJore cl.. Fe ic-e VrcrS rneJted, lec."ving H* 1q.e' c'{,d Ulurrfl_ in,
e.e1ui\ibrforn cr..f, Ooc.. lsb: C."t.oto-te [d'. vt,'^-ts ne-edec] ha rne. 4l1 *u .-. ';;l'fft}*Y.
OQrnett'HrceC,;""(261O + M,.e'Le ZdlCglcotc'te hou.r m,och her^,r er,er11 r.oi \errve f'hc-aoclcd r:Fir
lQm.\l= 3l3s6o$=t3?,ocotr- cm\s c, tfe $cu..l F0 Ooc-. { =ffimu = S.oortci l3, ik elensi\
blc'rnuth cLc\d Vv<.-ts Fo rr,elF lhr ice
.
eice.$eso"to,=o
is !hc.l 4 ,*oh.", P=\oooWr"3r !h,rs Nts.,.t","=PV =o,5OOKJ
Qice = &;ocof-
q,o+C,n+er(ot) Qcso = Hsoao' C.^orer CZot<) |hesoclc^ hrrs sqtqUenb ener6.
310oo[r-${rtc.'c..rq}cr(I?-o'")tHscoo'c.,ot -(T!-zo"c-)=6 Blc lQ*"tl ) QmelF Fo rrne-\F cr-$ Hne- ic€
-T*=
2cl{.SegStgr$.r
- ZlpextT }51r-.'H"e
St.-f B\Errerifl bo ett l\urd o} Ji >.O
fr--idC$Tffi tt$ lo.."rl <emeth, t{*rrr }he S'r*l *t",.t-
t*r',.rtd rkr.re-loeer
Te=zotr.Sf.lXrtqo) -ar,.r=o{ T+ --\. t"c
c''rv tte- -lquia nn; rtur<- c^t ci"c)
to,r keXqtq o) I (o.
5 kgxq tlo)
Solvl.,q Ca\ortrnetr./ ProblerrrS
JJ
Pq.f\
PAf1", lden+i$1 lhe inl,ercr.,t'a1 e1t+ernS. Assume theq're ttotofed from the tarcyr €nvironrvrent.
L-onverF cr quonlihes lo g
units
Sc,\ve-:{lne qhr^|eSnen|
o( erc,er11 <$$6ef vCrbton iS
Qne.t-Qrf Qfr... =O
-'B' 6t1s}emS ltnc* underso o t*P.chonge, Qar =H'g'tT+-"|r)
-' Rr sqslems ttrr| underXo o phose chon1ll Opuc'se =r Fl'L
topplq flre corre<-| erXn laq observinl vt\ether enert,l enters (*) or lec.ves (, |.he
tr1[f'ern dwinq ]he'l.rc'"r,eihbn
- SOWre S.lSkrnS
-t*l
txcleqo a ferng. Ch^T Aso c* p\-c'se
"h*g^,
Trect Fe e,hcrn?-s
W
Tl"P hec^t enerqrl;s ffi
xTl
ShotrH befnlhern,adte*of $"i^itnf fg \$ T- ," b"t\er or \ourer trnc^rr o.,li t!, tl'rrF c.^
indtcc,Horl thctt eo{neFhinti vvronS r
8ucr"\1 cr 8'qn error }b
a Heh:'l
-Zs oC c'-r. u-n\<-ns,*,n rne-!cr is hec.r<.cl hs zoo.o'c- fhen ch.rppecJ into Eo.Og of L$ckr cr$ Zo'oi
in on int*r\crtfed qorrkdaer.
-[he
t,so]€r lernp. ffses trf rn a. $er,s se<.onc\S \c 3\-1'c-, fu
no &rrH*. Henhfr{ +he rrrekrl,
1.= 296k Tr* =3tz'7t<
I=Lt-I3( 1r=3lL-l\<
AT= - tbo,3h
- zrf ST =(o,zook$) cCICo.S\<)
g= -'l\zt .rsT-
(0, zoorXttbo.6k)
t- 2o,otAT- t\l.'lK
C
= | !9.-1 3
*>
Gotd tor possibll Ler.rd = lzt)
Qa' = [0. osoorX)tr r"oYKt.K)("" | 1. I f)
Qrr= Y l2:t. tsf
6x \?..13'. Cer\orime wiS^ c^ ph.,se cl.,",.rr?q
-\ow Soomu socla. is c^* bb,room **p., €d qtrr^ aAA
Does cr.tt l\e trcl TYS\F? K gO, wl.*,'!b +he Rto,t $emp'? tf no\
toOg o$ fce Grotn +he, -2.o"c, Greexer,
r^rhc.b Qrcrctr'on
"$
{-he- lce w,eltS ?
Assurne ycr.^ Vu*e q wetl- inscrlc.|ecl et^p
'NeeO lo dishnquislr bluo Z
1rcasib\e.
oohccrme$. \$ c*t Hne re-e rne-s, !h*Ie -o"c-, l*lso gossibl<
|hot Lhe toclc-r wi coo to Ooc- beJore cl.. Fe ic-e VrcrS rneJted, lec."ving H* 1q.e' c'{,d Ulurrfl_ in,
e.e1ui\ibrforn cr..f, Ooc.. lsb: C."t.oto-te [d'. vt,'^-ts ne-edec] ha rne. 4l1 *u .-. ';;l'fft}*Y.
OQrnett'HrceC,;""(261O + M,.e'Le ZdlCglcotc'te hou.r m,och her^,r er,er11 r.oi \errve f'hc-aoclcd r:Fir
lQm.\l= 3l3s6o$=t3?,ocotr- cm\s c, tfe $cu..l F0 Ooc-. { =ffimu = S.oortci l3, ik elensi\
blc'rnuth cLc\d Vv<.-ts Fo rr,elF lhr ice
.
eice.$eso"to,=o
is !hc.l 4 ,*oh.", P=\oooWr"3r !h,rs Nts.,.t","=PV =o,5OOKJ
Qice = &;ocof-
q,o+C,n+er(ot) Qcso = Hsoao' C.^orer CZot<) |hesoclc^ hrrs sqtqUenb ener6.
310oo[r-${rtc.'c..rq}cr(I?-o'")tHscoo'c.,ot -(T!-zo"c-)=6 Blc lQ*"tl ) QmelF Fo rrne-\F cr-$ Hne- ic€
-T*=
2cl{.SegStgr$.r
- ZlpextT }51r-.'H"e
St.-f B\Errerifl bo ett l\urd o} Ji >.O
fr--idC$Tffi tt$ lo.."rl <emeth, t{*rrr }he S'r*l *t",.t-
t*r',.rtd rkr.re-loeer
Te=zotr.Sf.lXrtqo) -ar,.r=o{ T+ --\. t"c
c''rv tte- -lquia nn; rtur<- c^t ci"c)
to,r keXqtq o) I (o.
5 kgxq tlo)
7
la.l ; Jte.nnc^ Pro perf'es of Gc^ts .
K'5
b Tn" hecrts recluirecl to eo^rse o. tpeo'S'ed feqgerc^fure chcrrqe clepencts on the Proce-\S
by ohich the
X9.S
ehc.rrc6rs e[c**es.
Col ft,g fno\cr-r spec-rh.- hecr.f- a-.h consksf
pressure.
Q = nCp AI
'
tcttt-TerS tolc- in ced fEobcr.nt;
FrG-esS, the B&s
dr:e,s u:orR)
tU,r,ftS Lr.}*"f
.fa
)
Cv : The Tyro\or spe-c-ihL hecrF c,-r cnnstcun\- ,\o\em<- Q = nCv AT
(lhe eome furcil tv\oncrtomi"
$tNns
blc- no crrorll is done-,)
.rk"r specrftc hea*s o$ qertes crt- 20.c
-,
.. -lquS
= ?' ksT ' 6r a moncrbrnic
3cr$, 5t is simg\1
ol |heqtos..s rr
-
r I . .c t,u r n .. rr r-
(Jr tne qiDFl6
rn a tcrs f
+lne aur tolc.l of l<,e i o'$ o tl-re s*rms "Honcrtbyh(c. gp-
Cy-
h5$y9r1"urrr2/
-I\erets
ho o,Rrr c- rnoncnhuvnre
Sca
tle 2o' \2.5
(osconsisft'- L crrn ehro p"'€rrrr.r Th.rs /-.-- rr- o].r-u^., N e lo.t \z'5
ercrusNetq os tte Ctrn gte eneqY , Thus
(u= n.Nn, R=Nnkc)
.ffiffiT$t5::*t*S-B)r=f
ne'r .ffi
r*,].,'=K n*:il
crodeo{ r\acnd
r-
'lf lhe temp. oF c. rnonotgrn;"G
"!oo1r*
q AT, l'1. 28,1 zo.t{
oz'
'
its Et* ev,crncoc-s brr
AE*x = * n Kdi- [ i1'.', ?;,1
'\$ ure keeg lhe votume of fhe
Xe:
ccr,etcrrt so no :llnhorn,c
WetrK is done, lhts enert.t Clunclr con Cpme onll ' tcttervc^Por 33,3 25'D
{to* t}(
o.e,+hettr'i: Q=*h'RAT c-ornpcrrirrl il- r^rl +f^e- rnolc^r
l?..ift.
hecxb
molcrr ,
"'-$€.r'&t
hec,"t c.I constcrnt Volwm.e Ci(rnonc,homic qcrs) - t R' -- tz.5 Vmo\' k
ACpr ?
(ws<,.s-p^)d^,:=ffiiffilfril).*
'
A=AEu., +\Nt^s,=?n,R.Ar +pAV
'l'lecrF neerJeJ {o chcrqe the temp. bu1 AT in er conshmi- preqslrre Frocess
Q = *p.RAT
r fl ,RAF
= +n.R.Af
'Co*?.^.i.,1 it ull the c\e[. of r"o\c*r egeci$c hqc.^tr 6hou>s Hnc'-+ :
CpGonc'horrrr.
Xc.s) -+ 'R= Zo.8 Vrnol'\s
'Heofinl o dicrtsmic-Xc-'-s rrrr -s Flne cr\o.crrs (v\$ve ft^ster,
'bul. i| a\Eo ccu-r\eS the-rn b rbtc.*te. yYlore rc^grdl1
t
\hl
fhe gpecr€'t- hec-*Y is hr3 {-hcrrr oF a mcrnc^\omic qc-3
Lt
friOtOrnic
tcrs
(u.r.,.Fer u$J) hc^r cr.n e.r,qn hin\u agecitrt- tc^h
la.l ; Jte.nnc^ Pro perf'es of Gc^ts .
K'5
b Tn" hecrts recluirecl to eo^rse o. tpeo'S'ed feqgerc^fure chcrrqe clepencts on the Proce-\S
by ohich the
X9.S
ehc.rrc6rs e[c**es.
Col ft,g fno\cr-r spec-rh.- hecr.f- a-.h consksf
pressure.
Q = nCp AI
'
tcttt-TerS tolc- in ced fEobcr.nt;
FrG-esS, the B&s
dr:e,s u:orR)
tU,r,ftS Lr.}*"f
.fa
)
Cv : The Tyro\or spe-c-ihL hecrF c,-r cnnstcun\- ,\o\em<- Q = nCv AT
(lhe eome furcil tv\oncrtomi"
$tNns
blc- no crrorll is done-,)
.rk"r specrftc hea*s o$ qertes crt- 20.c
-,
.. -lquS
= ?' ksT ' 6r a moncrbrnic
3cr$, 5t is simg\1
ol |heqtos..s rr
-
r I . .c t,u r n .. rr r-
(Jr tne qiDFl6
rn a tcrs f
+lne aur tolc.l of l<,e i o'$ o tl-re s*rms "Honcrtbyh(c. gp-
Cy-
h5$y9r1"urrr2/
-I\erets
ho o,Rrr c- rnoncnhuvnre
Sca
tle 2o' \2.5
(osconsisft'- L crrn ehro p"'€rrrr.r Th.rs /-.-- rr- o].r-u^., N e lo.t \z'5
ercrusNetq os tte Ctrn gte eneqY , Thus
(u= n.Nn, R=Nnkc)
.ffiffiT$t5::*t*S-B)r=f
ne'r .ffi
r*,].,'=K n*:il
crodeo{ r\acnd
r-
'lf lhe temp. oF c. rnonotgrn;"G
"!oo1r*
q AT, l'1. 28,1 zo.t{
oz'
'
its Et* ev,crncoc-s brr
AE*x = * n Kdi- [ i1'.', ?;,1
'\$ ure keeg lhe votume of fhe
Xe:
ccr,etcrrt so no :llnhorn,c
WetrK is done, lhts enert.t Clunclr con Cpme onll ' tcttervc^Por 33,3 25'D
{to* t}(
o.e,+hettr'i: Q=*h'RAT c-ornpcrrirrl il- r^rl +f^e- rnolc^r
l?..ift.
hecxb
molcrr ,
"'-$€.r'&t
hec,"t c.I constcrnt Volwm.e Ci(rnonc,homic qcrs) - t R' -- tz.5 Vmo\' k
ACpr ?
(ws<,.s-p^)d^,:=ffiiffilfril).*
'
A=AEu., +\Nt^s,=?n,R.Ar +pAV
'l'lecrF neerJeJ {o chcrqe the temp. bu1 AT in er conshmi- preqslrre Frocess
Q = *p.RAT
r fl ,RAF
= +n.R.Af
'Co*?.^.i.,1 it ull the c\e[. of r"o\c*r egeci$c hqc.^tr 6hou>s Hnc'-+ :
CpGonc'horrrr.
Xc.s) -+ 'R= Zo.8 Vrnol'\s
'Heofinl o dicrtsmic-Xc-'-s rrrr -s Flne cr\o.crrs (v\$ve ft^ster,
'bul. i| a\Eo ccu-r\eS the-rn b rbtc.*te. yYlore rc^grdl1
t
\hl
fhe gpecr€'t- hec-*Y is hr3 {-hcrrr oF a mcrnc^\omic qc-3
Lt
friOtOrnic
tcrs
(u.r.,.Fer u$J) hc^r cr.n e.r,qn hin\u agecitrt- tc^h
Hecrf Erqins
.
A device U.d+ kryes in hec,"F ener\l frorr, c^ hot reser'voir,
does rrseSr-rl v-rork
,
&nd e,xhcurS\S urc's\e hecri lc> c.r cr:k rese,rvoir
G f' e-."*uu$,H r\:
r-eFd etdtbcfico
- Tn< tervrp, gndkffiiiW?.ffiEfrPY
PGl.t6
ahi [l - wcrrm corvrhrstrhv
ehgine,
9,The
l-he- ptl drcrqrorn.
Vertl rcrgrd i
the.pispnpreEsure
'
Pecrecrsg
d6n'+ rhoYg
rrditiS con'$r[
?-'4\
'n-"-,)
5. the co* es tl'e
in the qlrtder.
QH
g.
[rit ]h,s
F,ry
of th. c\der
Itne qcrSet crre doinl worl<. thiS WorK iS
I !he- p5"* oufg,tl- oS the
milture
3. Dcrrirrg tlo
- '
CompreESiorl,
WorK iS beinq done
I
o.l ttle qaS
b{.tkur= (l uic
AV =C-)
:q
/ /-\
/
/' 6l",arr8f
/
-:-
/ rrf,"i**",**1-
\L ld* or* intrcle. /
the grcrgh
t t/\
/\*1/
\-{
z.The
Pisfbn
c-ompresres Fhe-
/y t : t^et- c.j. sniltur?. ThS
t
=--Ad,s.bahc
(A -o) corngressk*
qhcusted t Fle
i'' ;
Awi.onrnsrt
\O. T\e- exchcrrSe- oC
,
hot exhc.ust-
Scrses
br {'\"e- c<>o Srel-crir
fnixtr.r.re- crmp\eles *he-
stcJe- e*rc) skrr{rs Hn€
nsxh
Cqc-l.e- Begie
t+eJe
\. A c-<rol mixh.rre oS
{ao-ses)
ailuc^nJ fuel eo"teS,
intu Fhe e1ocler
QuSeS are exhruttec
h" +1. o{incler.
[{ec^t Qe is
|erno. of the
fte fneog u,
tl.
A smr\s
iXnites
ilf
tue\-olr
r'* +
_\
1r
li
L/"-
i rnprhnt
"1^t*^66jeriehc\{+rctf qppty
qenenlll
'lo a rr-,.ises }he bqn1. c,ncJ ?
kt€ah &qine\.
"'lhe S<c,pe-nce oF processeS tor"n= c* e\osed loog r n
rc,-ises lhe bqny. ond PreEarre
Thts rvttst be ue tor Hne- errginc- lo go thro.rX ils cqc\e- over t 6v€r
'her^t Qn fs k.Ken t. fiorvr o. hol EEervoir [$otnthe hrnrqfi;e1) otsoff€-poinf d,*t,ttluo{,1e.
G rr.Or* $ns t€mp bc^cx- do,-rn @ €r\cl ol a4de, Hec^r Qc m,si be exhousfecl tu cr colo\-feEervoir
Thts l,rsaf s crlrried oir{- o'Q l-he enffroa bf S* hol e-xtnus+ qos
"The work cbne bq lhe enqing
(W"Jn)
rs {*re clreq tntide +i',s closqJ toop ,xr }le
'Blc the terng returns to iK stirtim poinF_c.t the erc d eoch cqcle, +here'e
nel clo"ge in Thermc.l 6nertt.Jh.rs fro* *otq cooservafiorr
Wt,r*= Qtr-Qc
pV drc.grurn
no
.
A device U.d+ kryes in hec,"F ener\l frorr, c^ hot reser'voir,
does rrseSr-rl v-rork
,
&nd e,xhcurS\S urc's\e hecri lc> c.r cr:k rese,rvoir
G f' e-."*uu$,H r\:
r-eFd etdtbcfico
- Tn< tervrp, gndkffiiiW?.ffiEfrPY
PGl.t6
ahi [l - wcrrm corvrhrstrhv
ehgine,
9,The
l-he- ptl drcrqrorn.
Vertl rcrgrd i
the.pispnpreEsure
'
Pecrecrsg
d6n'+ rhoYg
rrditiS con'$r[
?-'4\
'n-"-,)
5. the co* es tl'e
in the qlrtder.
QH
g.
[rit ]h,s
F,ry
of th. c\der
Itne qcrSet crre doinl worl<. thiS WorK iS
I !he- p5"* oufg,tl- oS the
milture
3. Dcrrirrg tlo
- '
CompreESiorl,
WorK iS beinq done
I
o.l ttle qaS
b{.tkur= (l uic
AV =C-)
:q
/ /-\
/
/' 6l",arr8f
/
-:-
/ rrf,"i**",**1-
\L ld* or* intrcle. /
the grcrgh
t t/\
/\*1/
\-{
z.The
Pisfbn
c-ompresres Fhe-
/y t : t^et- c.j. sniltur?. ThS
t
=--Ad,s.bahc
(A -o) corngressk*
qhcusted t Fle
i'' ;
Awi.onrnsrt
\O. T\e- exchcrrSe- oC
,
hot exhc.ust-
Scrses
br {'\"e- c<>o Srel-crir
fnixtr.r.re- crmp\eles *he-
stcJe- e*rc) skrr{rs Hn€
nsxh
Cqc-l.e- Begie
t+eJe
\. A c-<rol mixh.rre oS
{ao-ses)
ailuc^nJ fuel eo"teS,
intu Fhe e1ocler
QuSeS are exhruttec
h" +1. o{incler.
[{ec^t Qe is
|erno. of the
fte fneog u,
tl.
A smr\s
iXnites
ilf
tue\-olr
r'* +
_\
1r
li
L/"-
i rnprhnt
"1^t*^66jeriehc\{+rctf qppty
qenenlll
'lo a rr-,.ises }he bqn1. c,ncJ ?
kt€ah &qine\.
"'lhe S<c,pe-nce oF processeS tor"n= c* e\osed loog r n
rc,-ises lhe bqny. ond PreEarre
Thts rvttst be ue tor Hne- errginc- lo go thro.rX ils cqc\e- over t 6v€r
'her^t Qn fs k.Ken t. fiorvr o. hol EEervoir [$otnthe hrnrqfi;e1) otsoff€-poinf d,*t,ttluo{,1e.
G rr.Or* $ns t€mp bc^cx- do,-rn @ €r\cl ol a4de, Hec^r Qc m,si be exhousfecl tu cr colo\-feEervoir
Thts l,rsaf s crlrried oir{- o'Q l-he enffroa bf S* hol e-xtnus+ qos
"The work cbne bq lhe enqing
(W"Jn)
rs {*re clreq tntide +i',s closqJ toop ,xr }le
'Blc the terng returns to iK stirtim poinF_c.t the erc d eoch cqcle, +here'e
nel clo"ge in Thermc.l 6nertt.Jh.rs fro* *otq cooservafiorr
Wt,r*= Qtr-Qc
pV drc.grurn
no
F \?.\'. Fndinl lhe Preest,re euo TenLerah:rre in q
Gcrso\ine Fn$Le PGr,rl
-Tlnecrdtc^luc*hL comPr€SE\io shdke in crn aulot"oLi\e enEin€ rcrises She yressure bo l-lc"tm
q,"t We !ern?. h Ao'c. The- r'qnihon o{'l-\€ fr-^et-air"rnin+.are- tl''en pronicles Calfrdg h€errh.
titr a
[.{p,k^l engine, }he qlinolir confuinL 0,0L1 rnol o{
flc^S,
uJhc"f cde !4.e pressure onJ
+€nnp. innsnedi,ctle\1 o$ler dSnih'on?
'lgnihon
hcrPl-;ens sofost \hero rrofrrne fort\e-?Sbfi bo rnovgso fhegos fshea.fed tn e^
corrstc^nt -Vdql.g
PrOceS\,
Glsg= m*S cl.ir,Eo LtEe Cv= ?Cr,j Ymol,K
AT'= e
=
tOOT . -
T,'= 3oo c F'P+F-
P& =1.:,''t-loc^hm
nCv (o,ozt .*rXz".t%r.r.) Tt = Zlql"c p+ =triltml(r-rco2. zrs)
AT:-- 3\.S"c. = oo'c
[2-, ? ' Her'] Trn nskr
fvct AV
r Eo hew p I (*>"c r 213)
@ Gnc\uclion
Ll
Bc.si. HechctrrErnS b,.l r,,lt'rch oblec,ts exchcrny !rer^-t r,-rf ol-\er oQeats or l{r.u'r furrourdinXs.
06lcrPorc.,-bion-
- --,1
h"tf ts h.c^rs$exr"A b1
_the
rer,^o.,c^-\
(Discussea in sechbn tz.6)
oe n'olecu.t* *1, *,Sh
"Lffi.Bot,{. ,
'€neg1 is hrc.'.rs$exred bq direcl Contqcf
.Fast-rnovinl
ot<mS aI *}re ho| <-nd honster energl
'--
tb s\.r-er-i.nwfng qtoms c,* the. cor"J end.
'T?encls-
fn Dcrtcrl
.i q
lncrec.ses r'$ {-he Af blw lhe hol- end and fhe- cold_enol rs crec^-sd
->q c,reaees f$ lhe c-ros8- sechon <erec^ A o8- the- rcl is incres.rseci
-+ Q De.r..^s.s i$ Fhe lengl-h L .'9 the. nod is crerrserl
' So'me wroilerfo,.\s Lsueh crs rnehr\q) hc'"ve- o hr$h vcrhrte sF q
7 o lol d *ot1 r l-rc,nsferre"l
ol+€j- r.c.t<rio,\s kuc,h crs v\ioocJ) hcrve q low vcrlue of Q ) v€rt{ tiH.te s*tq fs #c.r,sfierre]
Ra+e 4HedTrc^nsfu, T.ilr.ermcll ConcJuchv,t-,t oF +rre rrr-*\err'cr Lhcrrcrcterires g,*lhether *c rv-r,terri:rl
(unik c''" r> t'''-
=(@a,l AT ,ji"fu3"Hfo;f$;-.T#Fi:3i"'SlH',lg hec{r corrr,,crortVs )
d L / (Gxceg\*:n=Dr'annonaf5r*.".",u*.$=."Fffii$qti
Rcule of condtrhon OF herrf crcross c. t<rnptrafurre clrPfuer,ce
I
-l o.1o rn l.Zrn wfncto,oi[c^pg"u* 3q.h
(-t
$'t)in e. horse is rnade oC cr singk- pq.ne- of 3.O-rvrm-
|.4r,'6,f [opgror 7t iqgWs.
The )emp, i,eii:le il* h^e N Zt?) ootsde its -5oc. hhcr] powerj in wo\
rnust
+\o
fur",.r"-.- provide to axnpentc^te$r hec,.t \cs Ff,ro.rgh !{'re vtndowT
A = (0.9q-Xl,Z*) AT= Zl'c
. b'C L= 3,o n.,rn = 0,0030rn x 1i compensc.te, t{n e &rncrce
A= \.08rnt = l.l-2 aT= 26 l< orr,6l- provrdQ
-1l00hj
oL
O
=
(0"-?5
YnJ5 Ym.r<)(.\. \^')(zc" x)
'Vrerrrrv'g porNer *i
At o . oo3onn
S = toN
lcO
H
The- cross-
6ec5'cry.t o{eA
<lF Fhe roo\=4
n3(zc"x)
Gcrso\ine Fn$Le PGr,rl
-Tlnecrdtc^luc*hL comPr€SE\io shdke in crn aulot"oLi\e enEin€ rcrises She yressure bo l-lc"tm
q,"t We !ern?. h Ao'c. The- r'qnihon o{'l-\€ fr-^et-air"rnin+.are- tl''en pronicles Calfrdg h€errh.
titr a
[.{p,k^l engine, }he qlinolir confuinL 0,0L1 rnol o{
flc^S,
uJhc"f cde !4.e pressure onJ
+€nnp. innsnedi,ctle\1 o$ler dSnih'on?
'lgnihon
hcrPl-;ens sofost \hero rrofrrne fort\e-?Sbfi bo rnovgso fhegos fshea.fed tn e^
corrstc^nt -Vdql.g
PrOceS\,
Glsg= m*S cl.ir,Eo LtEe Cv= ?Cr,j Ymol,K
AT'= e
=
tOOT . -
T,'= 3oo c F'P+F-
P& =1.:,''t-loc^hm
nCv (o,ozt .*rXz".t%r.r.) Tt = Zlql"c p+ =triltml(r-rco2. zrs)
AT:-- 3\.S"c. = oo'c
[2-, ? ' Her'] Trn nskr
fvct AV
r Eo hew p I (*>"c r 213)
@ Gnc\uclion
Ll
Bc.si. HechctrrErnS b,.l r,,lt'rch oblec,ts exchcrny !rer^-t r,-rf ol-\er oQeats or l{r.u'r furrourdinXs.
06lcrPorc.,-bion-
- --,1
h"tf ts h.c^rs$exr"A b1
_the
rer,^o.,c^-\
(Discussea in sechbn tz.6)
oe n'olecu.t* *1, *,Sh
"Lffi.Bot,{. ,
'€neg1 is hrc.'.rs$exred bq direcl Contqcf
.Fast-rnovinl
ot<mS aI *}re ho| <-nd honster energl
'--
tb s\.r-er-i.nwfng qtoms c,* the. cor"J end.
'T?encls-
fn Dcrtcrl
.i q
lncrec.ses r'$ {-he Af blw lhe hol- end and fhe- cold_enol rs crec^-sd
->q c,reaees f$ lhe c-ros8- sechon <erec^ A o8- the- rcl is incres.rseci
-+ Q De.r..^s.s i$ Fhe lengl-h L .'9 the. nod is crerrserl
' So'me wroilerfo,.\s Lsueh crs rnehr\q) hc'"ve- o hr$h vcrhrte sF q
7 o lol d *ot1 r l-rc,nsferre"l
ol+€j- r.c.t<rio,\s kuc,h crs v\ioocJ) hcrve q low vcrlue of Q ) v€rt{ tiH.te s*tq fs #c.r,sfierre]
Ra+e 4HedTrc^nsfu, T.ilr.ermcll ConcJuchv,t-,t oF +rre rrr-*\err'cr Lhcrrcrcterires g,*lhether *c rv-r,terri:rl
(unik c''" r> t'''-
=(@a,l AT ,ji"fu3"Hfo;f$;-.T#Fi:3i"'SlH',lg hec{r corrr,,crortVs )
d L / (Gxceg\*:n=Dr'annonaf5r*.".",u*.$=."Fffii$qti
Rcule of condtrhon OF herrf crcross c. t<rnptrafurre clrPfuer,ce
I
-l o.1o rn l.Zrn wfncto,oi[c^pg"u* 3q.h
(-t
$'t)in e. horse is rnade oC cr singk- pq.ne- of 3.O-rvrm-
|.4r,'6,f [opgror 7t iqgWs.
The )emp, i,eii:le il* h^e N Zt?) ootsde its -5oc. hhcr] powerj in wo\
rnust
+\o
fur",.r"-.- provide to axnpentc^te$r hec,.t \cs Ff,ro.rgh !{'re vtndowT
A = (0.9q-Xl,Z*) AT= Zl'c
. b'C L= 3,o n.,rn = 0,0030rn x 1i compensc.te, t{n e &rncrce
A= \.08rnt = l.l-2 aT= 26 l< orr,6l- provrdQ
-1l00hj
oL
O
=
(0"-?5
YnJ5 Ym.r<)(.\. \^')(zc" x)
'Vrerrrrv'g porNer *i
At o . oo3onn
S = toN
lcO
H
The- cross-
6ec5'cry.t o{eA
<lF Fhe roo\=4
n3(zc"x)
7
CO Gnue.f,ont
Pgs
(o P\vtc)
bEnergy is.frcrnsferred bq the motion c\C ms\eculd wilh Hgh'Iherrnc"l hott
-)t)',Sllc^ lhe rnctin mechc^ntsm 0or hecrt +rtnS$er rn glutd s{s}e-rn\
" A pc,rr o$'ur*ier on fhe Stove- is l"r<c.feJ c"f t-he- bc,|horn, This neot d wede,c expc^ndS c^ncl
'becorreS
less"ler,rse lhc^n l-he w.rt*-..b.,re- i],so-f nse.S {d lhestv-fuce urhi\e coolerl
denser wc,rl-er sinKs ta lure ir= thlce
Ler6e- eccr,\e,l Conv€clicrrn iS res?K.vnsibte ftr rnoXir'1 l'he wtrrol b\q^r ts ocecl'n cr,*rrerrtS ct.c^,tto.le
'Air iS venl <r-F$e-ttve crfr ilrur6fie.rin1 *.\.j bV q6y1ys:froh,
b Er therr',c^l tngdc-h'on r i| neressc.i.t h t*g lhq c,-ir in srnq"ll pocj€ts to tituil
(e.xc^c+\1 w\c.l Qer^V\^us, S,rr, c\oubte.-pc^rred urtncla.^.rS, e.,€l S berltoss inSub$ic.irr"o)*n***
'Convech'on'fnrJoh
,nnor€ rc.pid in v{oter }hcr.' in Cdr
L'hh.{
pp ccu' die af, hqy"Ff.rrmicr in bb'Fwcrt<r bu* ltve cornftrdubty fn b6'F c^ir
F>rcect Qnvech'crn
L>
o<-c,.r.rs c^rlren $1,^t.,1 fs puShecl q eA
F^mp or rncilor
exr f6sssil hol-atr heuh'n3 1tos6$ers hec,rt 9rovn lhe{rrrnc^ce lD the roolyrs in abulclirrl
"\mgo'1c,..,,.b ftrr reau\o.!ln1 b.,Oq tserng
"- lf bodql too hot: bbJd vetsels oq'r t-he eooler skin ditc^]e t0 cc,rrl,nroyeb\CI.cl,
B\ec.l fto^ l-funsfcrS herr| f.o", d{4a core oF q.r.,. c,c to qow eKin O.ncl
fhert |o t1rrut,r sutrrourndi%s.
@ R"aighbn p vsiur,. hght tRorc"gtri colors oF h\e rc.innnr^\
-bhqf
is hcrrrs$errecl bq e,,leef,romcrXnehc wcr,ves.
(henerc.hcd
b1 oseifle.h
"\ec-trrc
cl.E r1a.s in on obiecfs <r]ticnS
{l"€se uJo.ves cA.q *4f , trtrnskrs3 eneJn3.l {r * ge objec} thc. erni\s $"e- rcrctidu
[u {he obier} thcrt adrbr i$.
' lntrar.i Rcdicll,o'n I E\<-trovnannehL usves o9 e<scne ulhc^.A- \o<ser $.reqre^c.^{
LtCo,n'.|
see- |-t,cte r-r6\^GFr b,,rt urq ccr{ oq'\€-n sense lhe^ crS "hec.tr' 06 il.l1'.e-
ciloEorbed oh ou,r s\sin.
rc*di<r,Fe rYlc,re e-nef,ty
u1 r^cr-c\icr,tr'on a-l kmp,t$
of thc --$Qs6farg6gss o$ rcrdr'crtt'on
" f
-f.*t
t:b cun objec-b '.
t$.g
v iSorous osc-l'\crh'on5
Q
= e6 AT
"' P.c",\-e. o9 hec,* tsrc"neter
aE
surstrcetecrL"^)=
sbefun's LcrrA
Q = €.fniSgiVr'Fr+ of c.r. Sr-rr€<rc€-. 14 yneqttre
' \crr.\Lres .+ L renq3 G.nor"r O -> L
(\x"t'(t
-F\<t.
= vefct e-FFec-Five. fcrdrarrr a bod.l he-{'y\p. e-='
$' e5.G-l r..to-r VrntKa (m. g5e.ft*n-Bo e.mc,-nn Cans\crrt\
'!lclu h,fmc.n w bate s f n c. roorn @ <.orrn(r>r\ulo\e. Ferer\}.
ain,ternnp, of u.fp-x, 3toc .
\piccJ
vcJvre. For ft= \.t-'
& traE o$ hecrttn:.ntter) =
(lOW
lfu bodq ak reql eprrercrJrc-s crfforox, \oow oF Etrn
LrNt
Hnt: rcr\e, Ulaf I-e*.,{,. trooo\d co1e \01 t'c e,'rcr1
-?
wrin,rbc-s
o.t1)
CO Gnue.f,ont
Pgs
(o P\vtc)
bEnergy is.frcrnsferred bq the motion c\C ms\eculd wilh Hgh'Iherrnc"l hott
-)t)',Sllc^ lhe rnctin mechc^ntsm 0or hecrt +rtnS$er rn glutd s{s}e-rn\
" A pc,rr o$'ur*ier on fhe Stove- is l"r<c.feJ c"f t-he- bc,|horn, This neot d wede,c expc^ndS c^ncl
'becorreS
less"ler,rse lhc^n l-he w.rt*-..b.,re- i],so-f nse.S {d lhestv-fuce urhi\e coolerl
denser wc,rl-er sinKs ta lure ir= thlce
Ler6e- eccr,\e,l Conv€clicrrn iS res?K.vnsibte ftr rnoXir'1 l'he wtrrol b\q^r ts ocecl'n cr,*rrerrtS ct.c^,tto.le
'Air iS venl <r-F$e-ttve crfr ilrur6fie.rin1 *.\.j bV q6y1ys:froh,
b Er therr',c^l tngdc-h'on r i| neressc.i.t h t*g lhq c,-ir in srnq"ll pocj€ts to tituil
(e.xc^c+\1 w\c.l Qer^V\^us, S,rr, c\oubte.-pc^rred urtncla.^.rS, e.,€l S berltoss inSub$ic.irr"o)*n***
'Convech'on'fnrJoh
,nnor€ rc.pid in v{oter }hcr.' in Cdr
L'hh.{
pp ccu' die af, hqy"Ff.rrmicr in bb'Fwcrt<r bu* ltve cornftrdubty fn b6'F c^ir
F>rcect Qnvech'crn
L>
o<-c,.r.rs c^rlren $1,^t.,1 fs puShecl q eA
F^mp or rncilor
exr f6sssil hol-atr heuh'n3 1tos6$ers hec,rt 9rovn lhe{rrrnc^ce lD the roolyrs in abulclirrl
"\mgo'1c,..,,.b ftrr reau\o.!ln1 b.,Oq tserng
"- lf bodql too hot: bbJd vetsels oq'r t-he eooler skin ditc^]e t0 cc,rrl,nroyeb\CI.cl,
B\ec.l fto^ l-funsfcrS herr| f.o", d{4a core oF q.r.,. c,c to qow eKin O.ncl
fhert |o t1rrut,r sutrrourndi%s.
@ R"aighbn p vsiur,. hght tRorc"gtri colors oF h\e rc.innnr^\
-bhqf
is hcrrrs$errecl bq e,,leef,romcrXnehc wcr,ves.
(henerc.hcd
b1 oseifle.h
"\ec-trrc
cl.E r1a.s in on obiecfs <r]ticnS
{l"€se uJo.ves cA.q *4f , trtrnskrs3 eneJn3.l {r * ge objec} thc. erni\s $"e- rcrctidu
[u {he obier} thcrt adrbr i$.
' lntrar.i Rcdicll,o'n I E\<-trovnannehL usves o9 e<scne ulhc^.A- \o<ser $.reqre^c.^{
LtCo,n'.|
see- |-t,cte r-r6\^GFr b,,rt urq ccr{ oq'\€-n sense lhe^ crS "hec.tr' 06 il.l1'.e-
ciloEorbed oh ou,r s\sin.
rc*di<r,Fe rYlc,re e-nef,ty
u1 r^cr-c\icr,tr'on a-l kmp,t$
of thc --$Qs6farg6gss o$ rcrdr'crtt'on
" f
-f.*t
t:b cun objec-b '.
t$.g
v iSorous osc-l'\crh'on5
Q
= e6 AT
"' P.c",\-e. o9 hec,* tsrc"neter
aE
surstrcetecrL"^)=
sbefun's LcrrA
Q = €.fniSgiVr'Fr+ of c.r. Sr-rr€<rc€-. 14 yneqttre
' \crr.\Lres .+ L renq3 G.nor"r O -> L
(\x"t'(t
-F\<t.
= vefct e-FFec-Five. fcrdrarrr a bod.l he-{'y\p. e-='
$' e5.G-l r..to-r VrntKa (m. g5e.ft*n-Bo e.mc,-nn Cans\crrt\
'!lclu h,fmc.n w bate s f n c. roorn @ <.orrn(r>r\ulo\e. Ferer\}.
ain,ternnp, of u.fp-x, 3toc .
\piccJ
vcJvre. For ft= \.t-'
& traE o$ hecrttn:.ntter) =
(lOW
lfu bodq ak reql eprrercrJrc-s crfforox, \oow oF Etrn
LrNt
Hnt: rcr\e, Ulaf I-e*.,{,. trooo\d co1e \01 t'c e,'rcr1
-?
wrin,rbc-s
o.t1)
b.!3
"6rnit-bed racl{c,,Horn loc^le*nc€d b the rct-dfc.rh'on Aboorb"a
,b,'{' the bocll
le"ff of ob5er-t
gq=
eoAt+iq-r'{\
' r
'o'v/- tevnp of €urralrcliin3 environme.n{-At,
The nel- rc.r.te cr..b t,lthr'd1 fhe' obieef rcrctic*eS heat **t.l I
Qcrclr'ern-<tn o",;1becl - rodrc..bron alosovbed
'An obiec.r shc.ni\J hc^,u. n6. ne| erren3t ht3.J)ster
rcnt-ictha. l' ifs in
the"mh Equilibriurn tT= G )
- A
1rer6On
wilh skrrr !er"F,
*roneser bq rcdie-rhtrn?
B"dq Texnp = 33'c t Z?3 = 30&K
1l = ZHtlz-lBk= Z9-?K
a roorn qt Zlt'e, (ahuY the ne"l rcrte p( herrl
(CI qr)(5.G1 x to
*ftr.Xt,t-)(3ocr.-
arrr<)
33oc iS in
9net
=
at
Q.ne-!zo.
=9-1,
-l
,?
qt \l
"6rnit-bed racl{c,,Horn loc^le*nc€d b the rct-dfc.rh'on Aboorb"a
,b,'{' the bocll
le"ff of ob5er-t
gq=
eoAt+iq-r'{\
' r
'o'v/- tevnp of €urralrcliin3 environme.n{-At,
The nel- rc.r.te cr..b t,lthr'd1 fhe' obieef rcrctic*eS heat **t.l I
Qcrclr'ern-<tn o",;1becl - rodrc..bron alosovbed
'An obiec.r shc.ni\J hc^,u. n6. ne| erren3t ht3.J)ster
rcnt-ictha. l' ifs in
the"mh Equilibriurn tT= G )
- A
1rer6On
wilh skrrr !er"F,
*roneser bq rcdie-rhtrn?
B"dq Texnp = 33'c t Z?3 = 30&K
1l = ZHtlz-lBk= Z9-?K
a roorn qt Zlt'e, (ahuY the ne"l rcrte p( herrl
(CI qr)(5.G1 x to
*ftr.Xt,t-)(3ocr.-
arrr<)
33oc iS in
9net
=
at
Q.ne-!zo.
=9-1,
-l
,?
qt \l
,-
[nJa" bo?r, Fiai""=l*,.'
")
,@
r
h91-, G0S3S qfe corviprfsSible- - lhWr Ya/urne r'S errsrlq rhcrea.sed or o\er-realeclbtOS3S q.fe corvip€SSiblg - lTWr laluag r'[ errsrll rhcrea.Sed or o\er-rea\ecl
A"@'rse7u,e-nr-- of ++1e "ay*g <yase-" bl,^i fJhc
gto\ecr,uleS in a
f,as
gcts wrohrrx\eS rv\ovtnc fuet1 flit,.r$ spc<B-
.
r'ta{earl.\e5
Crr. frar orpqr], This rncr.YsS q
flct$
c0ftpresSi\o\g
-Caqs
mo\ecrr,teS occtr8roncilU,l cOilig,\e. tuith eoUh otLlr ". . or hl.s. cctnFCdnef wal/
Lig,yra"
6nre nerrr\1 compreSvb\g (like s(\,'c9
t'
fh. nno\err,tLeS clie q-bouY cts o\ose- tonelher as l\e,1 vrn
1oY
vl)o oornT ,",b
con r<-N tt:ilh eash oFln"r
-tLrluid* $lQ" a,",d dofrpn to S-rl t'{r,a,s*rge- oF it-s crn{-cr.iner
-->\l-s
Flu'd nq\-rre lelts u"slhcr"t- the vqtecu,\es ar. ln'.e to ncove o..ru.g\
4 [t1u,c]
hc.s e,,, utell<[ef;ned s,urf.-ce
t{o\ecu\es ,.1,ol<e- ,.pea,R borrels ,{ earn oilnr lh..+ hep Hnr-r.,r c.\ose NpUtusl
BW Nhg r^okc.r,,,\es cctr' e\ide. qround errch ohgr: c,,\owin1 the \iquio t'l Plql r ccm6,rm
lfu thq$re o[ rbs %\cl,riler
Ps{
Flwtcl Stah'c-S', sidrc-tr'oc,S in uJhio {-he Q\urd r</noin\s c.h reA!
F\urid =girnp\.1 q su.bsfanc.e tfi.l+ $\ows.
-f<*Ke- thc,shygl{ tlnerr,+n'Erq)r rafinqr H^Gn reJrcar'nic*, o- s'hcle
"( W"
Densi Loo.. t"{ors Densii\
Lt
ra,tio
frrr a\
4 Atkws
6f pnoss \o vo\un,q lhqY
X]ves
o SuEs&6nc€ ol quul'' +.1'cd-has Nhg EGme ven\ue
tclrny\US , inclep"Aclenr oF LX" o\1ect's st'6e.
o- h - rnats
I
-
-:-- oL c^-l Cb
< srtLsdo.na in W€rdJl
ulo han'nog
I
t rni t-6 =
tt3/-t
,
"* -
f-- ,
I ulo ha','nogty,i*tr
cl,fse,s ln"n,/
stb?t<'sc4*
uS &a ol,s61as5 Phe prryorhe: oF U suL*o-n? in
tlc.-ss lenliq V- nrftt,-effi-v ls/c*3 = 16qchV*s $Z'p-Io orilos! on1 o{.r
f>5bo7
va-q\h,ton r^,1 t-e-cnp, [ersiec
&u d drl]qn ct blut
^iS"]$*.
S,.SS
h(r.ve \owsr <JenS,heS b\c rr'o\ectr\eg (l-ra- q".fur
clpc.rt i'fu^n LQurdS
'Den61 o? a ligu,'d varr^gJ anlq 5lig wl be^p. blr Fdrecurtes cl.r6e hgo]\er
6ts l3.I I Weighing
khe c^tq in c^ \ivi roo\
t\,0r*.*bom r|!66?
rq= oV
r,, Ll'.eotsfl^r)tt o*.)
ln="12t-3
-Wh""\-\s VhL *rS* ok q,r ;n a ilvir r06rn
Vo
0 rne = [9
. o
"nJ
. (t .o
"n
, tZ,t i",)
volu"ne-' b,0 *3
hovr..r dioncrrsrbns
rncLss'oL \g cri.
[nJa" bo?r, Fiai""=l*,.'
")
,@
r
h91-, G0S3S qfe corviprfsSible- - lhWr Ya/urne r'S errsrlq rhcrea.sed or o\er-realeclbtOS3S q.fe corvip€SSiblg - lTWr laluag r'[ errsrll rhcrea.Sed or o\er-rea\ecl
A"@'rse7u,e-nr-- of ++1e "ay*g <yase-" bl,^i fJhc
gto\ecr,uleS in a
f,as
gcts wrohrrx\eS rv\ovtnc fuet1 flit,.r$ spc<B-
.
r'ta{earl.\e5
Crr. frar orpqr], This rncr.YsS q
flct$
c0ftpresSi\o\g
-Caqs
mo\ecrr,teS occtr8roncilU,l cOilig,\e. tuith eoUh otLlr ". . or hl.s. cctnFCdnef wal/
Lig,yra"
6nre nerrr\1 compreSvb\g (like s(\,'c9
t'
fh. nno\err,tLeS clie q-bouY cts o\ose- tonelher as l\e,1 vrn
1oY
vl)o oornT ,",b
con r<-N tt:ilh eash oFln"r
-tLrluid* $lQ" a,",d dofrpn to S-rl t'{r,a,s*rge- oF it-s crn{-cr.iner
-->\l-s
Flu'd nq\-rre lelts u"slhcr"t- the vqtecu,\es ar. ln'.e to ncove o..ru.g\
4 [t1u,c]
hc.s e,,, utell<[ef;ned s,urf.-ce
t{o\ecu\es ,.1,ol<e- ,.pea,R borrels ,{ earn oilnr lh..+ hep Hnr-r.,r c.\ose NpUtusl
BW Nhg r^okc.r,,,\es cctr' e\ide. qround errch ohgr: c,,\owin1 the \iquio t'l Plql r ccm6,rm
lfu thq$re o[ rbs %\cl,riler
Ps{
Flwtcl Stah'c-S', sidrc-tr'oc,S in uJhio {-he Q\urd r</noin\s c.h reA!
F\urid =girnp\.1 q su.bsfanc.e tfi.l+ $\ows.
-f<*Ke- thc,shygl{ tlnerr,+n'Erq)r rafinqr H^Gn reJrcar'nic*, o- s'hcle
"( W"
Densi Loo.. t"{ors Densii\
Lt
ra,tio
frrr a\
4 Atkws
6f pnoss \o vo\un,q lhqY
X]ves
o SuEs&6nc€ ol quul'' +.1'cd-has Nhg EGme ven\ue
tclrny\US , inclep"Aclenr oF LX" o\1ect's st'6e.
o- h - rnats
I
-
-:-- oL c^-l Cb
< srtLsdo.na in W€rdJl
ulo han'nog
I
t rni t-6 =
tt3/-t
,
"* -
f-- ,
I ulo ha','nogty,i*tr
cl,fse,s ln"n,/
stb?t<'sc4*
uS &a ol,s61as5 Phe prryorhe: oF U suL*o-n? in
tlc.-ss lenliq V- nrftt,-effi-v ls/c*3 = 16qchV*s $Z'p-Io orilos! on1 o{.r
f>5bo7
va-q\h,ton r^,1 t-e-cnp, [ersiec
&u d drl]qn ct blut
^iS"]$*.
S,.SS
h(r.ve \owsr <JenS,heS b\c rr'o\ectr\eg (l-ra- q".fur
clpc.rt i'fu^n LQurdS
'Den61 o? a ligu,'d varr^gJ anlq 5lig wl be^p. blr Fdrecurtes cl.r6e hgo]\er
6ts l3.I I Weighing
khe c^tq in c^ \ivi roo\
t\,0r*.*bom r|!66?
rq= oV
r,, Ll'.eotsfl^r)tt o*.)
ln="12t-3
-Wh""\-\s VhL *rS* ok q,r ;n a ilvir r06rn
Vo
0 rne = [9
. o
"nJ
. (t .o
"n
, tZ,t i",)
volu"ne-' b,0 *3
hovr..r dioncrrsrbns
rncLss'oL \g cri.
r=
P=h LuniKi t poren\,lpq=
'Liquic
ao.l
tares
exe* & [,sccs.ti).lru tu
ottQ.n[A) oF l-he ccrntc^iners woll
[-r,^ on o puvls of t\e ll,,,,r'o itse\l'
f Fn V(O\^{.^cn'. t f
nb?lcl hrce triOrce due *r: Fhe, Fre$ure oF l-hQ. wc\let
irexertee cn)\e \l r ,, .l
b:.3'i"ftiil''*rlu "ol
{-h.o,rqh ttu hol*
lwnohed
in
'l.T[.re
f k,rc] *JX% p.o5.lr.e-vnr.crRra.'r€-,
A
13.2 : Presxqre
l.yl:^i-*f
prslon v.q1 Srr&uc€.
wec^ (n).
Ff,Hg
Phe suhsttrnce pushiq aXarng! c.," srncrt\
T(r,Z
holc {-Acd- ptnshes t4u' (1r6.,\ef
ftwn: p(esB re. Evurl^h*e ir, ct $[
Pressute ol one Brinf
tn the $\uid
t lAe scr.rr€ no rnqll€r lvl0ldireth'o\
'f",, li$"''tr"?rt
g
i q dw ie p aio ts
Fno!:o
-
i.-" .:. -
t-.
- \-. _,
..-_
t.
N\
L6" )
X T\e force8 clrre {o (1
$totdi pre-ssure pvrheS 0^ fde wolls ol rk contoirrsv, bul-alSo
lrghind ecro!'
hlc,ul\s
{.
5'
L, (orcZ
C,Gftrorels
{1^e ss!r€t'[o
k'rw1fH#
r 00-q $,ncl
pfes$,rre
fum y*r/^
ind.r.lr;5 a-n"q ohl.rl- Qtuial on top I
weig\+ otl eir <l6ove t\.e- t,qv;cl
t /qa;d rcrke6 on f}re xl"+fe aF iK eontrr.iser ls[c. the hr.e. oP .6ro.vi putr\s ttc
iilrid do,.ln, ccrlnioX i t\'fi\l t\e bo!\onn oL 'b\e- eontr,.ioe,r
,,J";o,;ffia3h},:*'/gulo)tlncrF.sr4P.nsibtt6.G\iqi:id3P;e6B\:fe
PrA','Nhc,*\errer'f o,bove 1.1",q liqwd puehea dqwn
o n {hc hp o[- {4re c,q\ioo}er
hori2611pr1
ftccBl'c{^J\e *.h oF\gr auy
3. ln a Llqttfi
,*he
pres6ure lncro,ses
,q
depth belu.l lhe r,rrft^c€
[
a
{c-s,
$o p{^6sure s nern ll,t
i
sc^*" 6l al( porn)-s/deplis
blc \c1u.,,o be\u* it betng
slver-ess) lo1 e the \quid
",.Love
6r,r the surQrqg
Pr-ssure .. o\epllo kll) =" p
H$rottirhc Prietqll,rg'. F\urcl ir ci| R.s!
[r:i*,,$W "rs.ilttffidi,1trr
I thu lrqurd he.rreoF\", Fhe c^1\i,.'d.er gtr,y\ss dp 6n {Lrcr4nrler
I
p: po'
Pqd 'upwurc$ h".e- bo\qnceS khe- Z dqwno,*cd torces
t P.*=s*re oi o \h",a ,11 ?enri [p)
a#i+q'v
p A -- poA
| ^t
. otV cJe\c$-{d)
''k
liqvro ls a qne\er aF c,rost-secn fr o^d her$+ d
. \k
Vo\ur.rne- i( V= Ad , ils cnoss is ta
=gV= S
Ad
'P" Po (ll Lhe turtc'ce, wlrere 4 =6
L>
oFler' clve b \he otr or oYl"er
Xcrt
ciloove !le- \iq*d
Po-
to..trvr' lo\'3klq lor t lil,lb of{n lu crir ctV seo- \e-vd
.hry
Wffi
7n
'///
'4J //.
a // ,/
7h/
?ir\
%
7// /
tt/
w
/K
/// t
///
(4
,W;:,,
'///rr
/= f .
P=h LuniKi t poren\,lpq=
'Liquic
ao.l
tares
exe* & [,sccs.ti).lru tu
ottQ.n[A) oF l-he ccrntc^iners woll
[-r,^ on o puvls of t\e ll,,,,r'o itse\l'
f Fn V(O\^{.^cn'. t f
nb?lcl hrce triOrce due *r: Fhe, Fre$ure oF l-hQ. wc\let
irexertee cn)\e \l r ,, .l
b:.3'i"ftiil''*rlu "ol
{-h.o,rqh ttu hol*
lwnohed
in
'l.T[.re
f k,rc] *JX% p.o5.lr.e-vnr.crRra.'r€-,
A
13.2 : Presxqre
l.yl:^i-*f
prslon v.q1 Srr&uc€.
wec^ (n).
Ff,Hg
Phe suhsttrnce pushiq aXarng! c.," srncrt\
T(r,Z
holc {-Acd- ptnshes t4u' (1r6.,\ef
ftwn: p(esB re. Evurl^h*e ir, ct $[
Pressute ol one Brinf
tn the $\uid
t lAe scr.rr€ no rnqll€r lvl0ldireth'o\
'f",, li$"''tr"?rt
g
i q dw ie p aio ts
Fno!:o
-
i.-" .:. -
t-.
- \-. _,
..-_
t.
N\
L6" )
X T\e force8 clrre {o (1
$totdi pre-ssure pvrheS 0^ fde wolls ol rk contoirrsv, bul-alSo
lrghind ecro!'
hlc,ul\s
{.
5'
L, (orcZ
C,Gftrorels
{1^e ss!r€t'[o
k'rw1fH#
r 00-q $,ncl
pfes$,rre
fum y*r/^
ind.r.lr;5 a-n"q ohl.rl- Qtuial on top I
weig\+ otl eir <l6ove t\.e- t,qv;cl
t /qa;d rcrke6 on f}re xl"+fe aF iK eontrr.iser ls[c. the hr.e. oP .6ro.vi putr\s ttc
iilrid do,.ln, ccrlnioX i t\'fi\l t\e bo!\onn oL 'b\e- eontr,.ioe,r
,,J";o,;ffia3h},:*'/gulo)tlncrF.sr4P.nsibtt6.G\iqi:id3P;e6B\:fe
PrA','Nhc,*\errer'f o,bove 1.1",q liqwd puehea dqwn
o n {hc hp o[- {4re c,q\ioo}er
hori2611pr1
ftccBl'c{^J\e *.h oF\gr auy
3. ln a Llqttfi
,*he
pres6ure lncro,ses
,q
depth belu.l lhe r,rrft^c€
[
a
{c-s,
$o p{^6sure s nern ll,t
i
sc^*" 6l al( porn)-s/deplis
blc \c1u.,,o be\u* it betng
slver-ess) lo1 e the \quid
",.Love
6r,r the surQrqg
Pr-ssure .. o\epllo kll) =" p
H$rottirhc Prietqll,rg'. F\urcl ir ci| R.s!
[r:i*,,$W "rs.ilttffidi,1trr
I thu lrqurd he.rreoF\", Fhe c^1\i,.'d.er gtr,y\ss dp 6n {Lrcr4nrler
I
p: po'
Pqd 'upwurc$ h".e- bo\qnceS khe- Z dqwno,*cd torces
t P.*=s*re oi o \h",a ,11 ?enri [p)
a#i+q'v
p A -- poA
| ^t
. otV cJe\c$-{d)
''k
liqvro ls a qne\er aF c,rost-secn fr o^d her$+ d
. \k
Vo\ur.rne- i( V= Ad , ils cnoss is ta
=gV= S
Ad
'P" Po (ll Lhe turtc'ce, wlrere 4 =6
L>
oFler' clve b \he otr or oYl"er
Xcrt
ciloove !le- \iq*d
Po-
to..trvr' lo\'3klq lor t lil,lb of{n lu crir ctV seo- \e-vd
.hry
Wffi
7n
'///
'4J //.
a // ,/
7h/
?ir\
%
7// /
tt/
w
/K
/// t
///
(4
,W;:,,
'///rr
/= f .
7
EX 13 7: T1-,e Prersqr- on c Sub,rnc,,rtne-
-A tub*ar!'c\e cruises qt q, de-1t oF 3o0n'
o.tfl\5e,r bolh io pc'.scah ouw c,rtrncis?hese"5
Ps.s
Yvhqlk *\e p'ess, re cr! !\is c\ept ? q've
t\e
t=ffi+
d = 3op
T.. qrK P=I::!:.t*
g..,"*-.,I iOeurel*. t-
io,a|rt t". -..,-:ru"y"t) LlS"k'X3eo'*
d"=
t e\Yrn'\o\.3\<Fa p= ?.1zaS *loo Pq = 3.\3xtok
P = 3C,q q$na
Prperh0S r:l q Lqv"rC in F\dros!*hc Eqt,ri\ibritun
t) A c,onn".ted llqu,.d rn h\adrc6hc^ht eclu;\ibriurn rises to the
lcrvne heiqht in h\l 6peh reqionS oP lhe elnhhiner
5Pr.srurreuo\,qfi*"n.a ch,n*= Pie \q*''d !u $ w fro* l'1.igh€-+
lower
Press,r,re wnfr bolh std6 l^,rr,{e efuo hydrx&:,hc
prQESUreS, Lcr"F sc,.wre Hth*)
2)The
PreES\,e
is \-he 6onoe c,.l o p<ints on c hqri,Zonht\
I@- \urqh cr conrr€rted \iqu'"l i* hqd,'cs\uhcequi\ibriur*
'ftt Vhoqh'*n*
Lulbe ho\cJq rnore- quio .touu- dot-ted \ine-, Both psinFs [r a^o e)
cr.re o! the xc,"sne- dap|\. \lnus ?,=p,
GX\3.3', Pressure in q c\osed Tube
- Wofer [i$t V\e hdbe bg\oh . Uthu"Vs !ha-
Fres\ure o] t\e
t,s
ts a hgu.id ,r
^rq!l2thht,:?"i!;Lf *f !-"l,l"tf)
sr\ge.
1
c rooJ(, waxf-
qe,r'n* ei:: j
-ll* rYll.lllr,S.
";"..d'-p?F,G,Lte-rt
sHlt.
tr.'e
;c'yg
.olo
ng honiartw,t lipfessufg $ bnll trn's o(rJrrlE srv"J
"wlteonuu tt't/L'
i
p"=-55vre. a* bp oF etoeed b.d"g =
fe,siur€-
\-tp o$ Vhq UoteC lu\"o 1
P-P"* P 3'J
I ='
rlo' sl,oE P* . t rooo%.)(t.yq9-
F=
La 15,0 r".-Jt *;;gP
( = l,Cfg c,-Frn
'=
L .( c+rn
1-r.^ i
"*
b*,b"' o-ts d = boc-r"r
I
**lg Wcr\er fn lh" olen tr-rbe
E^xh"s
fLp wcr,Yer- in the-
",1o5ed
hibe- ,f o(ic*v1.5'tr lr-(.-
hy oI jau tu\9. \0, b+- vq'{4n o. hrce ot rwgtbde-
!ifA, th',
".rttla,rhs
thi khe
Pftx,sore ol !he- ti'
ot- lh'o otomd hdoe, is t
eo.\e-
l'lrrqn ohn^0*rtc- grcsBr/ro .
$P*ot', ?rincip\er 19 +hr gbs.ur. 6"s. one p.,nv in an qcsn^pressib\e Q\.,"*d is
A"ogd, H.e preEsure of evu sther goin! in the t\*d charge-S b1
fhe
"XCrrne
c.rnqrr*.
l- l? ocr clbove |h- oge-h h"Ue tn e..^ lt3.3 ,'5 6rwgre.d f6 a prcg5yre '(
{.5-+1,v1
LOrq \cree6e- oF O.Sar..) /
'l-rtu
?re5sure
c*,| l.t\o- b.y
"€
J-L c-loseo{ {ub <
w i ct so irvx6l6ps lo, r a , ?-{u F"
[
' t G-+-^n
EX 13 7: T1-,e Prersqr- on c Sub,rnc,,rtne-
-A tub*ar!'c\e cruises qt q, de-1t oF 3o0n'
o.tfl\5e,r bolh io pc'.scah ouw c,rtrncis?hese"5
Ps.s
Yvhqlk *\e p'ess, re cr! !\is c\ept ? q've
t\e
t=ffi+
d = 3op
T.. qrK P=I::!:.t*
g..,"*-.,I iOeurel*. t-
io,a|rt t". -..,-:ru"y"t) LlS"k'X3eo'*
d"=
t e\Yrn'\o\.3\<Fa p= ?.1zaS *loo Pq = 3.\3xtok
P = 3C,q q$na
Prperh0S r:l q Lqv"rC in F\dros!*hc Eqt,ri\ibritun
t) A c,onn".ted llqu,.d rn h\adrc6hc^ht eclu;\ibriurn rises to the
lcrvne heiqht in h\l 6peh reqionS oP lhe elnhhiner
5Pr.srurreuo\,qfi*"n.a ch,n*= Pie \q*''d !u $ w fro* l'1.igh€-+
lower
Press,r,re wnfr bolh std6 l^,rr,{e efuo hydrx&:,hc
prQESUreS, Lcr"F sc,.wre Hth*)
2)The
PreES\,e
is \-he 6onoe c,.l o p<ints on c hqri,Zonht\
I@- \urqh cr conrr€rted \iqu'"l i* hqd,'cs\uhcequi\ibriur*
'ftt Vhoqh'*n*
Lulbe ho\cJq rnore- quio .touu- dot-ted \ine-, Both psinFs [r a^o e)
cr.re o! the xc,"sne- dap|\. \lnus ?,=p,
GX\3.3', Pressure in q c\osed Tube
- Wofer [i$t V\e hdbe bg\oh . Uthu"Vs !ha-
Fres\ure o] t\e
t,s
ts a hgu.id ,r
^rq!l2thht,:?"i!;Lf *f !-"l,l"tf)
sr\ge.
1
c rooJ(, waxf-
qe,r'n* ei:: j
-ll* rYll.lllr,S.
";"..d'-p?F,G,Lte-rt
sHlt.
tr.'e
;c'yg
.olo
ng honiartw,t lipfessufg $ bnll trn's o(rJrrlE srv"J
"wlteonuu tt't/L'
i
p"=-55vre. a* bp oF etoeed b.d"g =
fe,siur€-
\-tp o$ Vhq UoteC lu\"o 1
P-P"* P 3'J
I ='
rlo' sl,oE P* . t rooo%.)(t.yq9-
F=
La 15,0 r".-Jt *;;gP
( = l,Cfg c,-Frn
'=
L .( c+rn
1-r.^ i
"*
b*,b"' o-ts d = boc-r"r
I
**lg Wcr\er fn lh" olen tr-rbe
E^xh"s
fLp wcr,Yer- in the-
",1o5ed
hibe- ,f o(ic*v1.5'tr lr-(.-
hy oI jau tu\9. \0, b+- vq'{4n o. hrce ot rwgtbde-
!ifA, th',
".rttla,rhs
thi khe
Pftx,sore ol !he- ti'
ot- lh'o otomd hdoe, is t
eo.\e-
l'lrrqn ohn^0*rtc- grcsBr/ro .
$P*ot', ?rincip\er 19 +hr gbs.ur. 6"s. one p.,nv in an qcsn^pressib\e Q\.,"*d is
A"ogd, H.e preEsure of evu sther goin! in the t\*d charge-S b1
fhe
"XCrrne
c.rnqrr*.
l- l? ocr clbove |h- oge-h h"Ue tn e..^ lt3.3 ,'5 6rwgre.d f6 a prcg5yre '(
{.5-+1,v1
LOrq \cree6e- oF O.Sar..) /
'l-rtu
?re5sure
c*,| l.t\o- b.y
"€
J-L c-loseo{ {ub <
w i ct so irvx6l6ps lo, r a , ?-{u F"
[
' t G-+-^n
7
.uNr^..Fi
Atrnosphe^c- Pr.ssoue-
Id''J
T:M'
L) Ai,.
$"t=
("ss ottd less clense ,ar-/ r'o"r<rsin1 ho\ht r.^,nh you rer,rch c] i" Pt
'cP'"\,
vucu,,^,rri oL spact-, L\1'/.aV Vhgair in \q-Jv"ouiu,.(e rs lpe,loru q,boat 3orn)
(r>c^c-o
I
F>AJ"
rS cocnprnxsibe r so l-hs wer[\{- ot- l-h" air' cr,boie. Ccrngresses {4.r-
[ *i. ]oelow ble h src"dq), ln.r<,,soi ik densrty
Z.dt" ol qrovi\, [.LL dens' crr,d
prc6s\+re.)...*su
,^r inc^recriin
'&Vtnospher{c
1Jre6grture
cr.lSo vorres Wr}\
' l-*r\hl-
r
0hq,,r$a in U", w".rllar
,*.11"!.'t\e
airk dtnxi or,o pressur€
L2 bg" -scc-l€ (eSiono o& lou -pressurc
iQ_..s lhe qrerlesl 6F eorlh's \urftrtl
q)'r oreqhe-., q! fhe ec1*crkur ''
.tl).11e
airk dtnxi or'o pressur€
a*-.ur hol qir
naes *nd Slows to F\a. norlht
SouFh fen lperc"tt funeS, -> 0)'r f,a.lls,
'UJh{ do6n'f {-le ureiqhlo[-ar. cruth yw,r6rarm?, oreoJ.,'5 d,.gl press&re zones
R.xsur. o{ ar.ct} sea tevel =\0t,317o ' Lgcn-l ti,notj r w<)-l-lcr moallT ecusec)
fur.o.*i A=0,02m1
,6o
*4re frt.. oF Fhe q*'r bg
Fd'@\ehce.
}nnovgrner}f oF o.t'c rn4sses
pressirq ct{orn\L il is -ZOooulo'l6O punds) 0! .tr$ftri"c1
fie6Swce
)r n iln,,'tt €xertsS Fressu,re {ot..s
\
ln all dire-ah onS .
Tl:.<=xe's G dot,'rn,,oo.rd
&n- oS
o2ooofJ
a^ L4outr 6reo-*, bul-
fLe ou .lnc\ernec^Hrr \our €ry1 e.,xer\s ort
Upulc,ro €ot.e cr$ l-h.e- sc-rne- n',oqrvi fue\e
fr€)r c O Blc- s)e(e- S'tr rctur'rcJed bL,t {4{
Pt, ia khAF €* t .,ehe- o+tp. ta ft"€-\y n10ve o.ro ,-rn<!f-orce,q, in Fluicl push r n
Auu olirech'onS
/n€l(6L0re lfu pressurt in cr- S
c-.ta-r'ngf c- sltn'^ ,^t'd {-4^L EprirS\
J
P{c,t,d
s1,ip\c.s-grhe.rt{- t'S r'oclte.l<4
Pr.ss*r. G<"rr7:
'Fluid ptrshr.\
on c^ scc.lg
Th-e- Ne,F pres6u<- Pt: P*l.- - PatttosFhere- -cle-tc,rwrineS t-he- m.rvernenF oF theS..'l
fo..x- o"r' ttng pistonl
(P*'o - P.+*os).A --' Thts !o".c qarnprexses
{-he- tlcrr'ng t,.nf,i equi\ibrruwr
i< reo.c\-o^d
. Prr re-'. Exe-rK cr. [.r..* p Hre-.A on t{ne- F.o*t c"reo tA) oF di,',"- pitbun
P*r",^os'. The er,tmoSphrric lre.E,Eqre
e-XerFS c €trc.e, pc^.rr',os'A or-r{-lrvQ-
bc^r-\< of Fhe prstrun
.uNr^..Fi
Atrnosphe^c- Pr.ssoue-
Id''J
T:M'
L) Ai,.
$"t=
("ss ottd less clense ,ar-/ r'o"r<rsin1 ho\ht r.^,nh you rer,rch c] i" Pt
'cP'"\,
vucu,,^,rri oL spact-, L\1'/.aV Vhgair in \q-Jv"ouiu,.(e rs lpe,loru q,boat 3orn)
(r>c^c-o
I
F>AJ"
rS cocnprnxsibe r so l-hs wer[\{- ot- l-h" air' cr,boie. Ccrngresses {4.r-
[ *i. ]oelow ble h src"dq), ln.r<,,soi ik densrty
Z.dt" ol qrovi\, [.LL dens' crr,d
prc6s\+re.)...*su
,^r inc^recriin
'&Vtnospher{c
1Jre6grture
cr.lSo vorres Wr}\
' l-*r\hl-
r
0hq,,r$a in U", w".rllar
,*.11"!.'t\e
airk dtnxi or,o pressur€
L2 bg" -scc-l€ (eSiono o& lou -pressurc
iQ_..s lhe qrerlesl 6F eorlh's \urftrtl
q)'r oreqhe-., q! fhe ec1*crkur ''
.tl).11e
airk dtnxi or'o pressur€
a*-.ur hol qir
naes *nd Slows to F\a. norlht
SouFh fen lperc"tt funeS, -> 0)'r f,a.lls,
'UJh{ do6n'f {-le ureiqhlo[-ar. cruth yw,r6rarm?, oreoJ.,'5 d,.gl press&re zones
R.xsur. o{ ar.ct} sea tevel =\0t,317o ' Lgcn-l ti,notj r w<)-l-lcr moallT ecusec)
fur.o.*i A=0,02m1
,6o
*4re frt.. oF Fhe q*'r bg
Fd'@\ehce.
}nnovgrner}f oF o.t'c rn4sses
pressirq ct{orn\L il is -ZOooulo'l6O punds) 0! .tr$ftri"c1
fie6Swce
)r n iln,,'tt €xertsS Fressu,re {ot..s
\
ln all dire-ah onS .
Tl:.<=xe's G dot,'rn,,oo.rd
&n- oS
o2ooofJ
a^ L4outr 6reo-*, bul-
fLe ou .lnc\ernec^Hrr \our €ry1 e.,xer\s ort
Upulc,ro €ot.e cr$ l-h.e- sc-rne- n',oqrvi fue\e
fr€)r c O Blc- s)e(e- S'tr rctur'rcJed bL,t {4{
Pt, ia khAF €* t .,ehe- o+tp. ta ft"€-\y n10ve o.ro ,-rn<!f-orce,q, in Fluicl push r n
Auu olirech'onS
/n€l(6L0re lfu pressurt in cr- S
c-.ta-r'ngf c- sltn'^ ,^t'd {-4^L EprirS\
J
P{c,t,d
s1,ip\c.s-grhe.rt{- t'S r'oclte.l<4
Pr.ss*r. G<"rr7:
'Fluid ptrshr.\
on c^ scc.lg
Th-e- Ne,F pres6u<- Pt: P*l.- - PatttosFhere- -cle-tc,rwrineS t-he- m.rvernenF oF theS..'l
fo..x- o"r' ttng pistonl
(P*'o - P.+*os).A --' Thts !o".c qarnprexses
{-he- tlcrr'ng t,.nf,i equi\ibrruwr
i< reo.c\-o^d
. Prr re-'. Exe-rK cr. [.r..* p Hre-.A on t{ne- F.o*t c"reo tA) oF di,',"- pitbun
P*r",^os'. The er,tmoSphrric lre.E,Eqre
e-XerFS c €trc.e, pc^.rr',os'A or-r{-lrvQ-
bc^r-\< of Fhe prstrun
7
Pa. q
--
S o\vin3
dros rNc Q rot\erns
() Drclur c^ pic-hfre,'. f,ho.^' oper. strr^tclce-s, pistung, bovnc\o.rre\, c'r,\c) ol+:
lce'hureS Fh&l <rPQe.c,Y pre-sstrre-. c-\,ldt- heiSft+ crnd e-Lce.c fne.asuYefienfs
<!ncl tr\"ro c,\ensit es. \c\en[i the- gotots c ts t.ohid^ qo.,t neec ku frtd
H"e-
Q@s6u-re-.
DobernoinQ t[,e p regs\{re cLb Sii,rFa.r--s
"6ur8<rc-eS c2pe-n t H",e- cr.ir 1
Po = pc."brnoS
, v,(r,tcr 1 L c"\-cn
, Strr$cr<-e c-overed b.1 cr.
tcrs
i pc>=pt*s
'C\oSerj t.rrQ<rcc-t p -
tr/R
where- tr iS fhe $o.c-e- Vhe Sur[^te
(i.."
piBlo$
e,XerhS c)n t{.,e F\,,rio\
@ tlse \ori&onkc,, L,nes
Pressure- ( n o eonnec-hec tr\'afd (t lhe
ErrrneoF- ant1 points cr\on5 ct hortgo.lp-1 ne.
Pre.g5ure-
tc^*WS recrd P3 -
P
- 1- crFrn
($ Use vhehqco\krhc P re*SSure. eqvc-rlnon
=Po-Ptc\
O rot\o* for Gauge- Pre-€su,re-
?1=P,
P
- h : \ilu,'o
l
Lowe. on Hnt- riXht +h{^,
un lhe \eS (pg..s a ! c^brn)
. I{ercwnl io utreo\1, trred blc oF i\s hqvr denst\
(P=,a,GOOKS/".3),
6,vg. cr^'r press,rre. cr, ser.r. \e,^rd
11''6 N cq\
Ogarttrrftrre,
LrQuidl
6 P, qrx) z ctre-onci krcnaord
Itae, so p, =P._
Hcr,norn€rk rJ
[4AnOrneErS tusec \p sgrer-.r.Br-rce- gcrs pressur,re)
t"
t[-ShqpecJ tr,lbe connecjFerl fu l-he- tot at ore- eJMJ c^nd oPen b6 tlr'e- c^.ir qh
the ohher end.
'.l Tube h' eel t,^Jt c^ \utcl Lus,^.*tt1 rnerc,urrr) - of clensi p , W^" t.n slartic
u'Scc^le-
cr-llours trgers hs rne{^sure l-he Wrigrnv Cnl or +{"L'
€c{ i\ibrtumrt
rlght Eicr\e Clbov9 +\^r \,e.(-tr €r'cF h
*
h.1aro6hc.\hc pressurt- c.F dept tc)
Pg* = ! qtm *
P'3
,h
t h : liqurcl ts lh\hy on Fh<- rtci llr.un
on F\q- \e,FF ( pt.o > L c.t-vn)
B c.ro rn e.ber ( mec^t,^res ctmotp htrtc-
preEEure .^1.*"e)
Vcra.rwrre
,?ero
greSsore)
?r-P3h
Pa"*o= = P'3' h ccL\^Ees h = J bo rr6vv1, 5e
poscr*s
= [\3, G0oKy-.)tQ,t'0*lrl(o.1borr.) = o \. 3 f Pq=1.'h
.lF lhe a,\-mosgoherrg presg,qrg ft^lts 7lrqufcA hc.t U $\.ru,
orrl ok the h',be ls (eep l\e preesureS al R and
Pa ectual
tfr++la pt i. +hs s,trno\o\-,; rc-recrses, il- preEsesdo,^sn on Se \qu,u i*the
beaKecr f"-"g lqurd up lhetube urtn the- presEures o'
Q'ond
pzcrre- ec{u.* (Pt--P.)
Pa. q
--
S o\vin3
dros rNc Q rot\erns
() Drclur c^ pic-hfre,'. f,ho.^' oper. strr^tclce-s, pistung, bovnc\o.rre\, c'r,\c) ol+:
lce'hureS Fh&l <rPQe.c,Y pre-sstrre-. c-\,ldt- heiSft+ crnd e-Lce.c fne.asuYefienfs
<!ncl tr\"ro c,\ensit es. \c\en[i the- gotots c ts t.ohid^ qo.,t neec ku frtd
H"e-
Q@s6u-re-.
DobernoinQ t[,e p regs\{re cLb Sii,rFa.r--s
"6ur8<rc-eS c2pe-n t H",e- cr.ir 1
Po = pc."brnoS
, v,(r,tcr 1 L c"\-cn
, Strr$cr<-e c-overed b.1 cr.
tcrs
i pc>=pt*s
'C\oSerj t.rrQ<rcc-t p -
tr/R
where- tr iS fhe $o.c-e- Vhe Sur[^te
(i.."
piBlo$
e,XerhS c)n t{.,e F\,,rio\
@ tlse \ori&onkc,, L,nes
Pressure- ( n o eonnec-hec tr\'afd (t lhe
ErrrneoF- ant1 points cr\on5 ct hortgo.lp-1 ne.
Pre.g5ure-
tc^*WS recrd P3 -
P
- 1- crFrn
($ Use vhehqco\krhc P re*SSure. eqvc-rlnon
=Po-Ptc\
O rot\o* for Gauge- Pre-€su,re-
?1=P,
P
- h : \ilu,'o
l
Lowe. on Hnt- riXht +h{^,
un lhe \eS (pg..s a ! c^brn)
. I{ercwnl io utreo\1, trred blc oF i\s hqvr denst\
(P=,a,GOOKS/".3),
6,vg. cr^'r press,rre. cr, ser.r. \e,^rd
11''6 N cq\
Ogarttrrftrre,
LrQuidl
6 P, qrx) z ctre-onci krcnaord
Itae, so p, =P._
Hcr,norn€rk rJ
[4AnOrneErS tusec \p sgrer-.r.Br-rce- gcrs pressur,re)
t"
t[-ShqpecJ tr,lbe connecjFerl fu l-he- tot at ore- eJMJ c^nd oPen b6 tlr'e- c^.ir qh
the ohher end.
'.l Tube h' eel t,^Jt c^ \utcl Lus,^.*tt1 rnerc,urrr) - of clensi p , W^" t.n slartic
u'Scc^le-
cr-llours trgers hs rne{^sure l-he Wrigrnv Cnl or +{"L'
€c{ i\ibrtumrt
rlght Eicr\e Clbov9 +\^r \,e.(-tr €r'cF h
*
h.1aro6hc.\hc pressurt- c.F dept tc)
Pg* = ! qtm *
P'3
,h
t h : liqurcl ts lh\hy on Fh<- rtci llr.un
on F\q- \e,FF ( pt.o > L c.t-vn)
B c.ro rn e.ber ( mec^t,^res ctmotp htrtc-
preEEure .^1.*"e)
Vcra.rwrre
,?ero
greSsore)
?r-P3h
Pa"*o= = P'3' h ccL\^Ees h = J bo rr6vv1, 5e
poscr*s
= [\3, G0oKy-.)tQ,t'0*lrl(o.1borr.) = o \. 3 f Pq=1.'h
.lF lhe a,\-mosgoherrg presg,qrg ft^lts 7lrqufcA hc.t U $\.ru,
orrl ok the h',be ls (eep l\e preesureS al R and
Pa ectual
tfr++la pt i. +hs s,trno\o\-,; rc-recrses, il- preEsesdo,^sn on Se \qu,u i*the
beaKecr f"-"g lqurd up lhetube urtn the- presEures o'
Q'ond
pzcrre- ec{u.* (Pt--P.)
7
Pe.c,
?re6sure- Uit€ tT<.ure- \3. z)
-
Convgrsion
.l,,tnil
(Abbrev;c1.,*)
-b
l c.\-m- t\Ee-s.
-.
gc.'.scrr (P"^
)
" Alrnosphere (on*)
s uniFr lPcl= 1u1*z
uSe r'n rnost ccr\culcrh'orS
&exrerc,,l
\o\,3 kPc^
l.otAxtd
?"^.
1 c^rrn
PE\
tlne- btood uR b r{our bro..:in
' 's o,
ta1*.)te
p-ssr.,.<. (t-lo
Vn*'re-
in e.yac,55 a? 7
,ic-c.u BP I
'-o/*o
S qsto 'c : pa
= t2o rrvt r oF tlc^
"'l*r)
lLl,l
I3\oad, Pre.str.,-re
'The herr"rt musc-\es csnchrc-<- c^-no pr,rsh b\ood ot-,..h tnho \our hec'rtr. tlhds
c-onbrcr.cjdor rc Ee-S Fhg- press,re- in qo\^r he.c^rf. fhe- Pce-SGur<- inocesrSe- tS
FrcLn,snni'5.r=- FouctrVt q.
\or
c^{-\eried.,
{he. gea\s gre-$su"se ta ' \'g B\oocl Proserrre', r.r.swct\1 rnec.,.ns
FhcAts L\c>u-r rrncxiicv,"vrn \Sq6to c) b\oocl
iS htXxer- r-\ac nece-s6cs-l1 far [\cod circqq
.LOrs f$\ooc PTe-tSUTC-., @-t.Li,e.S q.:,.1 ho {<^ir^n+
b\c l\<- pres8ure i6rr'5 crdeqr-.rcr,te- h6
F.Jr^p
'rniliimelerx ol
trnm
ol
)
160 TnmuF }Vx
rngrcu,rl
Bc.rornet-rrc p ressui€
'Gc6eg o,rtd
'.,Y,eS o$ rnerc.unl (,n)
21,9L i^Bo.rcrnel-rrc pl"eS8trre
jo
t"tE. weqfher [-ocerc^gt1 n1
tlr,s. erqineerinl o'f'cl
{
l,ncru,ritnr
-
'PooPS per
\ucr.re
(pu i
)
lnc\
ccA\ed SqS\o\ic- pres8 t'r.re.
tl's 5q t nurn\oei ,\^ BP. , -
.
felrc\c't\
51-,'g boGe-
$Dressure i6 cc*\ed
Dicrsls L pressr.lr€. !'he
r nc.l
Z"-' numler tn RP rer^clingS
+ ts)
. 8\o66 preEture mer.reureA r'n rvrrn c'S H3
ttL o,.l O,( O,(
B\ood PresS-qJ.e-dtr.r,rq, 1 o1-\e <)--o \
-*L?'r"F*'
"S":i'iit",,
:lr'*l .::: i7x^
-'-1-T)'
= ptrH
"H"xtl
l?O rrvrr oF llc.
bso .:be. pre5Surcl
't1,r.^" B\ood Pressr.,r"re's rnerr8urree t
D
jcrstf,r ic= 86rnrn
"G
H3 g=f8ommcf
H3
' Dn preSturieeS l-!.,e c-{gF, ptares c^ stet-hoscope 6vsc 'fhe c.rlc in qurr *.1-r\z
[fux.,
")*1
re-\ecrseS Fbe- pressure urhi\e roafrr;i5 q. pre-ssLrre
^
t
-nh::r"[\,
?4"
c*,rFf Squec-sss the c"r\<r1 c^rnc\-e-r,tF5 oF$ Hng b\ood f\o.^:
tthen VU,eSESErJre cogs be\or^ tshe Gqt\o c pressuire. , H^. Pressurq pu\6e durr,ir
.€{rdn be-cr.k oF \,\uuY he-c^r-l to..e-s kVe c.rt<..1 opn lorr'eS\1 curc, cr.Slutrb o[*
\
loloocr
toe,s t-hror3\, Dr. recore\S thq preseu.e, rerr"dir'5 trshen he- heorS Fhe-
b\aoc gklr+ \o Fnv. Thts iS )0rirr €qshsc- Pre.*E,.r.re.
" flrt's por"\sin1 oF t+,e- btooA FhrouXh
\oq.r
cr"rFerq tas+s
'.r-nhr
Une c,upF gressur^e'
fbcU)neS F\"" d,tiqlo c pne*s,q.a. 1her4 tte- c-r$er re;cecu'c,q ope.r c^6'6u.rr.rs\1
-c.nc
*trre
6k>od $\o*3 6mocskh\.1 , h, Lro.nsihan 66.1 e-osi\.l behe*""I in hV.q stelhorcofs Dthsfb'c P<eSw
Pe.c,
?re6sure- Uit€ tT<.ure- \3. z)
-
Convgrsion
.l,,tnil
(Abbrev;c1.,*)
-b
l c.\-m- t\Ee-s.
-.
gc.'.scrr (P"^
)
" Alrnosphere (on*)
s uniFr lPcl= 1u1*z
uSe r'n rnost ccr\culcrh'orS
&exrerc,,l
\o\,3 kPc^
l.otAxtd
?"^.
1 c^rrn
PE\
tlne- btood uR b r{our bro..:in
' 's o,
ta1*.)te
p-ssr.,.<. (t-lo
Vn*'re-
in e.yac,55 a? 7
,ic-c.u BP I
'-o/*o
S qsto 'c : pa
= t2o rrvt r oF tlc^
"'l*r)
lLl,l
I3\oad, Pre.str.,-re
'The herr"rt musc-\es csnchrc-<- c^-no pr,rsh b\ood ot-,..h tnho \our hec'rtr. tlhds
c-onbrcr.cjdor rc Ee-S Fhg- press,re- in qo\^r he.c^rf. fhe- Pce-SGur<- inocesrSe- tS
FrcLn,snni'5.r=- FouctrVt q.
\or
c^{-\eried.,
{he. gea\s gre-$su"se ta ' \'g B\oocl Proserrre', r.r.swct\1 rnec.,.ns
FhcAts L\c>u-r rrncxiicv,"vrn \Sq6to c) b\oocl
iS htXxer- r-\ac nece-s6cs-l1 far [\cod circqq
.LOrs f$\ooc PTe-tSUTC-., @-t.Li,e.S q.:,.1 ho {<^ir^n+
b\c l\<- pres8ure i6rr'5 crdeqr-.rcr,te- h6
F.Jr^p
'rniliimelerx ol
trnm
ol
)
160 TnmuF }Vx
rngrcu,rl
Bc.rornet-rrc p ressui€
'Gc6eg o,rtd
'.,Y,eS o$ rnerc.unl (,n)
21,9L i^Bo.rcrnel-rrc pl"eS8trre
jo
t"tE. weqfher [-ocerc^gt1 n1
tlr,s. erqineerinl o'f'cl
{
l,ncru,ritnr
-
'PooPS per
\ucr.re
(pu i
)
lnc\
ccA\ed SqS\o\ic- pres8 t'r.re.
tl's 5q t nurn\oei ,\^ BP. , -
.
felrc\c't\
51-,'g boGe-
$Dressure i6 cc*\ed
Dicrsls L pressr.lr€. !'he
r nc.l
Z"-' numler tn RP rer^clingS
+ ts)
. 8\o66 preEture mer.reureA r'n rvrrn c'S H3
ttL o,.l O,( O,(
B\ood PresS-qJ.e-dtr.r,rq, 1 o1-\e <)--o \
-*L?'r"F*'
"S":i'iit",,
:lr'*l .::: i7x^
-'-1-T)'
= ptrH
"H"xtl
l?O rrvrr oF llc.
bso .:be. pre5Surcl
't1,r.^" B\ood Pressr.,r"re's rnerr8urree t
D
jcrstf,r ic= 86rnrn
"G
H3 g=f8ommcf
H3
' Dn preSturieeS l-!.,e c-{gF, ptares c^ stet-hoscope 6vsc 'fhe c.rlc in qurr *.1-r\z
[fux.,
")*1
re-\ecrseS Fbe- pressure urhi\e roafrr;i5 q. pre-ssLrre
^
t
-nh::r"[\,
?4"
c*,rFf Squec-sss the c"r\<r1 c^rnc\-e-r,tF5 oF$ Hng b\ood f\o.^:
tthen VU,eSESErJre cogs be\or^ tshe Gqt\o c pressuire. , H^. Pressurq pu\6e durr,ir
.€{rdn be-cr.k oF \,\uuY he-c^r-l to..e-s kVe c.rt<..1 opn lorr'eS\1 curc, cr.Slutrb o[*
\
loloocr
toe,s t-hror3\, Dr. recore\S thq preseu.e, rerr"dir'5 trshen he- heorS Fhe-
b\aoc gklr+ \o Fnv. Thts iS )0rirr €qshsc- Pre.*E,.r.re.
" flrt's por"\sin1 oF t+,e- btooA FhrouXh
\oq.r
cr"rFerq tas+s
'.r-nhr
Une c,upF gressur^e'
fbcU)neS F\"" d,tiqlo c pne*s,q.a. 1her4 tte- c-r$er re;cecu'c,q ope.r c^6'6u.rr.rs\1
-c.nc
*trre
6k>od $\o*3 6mocskh\.1 , h, Lro.nsihan 66.1 e-osi\.l behe*""I in hV.q stelhorcofs Dthsfb'c P<eSw
7
Ph.l
Ftr, \3.n', Herrscrrt B\"crcj Pressore
-Durt'n cr. gP rne{gsyennen\, c mercr^irq-fr'tted rt\o-nom€-Er iS ogecl hr rneosr-rr€-
H"* i.="surc-
f n hhe e*FG, hJh€r^ tt^" <.^^Fe E{sS<- elu".\s Fhe slstd c pr€6E{rr
Hnr- hCXt"r oQ- H^. rnercr-r.r1 tn l{^l- opeh s,iclg r's 3{) rnvn h,'nher l+q;.n on tl.4
tiole scirr neo+eJ \.2 H",e- cr.^FC. \dhc-.,"F'S H"e- pc^hiQnF! slst-o\lc
prcE€ore-?
1(co mnrlt
'pne6g*e r Fr^e cr.,.F$.= pcr,htenvrs b\ma \DreAsure.
putoocl= ff.Sf.eo(#3*$
'
peuft= o-bnn * pth
'
ctensi oT H1= ti,Gooltsf,',.
pobrrdc\3o nnrn otr \
putood - pc--fF - c.-Frr
--
P3 h= o. 3orn
! u'w{rir r'
J
psroocl* p.g.\," =
(,3, co;\'51-)(q , fo ^ls)(o, l$ono)
pu\aos1= t-1.3 \<Pq
)h B\ooel .presaure in vnrn o$ \lt = heaqh+ diF$eren e- oF fhe. rner<-qry colovnn
tht€ (S uJv.,c^h Hne rrnipg "rr,""' o&
\o
fne.rql', (^ gc* q,c (oregtore- oL tiOrr^4\
u-riV puts H"e- q,gen er.c oF c mercr.'r colr.rrnrr \3orn", hinh* H"c^ l''|.,g
PresEuri"ect
encl.
oP fhe nrrn
--tdh.l 6fl is bloocl
fcce(sure
MCc'sured u^tl F[,e- gc"]tenk arnr ha\ot c"] cdocrJF t'lne sorn<
hoohr aS her her^rri'
uThe
hqdroafcrht- pressur€ of o. Plu,U Vcln6 .if haqh+. A\k.u6h Ho-t^5 btdc€I is n<s\- tn
hqclrr:Slcr,fr'e e.luiliuriurn, i! sh'll l-rrae Yled- BP ine-rec^se-S .ll t-he clrs.bc,-r,c-e- [do-,S
- the heorl, orr) decre.cses g-\oove-i lF Fhe- pc,Jnent he\d her c"rrn s1t-*r'q\l- rrg,
|fe pressure e,.l.Ff ulcu\cj bc c+ dnf".rt.o d*LS crn a}r.,ve* l',i{- hrc-rF €^/,c} t-de- qr-s8ur€
r.Dc:tb) be l.esS Fnr*t frr( pre€Eore <!ts +h€- heo.'-+ U1 Ap =putec).g
.cl a-Zlrnrn
-P
\
13. q I Buovcsrcl,t
L" Th" F*"c*furce.
F".,t- Frp-Fa.*^
oF c^ Huto = Buolcrnh $rc€.
The- r\ets Force cts \he- $1*g orl
Hne eq\{ode.r ts Hne- Euolo.r{r Eae Fne.h= ft
frp tFoo*n bte tbue
PreSau(Q- iS
6rec'-$ea
c^1
t V.n- to5ffovn. t+encs*. ttrR
Cturd e.xert8 o- ne-b
uptacrrstr &>rce-
a-rou.dcf
.a<-
p
rncglirrer.rrl b o u nclon
$crr.lricl e pe,-re-^e1
oF pt..rtd
uc'.l blc llne
Fc.r,cel iS in
A rc;hi m ec\e-E' Princig\e r
* ftuilo ole-rhs c.-n ogr^ro.rd buo,lcr*h Gor<-e- (E*) on cLn
o{ec5 trnrnersecl in or St.=.Lna rr^ the &t,+,cJ, t'he-
oC H^e- [ar,ror{cr.-rnt F"rLe- elu cr\s k{n* w olght
ot- [\e- St.rr'. drsg\or-erl hq l-he- otiec-+,
Fts=B*yol3 ' '4
/ )orrri'. oF Tt,i,t) V"z
oHlL"* ;,=;iKEiF-d'{ il"
^.,^u*r?fu,
,Lohen o.r,
" u.lt
..^'^.*liti'1. {t.e!}i$t
f-**L,f"tif
,ffi
f{lt-T""i-:l}.ex.^ s
Wffi{l'H :Hffi,$:$"i:[.$
stc h'c- equi\ibrturn
Ph.l
Ftr, \3.n', Herrscrrt B\"crcj Pressore
-Durt'n cr. gP rne{gsyennen\, c mercr^irq-fr'tted rt\o-nom€-Er iS ogecl hr rneosr-rr€-
H"* i.="surc-
f n hhe e*FG, hJh€r^ tt^" <.^^Fe E{sS<- elu".\s Fhe slstd c pr€6E{rr
Hnr- hCXt"r oQ- H^. rnercr-r.r1 tn l{^l- opeh s,iclg r's 3{) rnvn h,'nher l+q;.n on tl.4
tiole scirr neo+eJ \.2 H",e- cr.^FC. \dhc-.,"F'S H"e- pc^hiQnF! slst-o\lc
prcE€ore-?
1(co mnrlt
'pne6g*e r Fr^e cr.,.F$.= pcr,htenvrs b\ma \DreAsure.
putoocl= ff.Sf.eo(#3*$
'
peuft= o-bnn * pth
'
ctensi oT H1= ti,Gooltsf,',.
pobrrdc\3o nnrn otr \
putood - pc--fF - c.-Frr
--
P3 h= o. 3orn
! u'w{rir r'
J
psroocl* p.g.\," =
(,3, co;\'51-)(q , fo ^ls)(o, l$ono)
pu\aos1= t-1.3 \<Pq
)h B\ooel .presaure in vnrn o$ \lt = heaqh+ diF$eren e- oF fhe. rner<-qry colovnn
tht€ (S uJv.,c^h Hne rrnipg "rr,""' o&
\o
fne.rql', (^ gc* q,c (oregtore- oL tiOrr^4\
u-riV puts H"e- q,gen er.c oF c mercr.'r colr.rrnrr \3orn", hinh* H"c^ l''|.,g
PresEuri"ect
encl.
oP fhe nrrn
--tdh.l 6fl is bloocl
fcce(sure
MCc'sured u^tl F[,e- gc"]tenk arnr ha\ot c"] cdocrJF t'lne sorn<
hoohr aS her her^rri'
uThe
hqdroafcrht- pressur€ of o. Plu,U Vcln6 .if haqh+. A\k.u6h Ho-t^5 btdc€I is n<s\- tn
hqclrr:Slcr,fr'e e.luiliuriurn, i! sh'll l-rrae Yled- BP ine-rec^se-S .ll t-he clrs.bc,-r,c-e- [do-,S
- the heorl, orr) decre.cses g-\oove-i lF Fhe- pc,Jnent he\d her c"rrn s1t-*r'q\l- rrg,
|fe pressure e,.l.Ff ulcu\cj bc c+ dnf".rt.o d*LS crn a}r.,ve* l',i{- hrc-rF €^/,c} t-de- qr-s8ur€
r.Dc:tb) be l.esS Fnr*t frr( pre€Eore <!ts +h€- heo.'-+ U1 Ap =putec).g
.cl a-Zlrnrn
-P
\
13. q I Buovcsrcl,t
L" Th" F*"c*furce.
F".,t- Frp-Fa.*^
oF c^ Huto = Buolcrnh $rc€.
The- r\ets Force cts \he- $1*g orl
Hne eq\{ode.r ts Hne- Euolo.r{r Eae Fne.h= ft
frp tFoo*n bte tbue
PreSau(Q- iS
6rec'-$ea
c^1
t V.n- to5ffovn. t+encs*. ttrR
Cturd e.xert8 o- ne-b
uptacrrstr &>rce-
a-rou.dcf
.a<-
p
rncglirrer.rrl b o u nclon
$crr.lricl e pe,-re-^e1
oF pt..rtd
uc'.l blc llne
Fc.r,cel iS in
A rc;hi m ec\e-E' Princig\e r
* ftuilo ole-rhs c.-n ogr^ro.rd buo,lcr*h Gor<-e- (E*) on cLn
o{ec5 trnrnersecl in or St.=.Lna rr^ the &t,+,cJ, t'he-
oC H^e- [ar,ror{cr.-rnt F"rLe- elu cr\s k{n* w olght
ot- [\e- St.rr'. drsg\or-erl hq l-he- otiec-+,
Fts=B*yol3 ' '4
/ )orrri'. oF Tt,i,t) V"z
oHlL"* ;,=;iKEiF-d'{ il"
^.,^u*r?fu,
,Lohen o.r,
" u.lt
..^'^.*liti'1. {t.e!}i$t
f-**L,f"tif
,ffi
f{lt-T""i-:l}.ex.^ s
Wffi{l'H :Hffi,$:$"i:[.$
stc h'c- equi\ibrturn
7
Ph.t
6.-13,_6r ls l-he cco.,r' Gotr.t?
-A croq)y. we{Xhl'ng 8.3ou t'n crfr iS SuSg+ncted undgrWc*}e.r frorn cr etrirrX. {trQ-
l^gnal"t in Hne *H is rnecrsorec tu loe,
-?.t
N . ts lhe erouln
Fur<- g<>ldl
=ll. blc- l-e- c.ror*s-= ff:.= poVo$ , ft-S d*EF f1 p. = tT
P;tl;|X ...,^-'
lt:'",.S*o v6=vs !'r'| Vo-vs=tr*t-a
)
-?;:i;i.9.p
po = ffi =ft-, = !9o pc- ?*yi^. ts tn 6bcx+.c- -qui\ibr,:.,rq,
F."iTl
I- \,,
(tO?t F-
rro r-ne-\--o
fFJ :Es y\-*ro:o
FB
= w",-T
'ytloPr
="U=!.!
?o=
Fg No-T ncrcrurris dcrnsi -c.onsiclerc^jo \c.^r<-{- $fS^$
^ -
t ? p^..\7rnr"r.k--ql*i r /^ 9 -
tr--9 l.l.t/ ?
b{ner'F of
Fure- td'ttt =\,13r toqlth
xThe clcrs€r fhe le-nt(<,o LT) (-il-* cq6rc,r.re,ni- t.leiqhf) is fo uf, [tlle c,&'cll *o6h0, fhe hryr
tt'e densi oF bhe ob5ec-t-,
Fl"c"F ,. €in'Y-?
- fvlcrXni tr,c)e- sg F's =
pe V+'t , No = Po
Vo
3
\Buh 61 corr1po,und Obje,c\- [Au"X e,< c^ Sc+Jbcq Jrtver) pnc^.l.1 l.rcrv<- p f e.c-c.s oS vorlr^n5
ctensi\. Averc^te. Denei -
YT\.,/
Vo
,
t1-,e- ,-..retnVrts oF q C-6Tngcl.rnd c,f.1ec-F
(r).,
= Pc.*t V-
t^
,
* ftn objecl F\oerts cr
,sfn\e
a1pedtnX on
.
wheVt"'T eh: Tlu,,iol .)'*Oq (Pe) tS
larXer clr ncr\er lhun 1-he o,\{e.e*'5 cr"ue"i,^ry- derert1 @'t)
.,-.\
rAbi,,o-r- sin\LS @ obje-c$ F\ocrlrs (9 obJecf hc^s
Fo
rRn
objec-b i b war'ghg
inoy'e thc^nlhe Fcl it clr acs
tr ik o\ereiq t s
t+€^n tdr
.hn
obj€.crF F\ocrtS on
lVre <sr-rk^re iF i F
r.oer\hs
\e6S lhcrrr Hng
T\otd dl dtsjtc.rzrt
i i+s
ar/g e\erei tt \ets h{4crr
the a\er,.i\'ot h\e- F\utd
P^us <
P*
Nerrfrte- Buorlon
.Sn objec* hcrncnS
rho\'un\ess in fhe &t^.rtc[ tl
r'F r-re-rlhE ela-tt.{ tf,. Eonr
tl.'t tLL S\^d tt o\*p\oces.
t I hc-s ne..rbra'[ b*.,t*-1
r'F ihs a"r3_ densi = den<rq
oF Hne F\,^id
P*"3 = P*
Xrec.-lt-r
sl the hud
L( es r.r) -
(r.? I N)
(D oug..+ srn -S
,//
' ,";iu
P*g
>pc
o densi\
Ph.t
6.-13,_6r ls l-he cco.,r' Gotr.t?
-A croq)y. we{Xhl'ng 8.3ou t'n crfr iS SuSg+ncted undgrWc*}e.r frorn cr etrirrX. {trQ-
l^gnal"t in Hne *H is rnecrsorec tu loe,
-?.t
N . ts lhe erouln
Fur<- g<>ldl
=ll. blc- l-e- c.ror*s-= ff:.= poVo$ , ft-S d*EF f1 p. = tT
P;tl;|X ...,^-'
lt:'",.S*o v6=vs !'r'| Vo-vs=tr*t-a
)
-?;:i;i.9.p
po = ffi =ft-, = !9o pc- ?*yi^. ts tn 6bcx+.c- -qui\ibr,:.,rq,
F."iTl
I- \,,
(tO?t F-
rro r-ne-\--o
fFJ :Es y\-*ro:o
FB
= w",-T
'ytloPr
="U=!.!
?o=
Fg No-T ncrcrurris dcrnsi -c.onsiclerc^jo \c.^r<-{- $fS^$
^ -
t ? p^..\7rnr"r.k--ql*i r /^ 9 -
tr--9 l.l.t/ ?
b{ner'F of
Fure- td'ttt =\,13r toqlth
xThe clcrs€r fhe le-nt(<,o LT) (-il-* cq6rc,r.re,ni- t.leiqhf) is fo uf, [tlle c,&'cll *o6h0, fhe hryr
tt'e densi oF bhe ob5ec-t-,
Fl"c"F ,. €in'Y-?
- fvlcrXni tr,c)e- sg F's =
pe V+'t , No = Po
Vo
3
\Buh 61 corr1po,und Obje,c\- [Au"X e,< c^ Sc+Jbcq Jrtver) pnc^.l.1 l.rcrv<- p f e.c-c.s oS vorlr^n5
ctensi\. Averc^te. Denei -
YT\.,/
Vo
,
t1-,e- ,-..retnVrts oF q C-6Tngcl.rnd c,f.1ec-F
(r).,
= Pc.*t V-
t^
,
* ftn objecl F\oerts cr
,sfn\e
a1pedtnX on
.
wheVt"'T eh: Tlu,,iol .)'*Oq (Pe) tS
larXer clr ncr\er lhun 1-he o,\{e.e*'5 cr"ue"i,^ry- derert1 @'t)
.,-.\
rAbi,,o-r- sin\LS @ obje-c$ F\ocrlrs (9 obJecf hc^s
Fo
rRn
objec-b i b war'ghg
inoy'e thc^nlhe Fcl it clr acs
tr ik o\ereiq t s
t+€^n tdr
.hn
obj€.crF F\ocrtS on
lVre <sr-rk^re iF i F
r.oer\hs
\e6S lhcrrr Hng
T\otd dl dtsjtc.rzrt
i i+s
ar/g e\erei tt \ets h{4crr
the a\er,.i\'ot h\e- F\utd
P^us <
P*
Nerrfrte- Buorlon
.Sn objec* hcrncnS
rho\'un\ess in fhe &t^.rtc[ tl
r'F r-re-rlhE ela-tt.{ tf,. Eonr
tl.'t tLL S\^d tt o\*p\oces.
t I hc-s ne..rbra'[ b*.,t*-1
r'F ihs a"r3_ densi = den<rq
oF Hne F\,^id
P*"3 = P*
Xrec.-lt-r
sl the hud
L( es r.r) -
(r.? I N)
(D oug..+ srn -S
,//
' ,";iu
P*g
>pc
o densi\
7
2
Fs
rov'r ob5e.c-fr O[-
cnnc vo\vnr€-
o\ensi po Pc-. f
V9 iS $\oc^,hVtra c,rn c(" L\oq ro\eaBe o b\oc,\c o&
Wood u^d.rw.^,\-n-, th. *e-r
crl$\es it- 'fD Ahoot Fc, F'lne-
6t"rn$<r.c.e,
'Nor.,,s
Flnc,.ts F{r,e- ob\e-ct iS $\ac.h\ Objec}- is, ectucr- bo F\e- vo.rrne Vg
oF Fhe dr\g\c.r-ec P\ufcf,iFs in Shc^h'c- e-c1ui\i\oriurnrr
Th. t-rp,-e*ro FB e-rc*-ct ba\crnrgs
\-he do.,.nr.so.r6 t,.lo T-l-re vo\urne oF dtsp\c.cec! F\,lld + Vo\.-rwre of klne- d,o3e
Fg = P+
V+
S = W- = PoV" 3
V+ =. Po
Vo
H"e- rro\ur.n€- oS S\"rcl
ontl
"..f,pt,.=
h UiGorrn PF csg\ca-eA bia o F\oorn'".5
dbJec.ts Inot- bos sr ho\lor^, Eph<-re5ror Objec-tr- o$ u-niFcrrr., <ilenS\
ot-he-r o\e-c-t-s o& non.rnfter"n c.oY4?osihbY)
I
& \3.Lt hJhroh hc's fhe Crrer^r-e-r Buo..l-o-nr frrce
(
-A blocl oF (ron sin\<-s F" H.,e- boFf.rrn oF q ve-tee- a>J- tsc.Ler t..rhi\<- c btoc,'l( oSt^loocl
Dl {-he- €crme- Eits t\o..-}-s. On dhic,h $ t-f.r- buoqc^n1- Sorc-e qrec'-Fer?
' TL\e--1 buolc^+rt {or<-e- = Fhe- vol,.-:c,.rQ oF L$c*-tsex- cllsglac-rd. Tl^a' ,}orl }o\gc-\< fS
C-ornplele\y Sub.rner+d , So il dts?tc.ce cr- vc-,\,.Jrnq oF l'.sc^-\'or-
= Fo i:fs ouyn .wetlvrv><,
Tr- u-tc>s) bioefi 4/oo,tS, Se it i,'spiacr-s ontl fhe- fzr^rfrtn o(- ihs Vol.-rrne- +,lLa^+
It w\del ttcrler,
t^)htcj^ is a-e8S ,th"^n l'*S or)h vol,r"nq
* 'Ge trg on lh<. \con b\ocla- iS Grrec+e-r ltlc.n or^ &he- t^rooel bloc,l(
L', Y Lto vr'd
-9otr rne-ec t'u o\e-Fcrrrninq Hfte denti a€ crn c:nk{r.'u.Jv1
Fto."rs in t-hrs \qurd ull "l,hc^
o& d1-.e- stcle- o$ !'t,e-
bloClz* cS
?\c,c-ed
in u>cr-F<-r., iF o* o F\o"^r1 br,rt w\
ru denqr,& ffu Llnlt-rt
[tqu,'d, lou rrroh'se tAuh o- t\"c,\q
bt<ic.\<. ELt\cr*erc-r-q1,, U{h4r^ F,,l^a
5 't ,-r-, u , Ul- er7cA. t"thcrt'3
d ? $.al<" disp\c.. FS Vdluryre
V.-, = A h*
r
Vut= A ,-, =T vo (
Povo =PrA.h* )
I
R\".t dr^gg\c'c-e5 vo\,,nQ. Vw =A'h* o& fhe wq,\e-t
Vw=A.h*=kU., (VaUo=p*R h*)
++= { worr'g/-s
l. t.q
CW.l
?*
=
P*=
Boc.bs andBcr\oons
{1,re- whFoF v\.e
i-t{ Fv€ The fouo.lc"nf F*.rSboo-t \
oF ertr..rcr- ka frhe- {.,-}eth}
3oo
t'?
/ vns t mosFh Li\cer1 G tyerrn)
'Buo.1c.'."1 '
F\o^h.on o-ppes bu
",,11
l[,ur
Even Wroulh fh.- trg clue- to c,.ir r\, srnal
cn ob\edr wi $\oco\- r'n c^.-r'r l'F ,'f we-.rthslhe urc"ter drrs
Fhe hur\ \e'ss +f.c'^ Hne Grr'r tF a spk-,,.ees,
"8. r. !ccl-\oon to C\oc.tr, it- rnwsts be
is h\erf rnr ct
S..s
l-hc,"F hr,,s q Lawex"Ttr-te. vo[r*me- oG wa}er Csp\crc,ec
o o sVre.\
f{ocU LorXer {darr flnevote,^s .f f\q-hut iFse,\$ dersi\1 thc{n Wa^l rF c^rr.
'A bo.^F sfnKE un!,| the \NerBh+ 4 dtxpetsed wa\e,r= We{gh}
".l
the te<'t
&\.t'd Oe c\enei p r
..'ft"
subrner3e-cl vo\srna .>t gne
f
"/,h-=?*K,hw
P.^ = -h;P *
g\ctccc\
ts
og
\o11
2
Fs
rov'r ob5e.c-fr O[-
cnnc vo\vnr€-
o\ensi po Pc-. f
V9 iS $\oc^,hVtra c,rn c(" L\oq ro\eaBe o b\oc,\c o&
Wood u^d.rw.^,\-n-, th. *e-r
crl$\es it- 'fD Ahoot Fc, F'lne-
6t"rn$<r.c.e,
'Nor.,,s
Flnc,.ts F{r,e- ob\e-ct iS $\ac.h\ Objec}- is, ectucr- bo F\e- vo.rrne Vg
oF Fhe dr\g\c.r-ec P\ufcf,iFs in Shc^h'c- e-c1ui\i\oriurnrr
Th. t-rp,-e*ro FB e-rc*-ct ba\crnrgs
\-he do.,.nr.so.r6 t,.lo T-l-re vo\urne oF dtsp\c.cec! F\,lld + Vo\.-rwre of klne- d,o3e
Fg = P+
V+
S = W- = PoV" 3
V+ =. Po
Vo
H"e- rro\ur.n€- oS S\"rcl
ontl
"..f,pt,.=
h UiGorrn PF csg\ca-eA bia o F\oorn'".5
dbJec.ts Inot- bos sr ho\lor^, Eph<-re5ror Objec-tr- o$ u-niFcrrr., <ilenS\
ot-he-r o\e-c-t-s o& non.rnfter"n c.oY4?osihbY)
I
& \3.Lt hJhroh hc's fhe Crrer^r-e-r Buo..l-o-nr frrce
(
-A blocl oF (ron sin\<-s F" H.,e- boFf.rrn oF q ve-tee- a>J- tsc.Ler t..rhi\<- c btoc,'l( oSt^loocl
Dl {-he- €crme- Eits t\o..-}-s. On dhic,h $ t-f.r- buoqc^n1- Sorc-e qrec'-Fer?
' TL\e--1 buolc^+rt {or<-e- = Fhe- vol,.-:c,.rQ oF L$c*-tsex- cllsglac-rd. Tl^a' ,}orl }o\gc-\< fS
C-ornplele\y Sub.rner+d , So il dts?tc.ce cr- vc-,\,.Jrnq oF l'.sc^-\'or-
= Fo i:fs ouyn .wetlvrv><,
Tr- u-tc>s) bioefi 4/oo,tS, Se it i,'spiacr-s ontl fhe- fzr^rfrtn o(- ihs Vol.-rrne- +,lLa^+
It w\del ttcrler,
t^)htcj^ is a-e8S ,th"^n l'*S or)h vol,r"nq
* 'Ge trg on lh<. \con b\ocla- iS Grrec+e-r ltlc.n or^ &he- t^rooel bloc,l(
L', Y Lto vr'd
-9otr rne-ec t'u o\e-Fcrrrninq Hfte denti a€ crn c:nk{r.'u.Jv1
Fto."rs in t-hrs \qurd ull "l,hc^
o& d1-.e- stcle- o$ !'t,e-
bloClz* cS
?\c,c-ed
in u>cr-F<-r., iF o* o F\o"^r1 br,rt w\
ru denqr,& ffu Llnlt-rt
[tqu,'d, lou rrroh'se tAuh o- t\"c,\q
bt<ic.\<. ELt\cr*erc-r-q1,, U{h4r^ F,,l^a
5 't ,-r-, u , Ul- er7cA. t"thcrt'3
d ? $.al<" disp\c.. FS Vdluryre
V.-, = A h*
r
Vut= A ,-, =T vo (
Povo =PrA.h* )
I
R\".t dr^gg\c'c-e5 vo\,,nQ. Vw =A'h* o& fhe wq,\e-t
Vw=A.h*=kU., (VaUo=p*R h*)
++= { worr'g/-s
l. t.q
CW.l
?*
=
P*=
Boc.bs andBcr\oons
{1,re- whFoF v\.e
i-t{ Fv€ The fouo.lc"nf F*.rSboo-t \
oF ertr..rcr- ka frhe- {.,-}eth}
3oo
t'?
/ vns t mosFh Li\cer1 G tyerrn)
'Buo.1c.'."1 '
F\o^h.on o-ppes bu
",,11
l[,ur
Even Wroulh fh.- trg clue- to c,.ir r\, srnal
cn ob\edr wi $\oco\- r'n c^.-r'r l'F ,'f we-.rthslhe urc"ter drrs
Fhe hur\ \e'ss +f.c'^ Hne Grr'r tF a spk-,,.ees,
"8. r. !ccl-\oon to C\oc.tr, it- rnwsts be
is h\erf rnr ct
S..s
l-hc,"F hr,,s q Lawex"Ttr-te. vo[r*me- oG wa}er Csp\crc,ec
o o sVre.\
f{ocU LorXer {darr flnevote,^s .f f\q-hut iFse,\$ dersi\1 thc{n Wa^l rF c^rr.
'A bo.^F sfnKE un!,| the \NerBh+ 4 dtxpetsed wa\e,r= We{gh}
".l
the te<'t
&\.t'd Oe c\enei p r
..'ft"
subrner3e-cl vo\srna .>t gne
f
"/,h-=?*K,hw
P.^ = -h;P *
g\ctccc\
ts
og
\o11
7
Por. \o
13"1 ', \-bur Bi
-
\Al hc c[r'e.-rrre-fcX- Fnu S ts cr* he\.!'m
-
R'
"c,t
t'.oa,\!oov-r
a,v e- kb f oc'-t w t Fh r^eubvp
buo1"-r'04? T\'e- rncrsS oF t-4',e e-mP bqllo.,n r's 2 uX
-l\e
bo\oon v\il lloar wherr ifs we^3ht t\e''thr of flre e{r,,ph,{ bqltooi t-tlrel$F of helit^nn)=
the
letght
of ll"e or1 r.t disp\c^rs.
{he. vot.rrrne oQ -V{"te bc"\oerr= Vbc..\o-n
'th€- we-r3h ok l-he c\isp\c,.<-<d c!-I'r is: ttJo.'r = pc-irV<.rf '3 = pc.-i1-V'o..rr,*rn.t
(rhcrss .$ ea'te bailuic'n)
flne rye-rX\s is
". W.o\",o^: {Y'3t'p*.Vs'
3
Bq,llen wfil Flocr-t r,.thj.{n tLose- Sz>rr=s ary eR'-reJ\Vc.i'r
= Voc.$eern
poi"Vu -{
= * ,'{*
P.=V u'{ V. =-m-"
-
U"
=
A sphere h<rg \o rrnQ V= C'€) F farr-
?wo
'
"=/3vo
Yt
= /E--'(1&,"t-dlv3 r=o.6-Ts rn
\'\"/
.t.rr / o'arte\.r- t5<-rn
o.octZUS,,
=t.&rro-3*{
\.3F3/-3 - o.r1Yns
@-s\
tfol- ar'r ba oona-Tf$-r,tcrJ w e^ \ow-d\errsi
t.^St
lr:+ at.\.
Gas-s e-x[ae.no vpon he-c,.hn1 , Vhus \o*"-r.'3 Vhetr clenst\.
USr' t'1^4- ioLe-c.,-t-3as lqt,.: i o\<-iei oS tOo"a €r-r'v rs on\u1 J1"/. fhe clensi\.rg
foofvr-tservrp. 4ir crl- ZO"c-.
A burst .* {-\.u*. \o.p<rs lhe densttq oF Hne c.irc-nc Y\"-AS Fhe- bol\cron's wer3hl=
t-hc.n lhe werQhl- c€ 04.e
"ort<r
Vh"e, \ac,,\oon riEeS t^rVren its we-ighh be-c-orne-S \esS
o.rr
i + haS alrsp'lo. .c\.
l3. E: Flurcrs r^n Flohon
' Aesurnphcrnt cr,bout l'he eimptified rnode of cm lder+ F\uriJ i
i-" Tt e $\,^id ts comlrregsibte.
Vertl good grssurnqh'on tar \iqudS 1 but- o,\so
€x Even ttjltrn q
IOO rngh Wtncl slc.rns inh)
a-
?-,Th* P\crr^r is SSer,.d.1
Tlle frluid ve\cci at ec&h gorht-
Chand{e wftd hme.
FI ow vncJ.er
?,The f-L,a is Nonviscous.
hlc\her Q\"-s fnuc,h fnore ecr-ti\1 thcrn co\c pcrnccr.\ce 6q.erp bf c fl.e sc.1rr..r1r is a verl v,scous
\'iqutd . Visco"i\: Resistc"rr-e- to Slcrur , 6d e,r€surni5 .^, €\u'd fs
^or\viscoss
:
crsscrrnin3 pc,,rhc\e's fnr:hbn is {rich'onless, FctSes hcl,ve- u* lcw vrsco,si , r;,,ttc erei'l
. t'nro^1 liqurdS oJe- we opproxir"rc.+ec.l c.s ber'n3 honvr\ccnS.
hotcJs resonc,Jolg we fo. o rnovinl
Xc*\
wa-il, ils clensi anlT otntgcs
)
oA'vF lol"
tn Vhe Ftrrtd r's aons\unvy i+ does nov dluc*uc-*e or
khe.Ee condihbn8 = L<,-rn{ner.r F\o.r
Por. \o
13"1 ', \-bur Bi
-
\Al hc c[r'e.-rrre-fcX- Fnu S ts cr* he\.!'m
-
R'
"c,t
t'.oa,\!oov-r
a,v e- kb f oc'-t w t Fh r^eubvp
buo1"-r'04? T\'e- rncrsS oF t-4',e e-mP bqllo.,n r's 2 uX
-l\e
bo\oon v\il lloar wherr ifs we^3ht t\e''thr of flre e{r,,ph,{ bqltooi t-tlrel$F of helit^nn)=
the
letght
of ll"e or1 r.t disp\c^rs.
{he. vot.rrrne oQ -V{"te bc"\oerr= Vbc..\o-n
'th€- we-r3h ok l-he c\isp\c,.<-<d c!-I'r is: ttJo.'r = pc-irV<.rf '3 = pc.-i1-V'o..rr,*rn.t
(rhcrss .$ ea'te bailuic'n)
flne rye-rX\s is
". W.o\",o^: {Y'3t'p*.Vs'
3
Bq,llen wfil Flocr-t r,.thj.{n tLose- Sz>rr=s ary eR'-reJ\Vc.i'r
= Voc.$eern
poi"Vu -{
= * ,'{*
P.=V u'{ V. =-m-"
-
U"
=
A sphere h<rg \o rrnQ V= C'€) F farr-
?wo
'
"=/3vo
Yt
= /E--'(1&,"t-dlv3 r=o.6-Ts rn
\'\"/
.t.rr / o'arte\.r- t5<-rn
o.octZUS,,
=t.&rro-3*{
\.3F3/-3 - o.r1Yns
@-s\
tfol- ar'r ba oona-Tf$-r,tcrJ w e^ \ow-d\errsi
t.^St
lr:+ at.\.
Gas-s e-x[ae.no vpon he-c,.hn1 , Vhus \o*"-r.'3 Vhetr clenst\.
USr' t'1^4- ioLe-c.,-t-3as lqt,.: i o\<-iei oS tOo"a €r-r'v rs on\u1 J1"/. fhe clensi\.rg
foofvr-tservrp. 4ir crl- ZO"c-.
A burst .* {-\.u*. \o.p<rs lhe densttq oF Hne c.irc-nc Y\"-AS Fhe- bol\cron's wer3hl=
t-hc.n lhe werQhl- c€ 04.e
"ort<r
Vh"e, \ac,,\oon riEeS t^rVren its we-ighh be-c-orne-S \esS
o.rr
i + haS alrsp'lo. .c\.
l3. E: Flurcrs r^n Flohon
' Aesurnphcrnt cr,bout l'he eimptified rnode of cm lder+ F\uriJ i
i-" Tt e $\,^id ts comlrregsibte.
Vertl good grssurnqh'on tar \iqudS 1 but- o,\so
€x Even ttjltrn q
IOO rngh Wtncl slc.rns inh)
a-
?-,Th* P\crr^r is SSer,.d.1
Tlle frluid ve\cci at ec&h gorht-
Chand{e wftd hme.
FI ow vncJ.er
?,The f-L,a is Nonviscous.
hlc\her Q\"-s fnuc,h fnore ecr-ti\1 thcrn co\c pcrnccr.\ce 6q.erp bf c fl.e sc.1rr..r1r is a verl v,scous
\'iqutd . Visco"i\: Resistc"rr-e- to Slcrur , 6d e,r€surni5 .^, €\u'd fs
^or\viscoss
:
crsscrrnin3 pc,,rhc\e's fnr:hbn is {rich'onless, FctSes hcl,ve- u* lcw vrsco,si , r;,,ttc erei'l
. t'nro^1 liqurdS oJe- we opproxir"rc.+ec.l c.s ber'n3 honvr\ccnS.
hotcJs resonc,Jolg we fo. o rnovinl
Xc*\
wa-il, ils clensi anlT otntgcs
)
oA'vF lol"
tn Vhe Ftrrtd r's aons\unvy i+ does nov dluc*uc-*e or
khe.Ee condihbn8 = L<,-rn{ner.r F\o.r
7
the_ &1uarhan aF Gnfinui!
Lz The Volt,rne oF an f crornpressib\e
h ynakh"d bq cLn eqLrcrl vctlume
'Fl.:.^r is F:rsle-{- in fictvrow<r
Pc_,.I
I
V, Ar= Vz Az
€lvicl enFerinS one p.rL ol a hu"be or pipe rvlu6f
lenvtno 6l0wngtre,$
p*{-sJ oF o. fuue
6\ower- Wialer
\
. VO[u rne- t=\oW Eer\e (.C{
)
t s
(uni6 - ''/s) oe
=
AV
= V.A
'An \clecA Ft.ri" hc.t
'Ree^
FLutds hrcwe
c^.ts +{,€- h-bds c.o cr Hnc.n clb iFs ce;nte-r,
b \Je* c&r Ah\ LrSe. t'i"-oSe equc.-krbns i€ de-
9x,l
1 3 .? : Speed oF Wc.v"- Hnrough c^ \"se
.- A gc.rz\efr FroSe- hc.s c.n tnstcl.e. ot-r^.e.t<r- .:t \G.^."t . Y1n"e- h.rSe carr S" cn lo U
\ouo\ce} in 2os.
a. \Nhc,,1'g Vhe- speecl oF Fhe- Vvcu\e.r ouh oF !h<- ernd o& &r- hose-?
b. tlU,-t clic,sre-lcr floeZl@ r,oo,rld CCruAe Lt,e- u,c^.Ft-r tr. e-xit ,^[ e Sgeec]
tix
grea]er
b. 4= vA ravncr^ns <rlnsv<$s,6t: +u rncrease .r b1 4X, rnusl t?drce. A b.{ {r
A de,pandS on ,t , sa A ts se.d.,c-ed
l0e€ctec, nrreele clrc.rrne-ve-r-: K rnrn
b' 13.1:, BloocJ Flor"r in Cr^pil\ctrie-s.
- Th- voirnq t\o.^' r*c,Jre of lo\oocJ
\e-c.r\
b.dt r's c.,bcr.jts 6L/n^r., C-" a-gertcl^ a-t
t {x iF fhe- rcrdtus is recloc--d b.1 Zx
FL'.e hec,'.rts h, circr-r"\c^!, € !hro5l-o,if il-t
\. A HniS lot"oc] <t"entusltl fnvsd- pdts-s
lh'rouq *he sr,.--\lesf .rF b\ood
r.iesEe-\S [fhe- cr^4t\lor''es\.
\g,t-f cr,.pi\crg: Garn in clic'rw+c.r, /e.ngd-h= lrnr-, , Gu3 spe.ect od bloocl SloW: -lS
q,. 6shms.Fe fhe bok^ nurnber o( capilkuies in $fie- 'krh1
b.Eshirrrc"he ++" +DFc^] surfue<- c\,rec oQ al'I I'he. ec-'-prllc+rt'eS.
aThe Vcllume tlo* rc-,"|€ *trrouqh a &rpiltc'ries mruf e1'"r.J *'loe vctlurne
pJoL"J
rate lauirut ,ffi*
a. A = sEor.Ht*ffi = s'*r.ljt
*7s '
o"o* = firz
' 'r l
. A,.,r*t = 1} =
8x tcis % ,= o, oot rn2 = n (3xto-n)?
v uJo..--|" N =ffi = o,ootrnz
le,
A= Cirournfirencr. X te-ngHn Ar,,rt.,ce= [J.A f(3 rrtikr"'1'
= 2 rt r.-L =(3xlo'Xero-t^9 lt)= 3 r\ol
,
ft=zw(3rto-!',.'1(o.g0lm) Ase.$c^a€-^= Gornz
'Lhr!c^ p ok' crr8'l\orlcs
n - - .- -Eng-F"uJ*ff""-="^1
J**-r. arect o( c*g t4u &^4)lkLrte.sA = Zrlo
-r
use {'t e A'S s pe=d oG {de &l,rrd
b, v* Q*
Ll"'c"rr Fhe sg..-d ins\e lhe-
o. Q :AV" : le! : <>.5 '/s
AY 2ag
=*iL-
= s.oi!Ei:.1:-
Trr2 tf (o.o o [Lrrn)L
h.>se?
t L= \OOO nnL = \Oi -*,= = :'= n'
Q:5.0 Krd'
m37t
=
€. 2,5 m/s
5
re-t
pc.r\S
c-ontburrt- c,,.ts c-
1>oinbS tn A h,,"bg
At
no $rtc\.rov. W Fhu- wc^\s aQ ifs t-wbe L:p.ea =constg.ntJ
Vtsc-osill So l-hs,V {'{re- specd o{- fhe- 9\uic is d''ff<rert+
the_ &1uarhan aF Gnfinui!
Lz The Volt,rne oF an f crornpressib\e
h ynakh"d bq cLn eqLrcrl vctlume
'Fl.:.^r is F:rsle-{- in fictvrow<r
Pc_,.I
I
V, Ar= Vz Az
€lvicl enFerinS one p.rL ol a hu"be or pipe rvlu6f
lenvtno 6l0wngtre,$
p*{-sJ oF o. fuue
6\ower- Wialer
\
. VO[u rne- t=\oW Eer\e (.C{
)
t s
(uni6 - ''/s) oe
=
AV
= V.A
'An \clecA Ft.ri" hc.t
'Ree^
FLutds hrcwe
c^.ts +{,€- h-bds c.o cr Hnc.n clb iFs ce;nte-r,
b \Je* c&r Ah\ LrSe. t'i"-oSe equc.-krbns i€ de-
9x,l
1 3 .? : Speed oF Wc.v"- Hnrough c^ \"se
.- A gc.rz\efr FroSe- hc.s c.n tnstcl.e. ot-r^.e.t<r- .:t \G.^."t . Y1n"e- h.rSe carr S" cn lo U
\ouo\ce} in 2os.
a. \Nhc,,1'g Vhe- speecl oF Fhe- Vvcu\e.r ouh oF !h<- ernd o& &r- hose-?
b. tlU,-t clic,sre-lcr floeZl@ r,oo,rld CCruAe Lt,e- u,c^.Ft-r tr. e-xit ,^[ e Sgeec]
tix
grea]er
b. 4= vA ravncr^ns <rlnsv<$s,6t: +u rncrease .r b1 4X, rnusl t?drce. A b.{ {r
A de,pandS on ,t , sa A ts se.d.,c-ed
l0e€ctec, nrreele clrc.rrne-ve-r-: K rnrn
b' 13.1:, BloocJ Flor"r in Cr^pil\ctrie-s.
- Th- voirnq t\o.^' r*c,Jre of lo\oocJ
\e-c.r\
b.dt r's c.,bcr.jts 6L/n^r., C-" a-gertcl^ a-t
t {x iF fhe- rcrdtus is recloc--d b.1 Zx
FL'.e hec,'.rts h, circr-r"\c^!, € !hro5l-o,if il-t
\. A HniS lot"oc] <t"entusltl fnvsd- pdts-s
lh'rouq *he sr,.--\lesf .rF b\ood
r.iesEe-\S [fhe- cr^4t\lor''es\.
\g,t-f cr,.pi\crg: Garn in clic'rw+c.r, /e.ngd-h= lrnr-, , Gu3 spe.ect od bloocl SloW: -lS
q,. 6shms.Fe fhe bok^ nurnber o( capilkuies in $fie- 'krh1
b.Eshirrrc"he ++" +DFc^] surfue<- c\,rec oQ al'I I'he. ec-'-prllc+rt'eS.
aThe Vcllume tlo* rc-,"|€ *trrouqh a &rpiltc'ries mruf e1'"r.J *'loe vctlurne
pJoL"J
rate lauirut ,ffi*
a. A = sEor.Ht*ffi = s'*r.ljt
*7s '
o"o* = firz
' 'r l
. A,.,r*t = 1} =
8x tcis % ,= o, oot rn2 = n (3xto-n)?
v uJo..--|" N =ffi = o,ootrnz
le,
A= Cirournfirencr. X te-ngHn Ar,,rt.,ce= [J.A f(3 rrtikr"'1'
= 2 rt r.-L =(3xlo'Xero-t^9 lt)= 3 r\ol
,
ft=zw(3rto-!',.'1(o.g0lm) Ase.$c^a€-^= Gornz
'Lhr!c^ p ok' crr8'l\orlcs
n - - .- -Eng-F"uJ*ff""-="^1
J**-r. arect o( c*g t4u &^4)lkLrte.sA = Zrlo
-r
use {'t e A'S s pe=d oG {de &l,rrd
b, v* Q*
Ll"'c"rr Fhe sg..-d ins\e lhe-
o. Q :AV" : le! : <>.5 '/s
AY 2ag
=*iL-
= s.oi!Ei:.1:-
Trr2 tf (o.o o [Lrrn)L
h.>se?
t L= \OOO nnL = \Oi -*,= = :'= n'
Q:5.0 Krd'
m37t
=
€. 2,5 m/s
5
re-t
pc.r\S
c-ontburrt- c,,.ts c-
1>oinbS tn A h,,"bg
At
no $rtc\.rov. W Fhu- wc^\s aQ ifs t-wbe L:p.ea =constg.ntJ
Vtsc-osill So l-hs,V {'{re- specd o{- fhe- 9\uic is d''ff<rert+
I
Pe,.tz
tr\ofd oa-rht-\e
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.Ve\odt1
is.
R"#
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tcrnr+nrtto tH.
tl t ndu,5,I
6hrec,urnne-
NherE ttre
"po..-Fic-\e oF S\utctu underSor'n3
arrc k{o r.rxrbe.:r- iS tt'\ccry\prcssibt<
hnc-r-rlntscr,in ihs ide-vrh c"t iF Plo,.iecJ.
&er.1 Pluid PathcF tlt{ mcdceS
up +4,e alefienl
6eve8 Oh ltSoWn As the Sluri:,{
elemenF rrrsves, ih
Re4"*sen Flutcl l=tow', Sh*^,,v.hne.g &rvc^ trturcJ Ele.nrerrts
.6tfecrrn\l
n g I
The- gc^-Fln or hrcicclr"l Cu\o,-'c-o l,t1 q
ler,r"ir,"r..- Fl<r.^s . 9tc lhc- Ft.r.,- is gftcrcll
*4"e- ht"1 ot"op a& rote'r-c-c cpc-"'\e'^r- Luoutd
c) strec^n lrnes nevcr- e.ross
Shaurr nc.s q.ye 6.\o6er $65p1.kr ct srncrll Volume o€ €luidf--- .--
_louf
itE Votume
3 lmgorlanF PnT..t n*
'F
5Fro,r,,rlrhe-S a. voturn< ecrnhc r'n nn,r*tr.,1 \" l"era61hg con 6dcrnl-
pcrrhutes oT frtutd
'\lc,s
Gr'r ocfucr,( shcqe ooe vo\urn<
t3.Lo : Fhatd D1oc"mtcs
-
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i+ sperds ug. Btc it is crcceJerc+i13,
Vnexe
PtrS\- be a
g"t
-
e\cjnq .'ra 'i\
9 Flq'd eLemert ts poshecl h.rn boHn ercts
Vdq Fhe E.lrroondtn3 Ftutd {*" ?cessure 6r.es)
6et-= F'-Fra-=tp'-?L)A = AAp
flle.r3,'s c! Fnet- on t{.e F\urcj e.\ewrent
1 crrr.rsl\
,?re.S6ure dli+eeref,rce Ap b<_hr.reen f,he L
Pregture Gnadienh
n\.a"
lhe gesSuTe \s chc' Fro* onc poin* in cr. f-t,rrr:l ru <,.r\1"r-
bPfg$:we |?"rrcr.5 61.u ec11;sect iq grc"5€t,rc- qncrcl,te.nb5
[An ldecr F\utd crccalef,e.hes whe-re.ver t\e-re's c^
?re6ser€- qpc.clienv)
Bernsu\i CFQe-ck
',
" ihe
retture
iS hiXher al cl
?oiot
a-\crn3 a eira-mline u)here. t{".. P(ur^cJ rs
fovinS
6lower
,
^
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Veciruri Tobe
ig, Lclwer wh e-re lltz Flur'cj \s Y\crvr\c.r €tslrer
&; [^ u- {,t:,X\strs8:i*?i':.il{:{riaqf"l,iffi..*q
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F lur'cl Elerrrelt: Shcqc- uq c,hsntre
-I-R
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B \c tr= p A
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arrc k{o r.rxrbe.:r- iS tt'\ccry\prcssibt<
hnc-r-rlntscr,in ihs ide-vrh c"t iF Plo,.iecJ.
&er.1 Pluid PathcF tlt{ mcdceS
up +4,e alefienl
6eve8 Oh ltSoWn As the Sluri:,{
elemenF rrrsves, ih
Re4"*sen Flutcl l=tow', Sh*^,,v.hne.g &rvc^ trturcJ Ele.nrerrts
.6tfecrrn\l
n g I
The- gc^-Fln or hrcicclr"l Cu\o,-'c-o l,t1 q
ler,r"ir,"r..- Fl<r.^s . 9tc lhc- Ft.r.,- is gftcrcll
*4"e- ht"1 ot"op a& rote'r-c-c cpc-"'\e'^r- Luoutd
c) strec^n lrnes nevcr- e.ross
Shaurr nc.s q.ye 6.\o6er $65p1.kr ct srncrll Volume o€ €luidf--- .--
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itE Votume
3 lmgorlanF PnT..t n*
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5Fro,r,,rlrhe-S a. voturn< ecrnhc r'n nn,r*tr.,1 \" l"era61hg con 6dcrnl-
pcrrhutes oT frtutd
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g"t
-
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9 Flq'd eLemert ts poshecl h.rn boHn ercts
Vdq Fhe E.lrroondtn3 Ftutd {*" ?cessure 6r.es)
6et-= F'-Fra-=tp'-?L)A = AAp
flle.r3,'s c! Fnet- on t{.e F\urcj e.\ewrent
1 crrr.rsl\
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Pregture Gnadienh
n\.a"
lhe gesSuTe \s chc' Fro* onc poin* in cr. f-t,rrr:l ru <,.r\1"r-
bPfg$:we |?"rrcr.5 61.u ec11;sect iq grc"5€t,rc- qncrcl,te.nb5
[An ldecr F\utd crccalef,e.hes whe-re.ver t\e-re's c^
?re6ser€- qpc.clienv)
Bernsu\i CFQe-ck
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iS hiXher al cl
?oiot
a-\crn3 a eira-mline u)here. t{".. P(ur^cJ rs
fovinS
6lower
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^
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Veciruri Tobe
ig, Lclwer wh e-re lltz Flur'cj \s Y\crvr\c.r €tslrer
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give it ct cerrfrtgefc..l
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bl.
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furcc. F1 clue b p. c$ tti fltrS
to tlne- rr'ght of
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#-.c
atre- clr>ser \OXellr''t*,
(no64- be- L€sS \4^c^rf
the pc.trr,.s cr-l- gli
TL'e pre.s$ulr€- drf,$eren<-r.
kt",<- L €rds p\J6hes cLtr
bl.
Vlrvro".tr l{ne- [ru-rrov^-)
'N.Jcrbt,re,l Ar'r Gn6[h*\
&e fo orEsEure
aFth)p'
- Wod(-Pzv
Volurncr:AzAle
w=tp,-p,)v fHls
\7
/\
AS t-l^e stlsilorn rhov€.$,
t\Nlork. ts ctotre- on its _,/
I rhe- vc-(u*Is .,F u.e
shc^sled cq\'nd<rq eu€
/ ealUc^,{l
bq the- R,,rcc. R
dL'e tc,
i .f"J
*|re sre6srvra F, oF-
r?>
Pr€ssure
l_Lu
,,F1,,.:.1
Fb{dLteft
aF }rattr\
l-hg'$lv,Ll bo{de-teft
4F }'6ttt \
or{t +t"re 6,qStth\, Whilg *worl(
tS d<.,ng otr *tre 3r{Sk-rtr lan t-he
furcc. F1 clue b p. c$ tti fltrS
to tlne- rr'ght of
'1'44e' Slsreetn
. k,=tpV.rrz q"t kr=f;pVur'
AK= l(2*(, =i pr'nf -5. pvr,2
ALI =1.\z--Ldq = pVg.Lla - pVq..l,
ryAF4-
A'AXtG
A Sho"r\- krrne- At tc-te-q he-sqshewr \"c^5
ryr<.,ved \o be !2e-\D€-€tl
ptc.rres b crno c-l
Ptn* pnr"" pg
1==p,
*) pV,'rpt.{,
Bcrnc'otlf b 6c1. rela-h gressor<-lp), spe,ec,l (V)
r a-rd
'A pc.rh'c-\e a\So urrclergoeS c-t crcrelercrh'on t$ il charrges il-s Dtrecl-,zrn ad- mah?*,
fc. preSsurc r'S-Po-rmos t11he,fe +he
- mta-'
.Ihe- c,:irrcl
F
Qttg( a
L\orrrrhs.
hitl -)
Grurrdl lhe reqrirn
Cenhri Pclcr. oucc.eJerakr'av->
oF cr- gturd e..1,<alre-rt+
. {fp op-low ove)( oJt
- 4 F,,?v- A praSSur€ qvaclie.rtb fS
n<€cded |u clcrelerc..fe, t|r-
a.tr er.r^ard tha er.sved t;?ff
Sur&rce cF ,tl"e- *fr\, th"t [{,e
crir ju5f ctboue dAa c*rrh3 rs
l5 hr[hrr l"l^e{r th.e presfure aktttQ., b1 crec"f,'n5 .-'ne3vc'\
Wte;S A ne# r4ocrrc! Surce af pre-s8ureS Crbole orrd
dtL€- r^rrht. This is liPf.
be-\eryr
Bgrnot^\li's Equahon
"The fvioirinq Seqme.vrt of S\*rio\
Sq.ste.,rn &""t4^e
"purpoe
oF
"pd'lin
Enuq,a Akt AU:\d-
word- UonC b1
PreS,Sti?€
ftt'e67
WsWr ttnta
-1b,V-91V
lower
fes6u,re.'tilre d."^,.; h$n,.l-* "* \{re grc.,unc\, trJLrere t-he sdlrqmlin<
eNcrhor8.
Tc-tt,ttron \,
C.trrw<.'cf kr,t-f,{
"-qs
the
-g1Slerrn w]dw5,
Vra\hr L1) 6r en1 Z
foS,3:r'*q5H5D= k{,P'}
-Ai4 a\,t w
porvts (n an ide4l €lqd
& t3.ror
7
pdpe- tis
o F te-
f cr,ocnn
* 1Q6tucl' lhe pip sfee
ble il
"on*Ko-s
Vr tVi
.
*Cncrin'i ele-vc^hiclcr a\so
1 o. o z0."r)
L
Vz-* [t.ZS
mlS
Pr=f5kPc^Fic..kr,.t
p, =
l-?G, 3ooo Pca
p 2 =
"l5
kPq
"
(- 5,r.r B) . (- Iq. b)
, pz =
Ll,
b Z \<Pq -,
LlQ
ZO Pc^ + c,.tsrn
P z-= \o 59Oo Pc,'
i-
clecrecrseS fhe prex6ul-e
trduPq lhe preggssg
pr€ssr,r€- drops b{w
:po'm-S
3 *4 I
P€56ure
'toinoa 1
reErrJn, Phe Pre5S1*'€
.cu
'*es
H"a glj,d t-D
oY't +{lL v scosi}r4 oF llre- Pl,ttd
,
Vtscoeihes oQ
'F\,ric\S
L'l?r,b\e- 13.8)
the-se rellms, c!
Preisure grcrclient
fs neeclc€J stlnpll h> )1c€-p fhe Sturbt rn<rvr\
with qovr.shcrnt- sg..c\
A fiectt FlutVJ feluireg a pres,uyre diFFerenc€.
bt- Fhe- encl5 oF q d\,rbe Qa \ce.e? tl"e $\utcJ
?rcsso''re" di€€rence ne.ecled tD \lF
i
{he F\utd rn.vrhg::
x Pr6poc['crrc"\ Hne c-onSta$F o&
x\qyglse\.a
prog.rtrLn<\
IDA
+b r/a.vg and L
#
1nd L t-./ -,
op:ml#
prriyrftonq\
r^nihS
4*tha'lg,,r
oS vis"^ihj
(!!s
o.po
'nrz
l{"e h.rbe
'ftn \c\e-q, F\urd, t.rrlh\=o) tAilt k 4
f,1ourq trrlo crnl
?rEs€ore.
[email protected]
'A morc vfscr:us C\,lic necd,s cr tcr.rrttll-
h^o c^.b conS|urrt eP<4: The Sfee depencts pre^ssur€ d;$Cerenc-e- b p,rsh i| l-hrroulh
F lur'ol
.\ir (Zo?-)
'Wo,Fer [zo'e)
'Walert {O'c,)
,W &ler (bo.c)
Q
(P"^'s)
I.6 r to-
s
\.0 n ro-
3
0,1x lO-j
-4.
0.5rlO
J
{r'Visccrsi o$ hncrnl quicrs
decrecrees Vg{aY rcrgrdtg ,-'itsh
texnpevcrttr,re {-
'
Nhote bloocl tarz) 2'b'to3
'Hdbrof (-o'c) 3xtos
'f'lohur oi I [{o'c)
o. oJ
'l'tcttr o ttoo'c,)
0, o\
,I'funeq (ra'c) (ooo
'lt>n4 (tto'c) 2o
P5Ll.
. ocl li1^e UPP€I-
PtP€-,_
pt = p.'r pv,t - t p u.t .Pt.1,- pty z V, A,.=VzAz
vz-= *,
u,
' ! p ((5. o"ls)
z-
(
r t, 2 s -l s)
z) r p n. S)(";!'li=.
_(o
. o3o rn)',6.
o q
$lcurs HnrouS Hnre- gipe.-3 6hc*,-vr l2€lcr-.r. Tlte- q-rcrber& spe.cc, {-1"a,-,6h hlre- lri.^'er:
5.0-15 aq\A cr ercsau,r<- gc^*ie rcc.d.s
-15
kPc(. tr:hcr.Ps Hnc- rer-djn1
{)
res sur€-
tc$e
of Hne uP Pe{- Ff P-
?
+hrs
qrcrcliel*
"sge-el uP
7
pdpe- tis
o F te-
f cr,ocnn
* 1Q6tucl' lhe pip sfee
ble il
"on*Ko-s
Vr tVi
.
*Cncrin'i ele-vc^hiclcr a\so
1 o. o z0."r)
L
Vz-* [t.ZS
mlS
Pr=f5kPc^Fic..kr,.t
p, =
l-?G, 3ooo Pca
p 2 =
"l5
kPq
"
(- 5,r.r B) . (- Iq. b)
, pz =
Ll,
b Z \<Pq -,
LlQ
ZO Pc^ + c,.tsrn
P z-= \o 59Oo Pc,'
i-
clecrecrseS fhe prex6ul-e
trduPq lhe preggssg
pr€ssr,r€- drops b{w
:po'm-S
3 *4 I
P€56ure
'toinoa 1
reErrJn, Phe Pre5S1*'€
.cu
'*es
H"a glj,d t-D
oY't +{lL v scosi}r4 oF llre- Pl,ttd
,
Vtscoeihes oQ
'F\,ric\S
L'l?r,b\e- 13.8)
the-se rellms, c!
Preisure grcrclient
fs neeclc€J stlnpll h> )1c€-p fhe Sturbt rn<rvr\
with qovr.shcrnt- sg..c\
A fiectt FlutVJ feluireg a pres,uyre diFFerenc€.
bt- Fhe- encl5 oF q d\,rbe Qa \ce.e? tl"e $\utcJ
?rcsso''re" di€€rence ne.ecled tD \lF
i
{he F\utd rn.vrhg::
x Pr6poc['crrc"\ Hne c-onSta$F o&
x\qyglse\.a
prog.rtrLn<\
IDA
+b r/a.vg and L
#
1nd L t-./ -,
op:ml#
prriyrftonq\
r^nihS
4*tha'lg,,r
oS vis"^ihj
(!!s
o.po
'nrz
l{"e h.rbe
'ftn \c\e-q, F\urd, t.rrlh\=o) tAilt k 4
f,1ourq trrlo crnl
?rEs€ore.
[email protected]
'A morc vfscr:us C\,lic necd,s cr tcr.rrttll-
h^o c^.b conS|urrt eP<4: The Sfee depencts pre^ssur€ d;$Cerenc-e- b p,rsh i| l-hrroulh
F lur'ol
.\ir (Zo?-)
'Wo,Fer [zo'e)
'Walert {O'c,)
,W &ler (bo.c)
Q
(P"^'s)
I.6 r to-
s
\.0 n ro-
3
0,1x lO-j
-4.
0.5rlO
J
{r'Visccrsi o$ hncrnl quicrs
decrecrees Vg{aY rcrgrdtg ,-'itsh
texnpevcrttr,re {-
'
Nhote bloocl tarz) 2'b'to3
'Hdbrof (-o'c) 3xtos
'f'lohur oi I [{o'c)
o. oJ
'l'tcttr o ttoo'c,)
0, o\
,I'funeq (ra'c) (ooo
'lt>n4 (tto'c) 2o
P5Ll.
. ocl li1^e UPP€I-
PtP€-,_
pt = p.'r pv,t - t p u.t .Pt.1,- pty z V, A,.=VzAz
vz-= *,
u,
' ! p ((5. o"ls)
z-
(
r t, 2 s -l s)
z) r p n. S)(";!'li=.
_(o
. o3o rn)',6.
o q
$lcurs HnrouS Hnre- gipe.-3 6hc*,-vr l2€lcr-.r. Tlte- q-rcrber& spe.cc, {-1"a,-,6h hlre- lri.^'er:
5.0-15 aq\A cr ercsau,r<- gc^*ie rcc.d.s
-15
kPc(. tr:hcr.Ps Hnc- rer-djn1
{)
res sur€-
tc$e
of Hne uP Pe{- Ff P-
?
+hrs
qrcrcliel*
"sge-el uP
7
The re\octtr,t
iS ZCn5 on &he
\^rod\S oe the h^be,
C'fxc t*rer o[- Ptuid in contraeF
,^riFh tte hrbe cLlesnrtrvuve
"Cf.c.I)
bq\V,*s
d€Fsi6 tu ioui\d otr
lhe fnsrbi\e r,ro\s .lt o. hu,"b e,
'Uncr-bte- lo c,,hcrra,clerf+e the Ftcl,^, oS cL.
G.rrtrb lcr-r Dt
PorSecri\eb
a) Visco.:s F\,-rid
$1.o*' sgcecl (v)
b t\e pr?ssvr€-
bl.^r llne eno\s oF }te pp
b) lctrea" Fluic.,\
11nq vc.locih{ b ttle
tcxnne <f otl gortnts
ip the tr-b<-
R+ =-o
,9 Z Rt [17, clerr"ose)
- n
ghehoBt3
=
hOtrrur+l o{- qo\.i(- c11.terl dve- Fo hfldp
of plia,iue
aegrsi{S o,t th,e. tht*t?r a,a-l'|, lF or
Sgcltcrn o( an uter7 lr,,s ncrrrvve) b1 Kt.,Lt1,rrhcr,\-'l. t1^us+ +he b\ed
Pre.Eaura
e\i[ffererce-
bl"r lhe riCr,rronrecJ \ech'cnE increuSe b trcE b\a"d flo*,13 a^+ \{re
$AE=L8
q L.Q),/"
rnust tffir.n uncvurrcld i$ dhe- arlertl
Fo oleJi.r.r lhe trrrne F\o.o rcrhe- APs=
Ki;
aPi
"=/,]:;\q
^P;
=H:;^'ap. =6ft7'a'Pr#
g \
R,' Api= \Lc' aP+
(i"l
q
ek
(onze)r
" r;
tt,trbLt,ki
5q*crhbn
\k- decrccegeS a1urrrr
kr.tcn,
t-l&<- Cgc.:lgf,-
!
: veloc-r'lr,r
rrrcrx f6ptlag"^-5
c-crtter 4
kuloe-,
L^Je ccu"r 5,ht cle-$t'ne the Av€rc/"(de
vrEcor.rS \iluicl b . SinXte
P\".o specA.
I Direcl-\.l progorbrqncr\
cltPTcrer'.-- tAP)vou3= S*'Ap
f\o\J. rc^be A=tf $." o.{ \o\ecr F\*.ir<r Q=vA
t3uSF re-p\cr.c-e- V r.^:ith |\e- c^^.3 6f"-..1 Voul r uSiS h= TrR? Sor .^ circorcxr- \o!r
()
=
{qvg A = #*'fifilil'';,3; T',;-TJ,l'"in
\crgfh L.
r Ver^,{ $bronq
QroporhonoJ
cl<4err1e.nc-e crF lhe S\".,s oyr t4-',e *abet €ec,l,Vs
't$ pu doubte. tfre- fuberts rcrrJ(ut , l-he
g\<1,^r
rE^*e- ,^r'll rhcrer^se b7 q.
f"o*..,.,t_ f=lG.
c-.rngfo<_f
[.Flo.^, rc,-l-e o\egencl3 on the- qg'ec oF VV,e tt U<, c-r.:neV1 rS
tro1orsron<-\
.I
qiuH"
| -
h" \Zt
;
L*y tqUes ccrrrl rnore- S\.^.r'cl,
K dqerUen.i L. (V^u 61ysr.at€- tpece lvnvg) is \cuc1.cr
-int
\c,-rqer t
^be-
bte t\e. <rrrter
oF Fhe h-:L1 u)tlue l1.e &b- ,'s
,&sF.s+, r'5' fr^-H.-+. Fto,n 1-he--"c1rct3"
Corcepfur-r,( exer-be-cl bq H.re '..r€.1\, Ava-c.ge Speecl iS e"\go grogochtru.^, b,J'R?
ts
Ag+
"
l.Lt APi X Presstrre ai9$crence rnosf tncrtc.rse-
b1
L{07,
to rnc.ltvtcu'q the- Plo.*-r
The re\octtr,t
iS ZCn5 on &he
\^rod\S oe the h^be,
C'fxc t*rer o[- Ptuid in contraeF
,^riFh tte hrbe cLlesnrtrvuve
"Cf.c.I)
bq\V,*s
d€Fsi6 tu ioui\d otr
lhe fnsrbi\e r,ro\s .lt o. hu,"b e,
'Uncr-bte- lo c,,hcrra,clerf+e the Ftcl,^, oS cL.
G.rrtrb lcr-r Dt
PorSecri\eb
a) Visco.:s F\,-rid
$1.o*' sgcecl (v)
b t\e pr?ssvr€-
bl.^r llne eno\s oF }te pp
b) lctrea" Fluic.,\
11nq vc.locih{ b ttle
tcxnne <f otl gortnts
ip the tr-b<-
R+ =-o
,9 Z Rt [17, clerr"ose)
- n
ghehoBt3
=
hOtrrur+l o{- qo\.i(- c11.terl dve- Fo hfldp
of plia,iue
aegrsi{S o,t th,e. tht*t?r a,a-l'|, lF or
Sgcltcrn o( an uter7 lr,,s ncrrrvve) b1 Kt.,Lt1,rrhcr,\-'l. t1^us+ +he b\ed
Pre.Eaura
e\i[ffererce-
bl"r lhe riCr,rronrecJ \ech'cnE increuSe b trcE b\a"d flo*,13 a^+ \{re
$AE=L8
q L.Q),/"
rnust tffir.n uncvurrcld i$ dhe- arlertl
Fo oleJi.r.r lhe trrrne F\o.o rcrhe- APs=
Ki;
aPi
"=/,]:;\q
^P;
=H:;^'ap. =6ft7'a'Pr#
g \
R,' Api= \Lc' aP+
(i"l
q
ek
(onze)r
" r;
tt,trbLt,ki
5q*crhbn
\k- decrccegeS a1urrrr
kr.tcn,
t-l&<- Cgc.:lgf,-
!
: veloc-r'lr,r
rrrcrx f6ptlag"^-5
c-crtter 4
kuloe-,
L^Je ccu"r 5,ht cle-$t'ne the Av€rc/"(de
vrEcor.rS \iluicl b . SinXte
P\".o specA.
I Direcl-\.l progorbrqncr\
cltPTcrer'.-- tAP)vou3= S*'Ap
f\o\J. rc^be A=tf $." o.{ \o\ecr F\*.ir<r Q=vA
t3uSF re-p\cr.c-e- V r.^:ith |\e- c^^.3 6f"-..1 Voul r uSiS h= TrR? Sor .^ circorcxr- \o!r
()
=
{qvg A = #*'fifilil'';,3; T',;-TJ,l'"in
\crgfh L.
r Ver^,{ $bronq
QroporhonoJ
cl<4err1e.nc-e crF lhe S\".,s oyr t4-',e *abet €ec,l,Vs
't$ pu doubte. tfre- fuberts rcrrJ(ut , l-he
g\<1,^r
rE^*e- ,^r'll rhcrer^se b7 q.
f"o*..,.,t_ f=lG.
c-.rngfo<_f
[.Flo.^, rc,-l-e o\egencl3 on the- qg'ec oF VV,e tt U<, c-r.:neV1 rS
tro1orsron<-\
.I
qiuH"
| -
h" \Zt
;
L*y tqUes ccrrrl rnore- S\.^.r'cl,
K dqerUen.i L. (V^u 61ysr.at€- tpece lvnvg) is \cuc1.cr
-int
\c,-rqer t
^be-
bte t\e. <rrrter
oF Fhe h-:L1 u)tlue l1.e &b- ,'s
,&sF.s+, r'5' fr^-H.-+. Fto,n 1-he--"c1rct3"
Corcepfur-r,( exer-be-cl bq H.re '..r€.1\, Ava-c.ge Speecl iS e"\go grogochtru.^, b,J'R?
ts
Ag+
"
l.Lt APi X Presstrre ai9$crence rnosf tncrtc.rse-
b1
L{07,
to rnc.ltvtcu'q the- Plo.*-r
7
{ti.tt,
ceilcrr,fc-r,k *he gre.s6w. l!"apu l-^ ont e.t'ol
VotumePlour rc,*\e of b\<pcl leavl'n3 l{re hec^rF lo circc.,\s.,le- *h."r5h }he bodl c 5L/rrt;n 6ro,19*&{1
5L/" tn- Kxlo-s
miA
N=3rtot<resiltc*ies !""tttt'
l*,i , a.yg*p*l o[-brc=q[ .Fl*3o**
Q*p= fu=r*. -
g*lti'*7s
=2.1*
tJ'-'%
!""tttt'
lrnm , ayg epeect oFbt.=c[ .Fl.o=
C,{ia-rtreter= 6*i fh
Il= 3.0'r,,10-um
L *'nls,
1..\ 3"toi
AP= 6rl.L'Qfe
TI-RY
oP'-8 x lo-3
Tr
(
3.clxro
em)'l
Pc^
2\ooFy lg:+#fi't,
x@_nrlof-ES-= \5.:;L
IPBxrdpq qg.r
s'
= lb rv*ma ,S\q
'Ihe c*5 btoc,.a pre6sur<. prr:vrD\ccl la1 H^.e h€c^rl (or3?I,16tac- c.r.d
AJooLJl \0o tnnrl oS'
\.
P.c"*,r'- hc.S de-<ra'6eA +.5 35 rn-n
enfers t-he nc,rti\c.x-ie Qld t exft5 &r*, uqillqyte-S i rrlz
Th.ts the, ?rcssuv€-
dr.c? cucross {'tre. a^qi\ancs it
cl,brE\'r5 gtE€6"".) ts
b.1 *de Hbae b).F,"t
d^e-
qteths
a,v 11 nrn.
rv", oF
b
Ab - Zl 22, Otub
AP = z\oo
{ti.tt,
ceilcrr,fc-r,k *he gre.s6w. l!"apu l-^ ont e.t'ol
VotumePlour rc,*\e of b\<pcl leavl'n3 l{re hec^rF lo circc.,\s.,le- *h."r5h }he bodl c 5L/rrt;n 6ro,19*&{1
5L/" tn- Kxlo-s
miA
N=3rtot<resiltc*ies !""tttt'
l*,i , a.yg*p*l o[-brc=q[ .Fl*3o**
Q*p= fu=r*. -
g*lti'*7s
=2.1*
tJ'-'%
!""tttt'
lrnm , ayg epeect oFbt.=c[ .Fl.o=
C,{ia-rtreter= 6*i fh
Il= 3.0'r,,10-um
L *'nls,
1..\ 3"toi
AP= 6rl.L'Qfe
TI-RY
oP'-8 x lo-3
Tr
(
3.clxro
em)'l
Pc^
2\ooFy lg:+#fi't,
x@_nrlof-ES-= \5.:;L
IPBxrdpq qg.r
s'
= lb rv*ma ,S\q
'Ihe c*5 btoc,.a pre6sur<. prr:vrD\ccl la1 H^.e h€c^rl (or3?I,16tac- c.r.d
AJooLJl \0o tnnrl oS'
\.
P.c"*,r'- hc.S de-<ra'6eA +.5 35 rn-n
enfers t-he nc,rti\c.x-ie Qld t exft5 &r*, uqillqyte-S i rrlz
Th.ts the, ?rcssuv€-
dr.c? cucross {'tre. a^qi\ancs it
cl,brE\'r5 gtE€6"".) ts
b.1 *de Hbae b).F,"t
d^e-
qteths
a,v 11 nrn.
rv", oF
b
Ab - Zl 22, Otub
AP = z\oo
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