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Jahaababahahsh

1. ‭Assignment‬
‭veterinary‬‭Physiology‬

2. ‭OVARIAN‬‭HORMONE-‬‭OESTROGEN‬‭&‬
‭PROGESTERONE‬
‭INTRODUCTION‬
‭•‬‭Ovary‬‭is‬‭the‬‭primary‬‭female‬‭sex‬‭organ‬‭that‬‭produces‬‭two‬
‭main‬‭steroid‬‭hormones.‬
‭•‬‭Estradiol‬‭-‬‭Steroid‬
‭•‬‭Progesterone-‬‭Steroid‬
‭•‬‭Androgen-Steroid‬
‭•‬‭Relaxin-‬‭Protein‬
‭•‬‭These‬‭hormones‬‭exert‬‭their‬‭action‬‭on‬‭the‬‭female‬‭genital‬
‭tract‬‭and‬‭mammary‬‭gland.‬

3. ‭•‬‭Note-‬‭Progesterone‬‭&‬‭Relaxin‬‭is‬‭only‬‭found‬‭in‬‭female.‬
‭OESTROGEN‬
‭•‬‭The‬‭estrogens‬‭are‬‭steroidal‬‭hormones‬‭synthesised‬‭from‬
‭cholesterol‬‭and‬‭produced‬‭primarily‬‭by‬‭the‬‭ovaries,‬‭placenta‬‭and‬
‭corpus‬‭luteum.‬
‭•‬‭The‬‭estrogens‬‭are‬‭metabolised‬‭by‬‭the‬‭liver‬‭and‬‭excreted‬‭in‬
‭the‬‭bile,‬‭faeces,‬‭and‬‭the‬‭urine‬‭(horses‬‭and‬‭ruminants).‬
‭•‬‭Progesterone‬‭decreases‬‭the‬‭effects‬‭of‬‭the‬‭oestrogen‬‭and‬‭FSH‬
‭and‬‭LH‬‭may‬‭be‬‭involved‬‭in‬‭oestrogen‬‭secretion.‬

4. ‭SOURCES‬‭OF‬‭OESTROGEN‬
‭•‬‭Granulosa‬‭cells‬‭of‬‭ovarian‬‭follicle,‬‭placenta,‬‭and‬‭corpus‬
‭luteum.‬
‭Adrenal‬‭cortex‬‭also‬‭produces‬‭oestrogen.‬

5. ‭FUNCTIONS‬‭OF‬‭OESTROGEN‬
‭•‬‭Maturation‬‭growth‬‭and‬‭development‬‭of‬‭the‬‭reproductive‬
‭organs.‬
‭•‬‭Stimulation‬‭of‬‭normal‬‭physiological‬‭processes‬‭of‬‭the‬‭tubular‬
‭reproductive‬‭tract.‬
‭•‬‭Growth‬‭of‬‭the‬‭uterine‬‭muscle‬
‭•‬‭Development‬‭of‬‭the‬‭endometrial‬‭lining‬‭of‬‭the‬‭uterus‬
‭•‬‭Increase‬‭the‬‭vascularity‬‭of‬‭the‬‭uterus‬
‭•‬‭Induction‬‭of‬‭behavioural‬‭estrus‬
‭•‬‭Dilation‬‭of‬‭the‬‭cervix,‬‭liquefaction‬‭of‬‭mucous‬‭plug.‬
‭•‬‭Under‬‭the‬‭influence‬‭of‬‭the‬‭estrogens‬‭the‬‭uterus‬‭is‬‭less‬
‭susceptible‬‭to‬‭infection.‬

6. ‭•‬‭It‬‭aids‬‭in‬‭sperm‬‭transport‬‭by‬‭increasing‬‭the‬‭Myometrial‬
‭contractions.‬
‭•‬‭The‬‭estrogens‬‭inhibit‬‭the‬‭secretion‬‭of‬‭FSH‬‭and‬‭LH‬‭via‬‭a‬
‭negative‬‭feedback‬‭mechanism‬
‭•‬‭The‬‭estrogens‬‭are‬‭involved‬‭in‬‭the‬‭regression‬‭of‬‭the‬‭corpus‬
‭luteum.‬
‭•‬‭Oestrogen‬‭priming‬‭promotes‬‭the‬‭growth‬‭of‬‭the‬‭endometrial‬
‭glands.‬
‭•‬‭Necessary‬‭for‬‭maintenance‬‭of‬‭zygote‬‭and‬‭helps‬‭implantation‬
‭of‬‭zygote.‬
‭At‬‭the‬‭time‬‭of‬‭parturition,‬‭it‬‭sensitises‬‭the‬‭pregnant‬‭uterus‬‭to‬
‭oxytocin,‬‭thus‬‭aid‬‭the‬‭uterine‬‭contraction‬‭along‬‭with‬‭oxytocin‬
‭and‬‭PGF2α‬‭for‬‭the‬‭expulsion‬‭of‬‭the‬‭fetus.‬

7. ‭•‬‭Oestrogen‬‭increases‬‭the‬‭rate‬‭of‬‭migration‬‭of‬‭leukocytes‬‭into‬
‭the‬‭uterine‬‭lumen,‬‭and‬‭thus‬‭increases‬‭the‬‭bactericidal‬‭activity‬‭of‬
‭the‬‭uterus‬‭during‬‭estrum.‬
‭•‬‭Oestrogen‬‭priming‬‭promotes‬‭the‬‭growth‬‭of‬‭the‬‭endometrial‬
‭glands.‬‭Necessary‬‭for‬‭maintenance‬‭of‬‭zygote‬‭and‬‭helps‬
‭implantation‬‭of‬‭zygote.‬
‭•‬‭Regulates‬‭the‬‭release‬‭of‬‭FSH‬‭and‬‭LH‬‭from‬‭the‬‭anterior‬
‭pituitary‬‭by‬‭its‬‭feedback‬‭mechanism.‬

8. ‭Secondary‬‭sexual‬‭characters‬
‭•‬‭Estradiol‬‭is‬‭responsible‬‭for‬‭the‬‭secondary‬‭sex‬‭characteristic‬‭of‬
‭the‬‭female‬
‭•‬‭It‬‭causes‬‭the‬‭growth‬‭of‬‭the‬‭duct‬‭system‬‭of‬‭the‬‭mammary‬
‭gland‬
‭•‬‭They‬‭are‬‭required‬‭for‬‭the‬‭development‬‭of‬‭the‬‭secondary‬‭sex‬
‭characteristics‬‭of‬‭the‬‭female.‬
‭EFFECTS‬‭OF‬‭OESTROGEN‬‭ON‬‭REPRODUCTIVE‬‭TRACTS‬
‭•‬‭VAGINA-‬‭slight‬‭mucous‬‭secretion,‬‭hyperemia,‬‭oedema‬
‭•‬‭CERVIX‬‭–‬‭Relaxation,‬‭Liquefaction‬‭of‬‭mucous‬‭plug‬
‭•‬‭UTERUS-‬‭Stimulates‬‭uterine‬‭gland‬‭development,‬‭sensitization‬
‭of‬‭the‬‭endometrium‬‭to‬‭oxytocin,‬‭immune‬‭activation‬‭(local),‬
‭leukocyte‬‭infiltration,‬‭secretion‬‭of‬‭the‬‭PGF2alpha‬‭and‬‭PGE2‬

9. ‭•‬‭FALLOPIAN‬‭TUBE-Increased‬‭motility‬‭&‬‭cilia‬‭activity‬
‭•‬‭MAMMARY‬‭GLAND-‬‭Stimulates‬‭mammary‬‭duct‬‭development‬
‭•‬‭CORPUS‬‭LUTEUM-‬‭Luteolytic‬‭(bovine‬‭&‬‭ovine)‬‭but‬
‭leucotropin‬‭(equine‬‭and‬‭porcine)‬

10. ‭PROGESTERONE‬
‭These‬‭include‬‭the‬‭naturally‬‭occurring‬‭steroid‬‭progesterone‬
‭which‬‭is‬‭synthesised‬‭from‬‭cholesterol‬‭and‬‭produced‬‭by‬‭the‬
‭corpus‬‭luteum‬‭(main‬‭source),‬‭placenta‬‭(especially‬‭of‬‭the‬‭ewe‬
‭and‬‭mare‬‭after‬‭the‬‭first‬‭1/3‬‭and‬‭1/2‬‭of‬‭gestation‬‭respectively),‬
‭the‬‭adrenal‬‭gland‬‭and‬‭the‬‭testes,‬‭as‬‭well‬‭as‬‭a‬‭number‬‭of‬
‭synthetic‬‭progesterone‬‭which‬‭are‬‭much‬‭more‬‭potent‬‭and‬‭have‬
‭a‬‭longer‬‭half-life‬‭than‬‭progesterone.‬
‭SOURCES‬
‭•‬‭Luteal‬‭cells‬‭of‬‭corpus‬‭luteum‬
‭•‬‭Also‬‭produced‬‭from‬‭adrenal‬‭cortex‬‭and‬‭placenta.‬

11. ‭Functions‬‭of‬‭progestrone‬‭-‬
‭•‬‭Progesterone‬‭causes‬‭growth‬‭of‬‭the‬‭glandular‬‭system‬‭of‬‭the‬
‭endometrium‬‭of‬‭the‬‭uterus,‬‭and‬‭the‬‭secretions‬‭from‬‭the‬
‭endometrial‬‭glands‬‭(uterine‬‭milk)‬‭for‬‭the‬‭nutrition‬‭of‬‭the‬‭ovum‬
‭and‬‭the‬‭attachment‬‭of‬‭the‬‭embryo.‬
‭•‬‭Progesterone‬‭plays‬‭a‬‭role‬‭in‬‭the‬‭maintenance‬‭of‬‭pregnancy‬
‭(and‬‭pseudopregnancy)‬‭by‬‭providing‬‭a‬‭favourable‬‭environment‬
‭for‬‭survival‬‭of‬‭the‬‭embryo.‬
‭•‬‭Progesterone‬‭causes‬‭growth‬‭of‬‭the‬‭alveolar‬‭system‬‭of‬‭the‬
‭mammary‬‭gland.‬
‭•‬‭Progesterone‬‭inhibits‬‭the‬‭smooth‬‭muscle‬‭activity‬‭of‬‭the‬‭uterus,‬
‭renders‬‭it‬‭less‬‭sensitive‬‭to‬‭oxytocin.‬
‭•‬‭Target‬‭tissues‬‭are‬‭relatively‬‭insensitive‬‭to‬‭progesterone‬
‭unless‬‭primed‬‭by‬‭oestrogen‬‭-‬‭At‬‭low‬‭levels‬‭progesterone‬‭acts‬
‭with‬‭oestrogen‬‭to‬‭stimulate‬‭ovulation‬‭by‬‭promoting‬‭LH‬‭release.‬

12. ‭•‬‭At‬‭high‬‭levels‬‭progesterone‬‭inhibits‬‭the‬‭secretion‬‭of‬‭FSH‬‭and‬
‭LH‬‭via‬‭a‬‭negative‬‭feedback‬‭and‬‭thus‬‭also‬‭prevents‬‭the‬
‭ovulation‬‭of‬‭follicles‬‭during‬‭the‬‭luteal‬‭phase‬‭and‬‭during‬
‭pregnancy.‬
‭•‬‭Progesterone‬‭increases‬‭the‬‭efficiency‬‭of‬‭nutrient‬‭utilisation.‬
‭EFFECTS‬‭ON‬‭REPRODUCTIVE‬‭ORGANS‬‭-‬
‭•‬‭Vagina-‬‭slight‬‭mucous‬‭secretion,‬‭paleness,‬‭exfoliation‬
‭•‬‭Cervix-‬‭Closure,‬‭formation‬‭of‬‭mucous‬‭plug‬
‭•‬‭Uterus-‬‭stimulates‬‭uterine‬‭gland‬‭secretions,‬‭sensitization‬‭of‬
‭endometrium‬‭to‬‭oxytocin,‬‭decreases‬‭uterine‬‭motility,‬‭inhibition‬
‭of‬‭PGF2‬‭alpha‬‭&‬‭PGE2.‬
‭•‬‭Fallopian‬‭tube-‬‭increased‬‭secretion‬‭,‬‭decreased‬‭motility‬
‭•‬‭Mammary‬‭gland‬‭–‬‭Stimulates‬‭lobulo-alveolar‬‭development‬