Physiography of India Rapanwad S. R..pptx

Physiography of India Rapanwad.pptx

1. Physiography of I ndia Dr. Rapanwad S. R. Late. Bhimrao Chavan Art’s Science College Chavanwadi ( Barhali ) Tq . Mukhed Dist. Nanded Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

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3. The phyisiographic divisions of I ndia The great mountain ranges The great plains The plateaus The rivers Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

4. The mountains The mountains of India can be classified as; The Himalayas The S atpudas The V indhyas The Eastern G hats The Western G hats or S ahyadri Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

5. The mighty Himalayas Stretching ;East to West for more than 2,500 km , and South to North 250 km to 400 km. The highest mountain range in the world, is an example of a continent-to-continent collision i.e. India and Eurasia, driven by tectonic plate movement, collided. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

6. The mighty Himalayas The pressure of the colliding plates could only be relieved by thrusting skyward. Therefore folding, bending, and twisting of the collision zone formed the jagged Himalayan peaks. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

7. Divisions of the Himalayan ranges Shiwalik range The middle or the lesser Himalayas The greater Himalayas Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

8. The Shiwaliks These have been folded, faulted and indurated by the earth movement from the middle Miocene to the lower Pleistocene, that means the Shiwaliks were formed last of all ranges. Its altitude varies from 600 to 1500 mts . The doons are prominent feature of this range e.g. Dehradun Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

9. The middle or the lesser Himalayas It is between shiwaliks and the greater Himalayas, and almost runs parallel. The elevation level is varying from 3500 to 4500 above MSL. Important ranges include Pir Panjal, Dhola Dhar, Mussoorie range, Nag Tibba. The passes of P ir P anjal are prominent, the B anihal pass is used by Jammu Srinagar highway. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

10. The greater Himalayas Known for the tallest peaks of the world. Average elevation of above 6100 m above sea level. Mainly formed of crystallines (granite and gneisses) overlain by metamorphosed sediments. The highest peak is mt . everest 8,850 m above sea level, its elevation is increasing every year, by 61 cm (approx.) The Kanchenjunga is highest in Indian territory other important peaks are Makalu, dhaulagiri , Nanga parbat , Anapurna . Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

11. The eastern hills or purvanchal E xtending from Arunachal P radesh in north to Mizoram in the south, form India’s boundary with Myanmar. Elevation varies from 2000m to 3000m. Patkai bum, Naga hill form the watershed between India and Myanmar. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

12. The A ravali Aravali Range is the oldest mountain range in India. The Aravalli Range is the eroded stub of a range of ancient folded mountains . The highest peak in this range is Guru Shikhar at Mount Abu. Stretching for approximately 300 miles over Rajasthan, these ranges save the cities of Rajasthan from the severe deserts . The range joins two of the ancient segments that make up the Indian  craton , the  Marwar  segment to the northwest of the range, and the Bundelkhand segment to the southeast. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

13. The Himalayan tectonics The fault lines near the  Himalayas named 'Chandigarh fault' and ' Pinjore fault line‘. It is because these fault lines are active that Chandigarh is prone to tremors . Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

14. The Vindhyas Vindhya Range is a very old mountain range in central India . It extends in east-west direction from Varanasi through Madhya Pradesh to Gujrat . The Vindhya geographically separates the Northern India from the Southern India. Vindhya Range is parallel to Satpura Ranges. The southern slopes of the range are drained by the Holy Narmada River. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

15. satpura The Satpura Range is a mountain range that extends across Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. The Satpura Range was formerly heavily forested. These forests provide habitat for some of India’s remaining large mammals, including The Royal Bengal Tiger, gaur, bear and blackbuck . The highest peak of Satpura is Dhupgarh . Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

16. Western Ghats or Sahyadri The range starts near the border of Gujarat and ending at Kanyakumari . About sixty percent of the Western Ghats are located in the state of Karnataka Pune is the largest city within this mountain range in Maharashtra Anai Mudi in the Anaimalai Hills in Kerala is the highest peak in the Western Ghats The escarpment of the Western Ghats probably formed during the Gondwana supercontinent break-up and is the faulted edge of the Deccan Plateau. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

17. The eastern ghats Starting at West Bengal, Eastern Ghats pass through states like Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. These Ghats are ripped through by rivers like Godawari , Mahanadi,  krishna  and Kaveri , the four major rivers of South India.  The Nilgiri hills “The Blue Mountains” in Tamil Nadu lies at the junction of the Eastern and Western Ghats . The Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB), which occurs along the east coast of India, has been subjected to Proterozoic collisional processes ( Chetty and Murthy, 1994). Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

18. PHYSIOGRAPHY : Physiographical divisions of India: -“ The Plains ” Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

19. The Mountain Front The Plains The Plateau The Rivers Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

20. “The Indo-Gangetic Plain” Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

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22. The northern plain has been formed by the interplay of the three major river systems, namely– the Indus , the Ganga and the Brahmaputra along with their tributaries. This plain is formed of alluvial soil. The deposition of alluvium in a vast basin lying at the foothills of the Himalaya over millions of years formed this fertile plain. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

23. Some facts about the Indo-Gangetic Plain: It spreads over an area of 7.8 lakh sq. km. The plain being about 2400 Km long and 240 to 320 Km broad, is a densely populated physiographic division. It is widest in the west where it stretches up to 500 km. Its width decreases in the east. agriculturally a very productive. Spreaded over with distributaries. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

24. 3 Sections of the Northern Plains--- The Punjab Plains The Ganga Plains The Brahmaputra Plains Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

25. Evolution of the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the huge sediment deposits Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

26. Filling up of a deep depression lying between the Peninsular and Himalayan region due to the depositional works of the rivers coming from these two land masses as stated by Plate Tectonic Theory Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

27. Geomorphology of the Plains:- Bhabar Tarai Bhangar Khadar Reh Khallar Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

28. Regional divisions of the Great Plains Of India: The Rajasthan Plains The Punjab-Haryana Plains The Ganga Plains The Brahmaputra Plains Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

29. The Rajasthan Plains 1.) Western extreme is the Thar Desert. 2.) 650 km long and 250-300 km wide. Total area being 2 lakh, 1.75 lakh lies in India. 3. ) partly rocky and partly sandy. In ancient time Saraswati and Drishadwati flown through this region.it include fertile regions of Bikaner. River Luni flows through this region and empties in Runn of Katchch . Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

30. The Punjab-Haryana Plain The entire plain extends for a length of 600 km. the eastern boundary of the Haryana is Yamuna river. part of plain that formed due to the result of alluvial deposits of the river; the Satluj, the Beas, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Jhelum; is known as Punjab Plain. It is primarily made of doab . The Bist-Jalandhar Doab —Beas & Satluj The Bari Doab —Beas & Ravi The Rechna Doab—ravi & Chenab The Chaj Doab —Chenab & Jhelum The Sind Sagar Doab —Jhelum-Chenab & Indus Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

31. The Ganga Plains Upper Ganga Plains Middle Ganga Plain Lower Ganga Plain Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

32. The Upper Ganga Plains lie between the Yamuna River in the west and 100 m contour in the east covering parts of Uttar Pradesh. One important tributary of the Ganga namely, the Ramganga joins in this region while several other rivers, such as the Ghaghra , the Sharda , and the Gomati, drain the plains. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

33. The Middle Ganga Plains covers the Bihar plains and eastern Uttar Pradesh lying on either side of the Ganga River. Several major drainage lines, namely the Ghaghra , the Gandak and the Kosi , join the northern bank of the Ganga whereas the Son joins from the south. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

34. The Lower Ganga Plain or the Bengal basin is covered by fluvio-deltaic deposits formed by the Ganga and the Brahmaputra rivers. After draining through the alluvial plains of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, the Ganga River enters the lower plains area and finally meets the sea in the Bay of Bengal. The Brahmaputra River joins the Ganga from the northeast, and together they have built the largest delta in the world Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

35. The Brahmaputra Plains Eastern continuation of the Gangetic Plain, it is well demarcated by its own physical unit girdled by the Eastern Himalayas of Arunachal Pradesh on one side and borders of the indo Gangetic plains of Bangladesh on other side. The entire plain covers an area of 56 thousand km. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

36. “Coastal Plains of India” Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

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38. Coastal plains are consider as the secondary plains which are divided into: EASTERN COASTAL PLAINS & WESTERN COASTAL PLAINS Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

39. The Eastern Coastal Plains —between the eastern ghats and eastern coast lies Eastern Coastal Plains extending from Subernarekha along West Bengal-Orissa to Kanniyakumari . Major part of the plain is formed due to the result of the alluvial filling of the littoral zone by the rivers. It is 120 k wide with 36 deltas in between. Depending upon physiographic variation, the entire plain is divided into here regions; :- The Utkal Plains, The Andhra Plains and The Tamil Nadu Plains. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

40. Western Coastal Plain Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

41. The Western Coastal Plains — streatching from Run Of Kutchch in the North to Kanyakumari in the South, narrow western plains are found with an average width of 65 km. depending upon the physiography and structure it is divided into; :- The Kutchch Peninsula, The Kathiawar Peninsula, The Gujarat Plain, The Konkan Plain and The Karnataka coastal Plain. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

42. Significance of Plains Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

43. An overview of agricultural land Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

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45. GREAT INDIAN PENINSULAR PLATEAU Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

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47. •It is the largest of India’s physical divisions. •Narmada rift valley divides the peninsular plateau into 2 parts – Malwa plateau & Deccan Plateau •Malwa plateau is bounded by Aravalli hills in the north west & Vindhya mountains in the south •Central India – valleys of Narmada & Tapti rivers •Vindhya and Satpura ranges separate Deccan Plateau from North India Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

48. History of the Deccan Traps - The Deccan Traps were created between 60 and 68 million years back, at the close of the Cretaceous era.. -The actual territory encompassed by lava flows is calculated to have been as big as 1.5 million km ² , which is about 50% of the dimension of contemporary India. - The Deccan Traps area was diminished to its present volume as a result of tectonic movements and wearing away. Now, the existing zone of openly visible lava flows is approximately 197,684 sq miles or 512,000 km2. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

49. Deccan Plateau : Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

50. Rajmahal hills Eastern Ghats Western Ghats Satpura Range Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

51. oldest land masses of the world & is formed of hard rocks •Total area of both plateaus – 7,05,000 sq. km. •Triangular shape •Malwa plateau slopes towards Gangetic Plain. •Highest peak on the Aravallis is Mt. Guru Shikhar. •Mt. Abu – famous hill station on Aravallis Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

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54. •Deccan plateau is surrounded by Satpura hills, Mahadeo hills, Maikala range, Amarkanak hills, Rajmahal hills in the north and Western Ghats in the west and the Eastern Ghats in the east. •Eastern & Western Ghats – serve borders to plateau. •These ghats meet each other at Udagamandalam (Ooti) (Nilgiri hills) •Tableland slopes eastwards •Height is great in the west •So rivers originating on Western Ghats flow eastwards. •Include Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery and their tributaries. •Smaller east flowing rivers like the Pennar, Palar and the Tamraparni. •Small west-flowing rivers originating on Western Ghats or Sahyadri and watering the West Coast like Mandovi, Kali, Netravati, Pamba and the Manimala in Kerala. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

55. •Eastern Ghats, bordering the East Coast of India, is cut up by the powerful rivers into discontinuous blocks of mountains. •In its northern parts between the Godavari and Mahanadi rivers it rises to above 1000 metres . Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

56. WESTERN GHATS EASTERN GHATS From river Tapi to Kanyakumary Orisa to nilgiri hill 900 to 1100 m above sea level 600 m above sea level Rang. Width is 50 to 80 km. Rang. Width is 100 to 200 km DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WESTERN GHATS AND EASTERN GHATS Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

57. EASTERN GHATS are not very high and continuous. They are broken Western Ghats are closer to the sea whereas Eastern Ghats are not closer to the sea.There are wider plains in between Eastern ghats and the sea. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

58. IMPORTANCE OF PENINSULAR PLATEAU •Has economic importance because : •Of its rich mineral resources •Many rivers have waterfalls – help in generation of hydro-electric power. •Tourist attraction •Suitable for cotton cultivation •Dense forests are home of many wild animals Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

59. THANK YOU…! Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

60. Characteristics of Indian Rivers Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

61. Indian rivers can be broadly classified into: 1. Himalayan Rivers 2. Central Indian and Rivers of the Deccan region 3. Coastal Rivers 4. Inland rivers Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

62. On the basis of orientation to the sea: 1. Bay of Bengal- 77% Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari, Kaveri etc. 2.Arabian Sea- 23% Narmada, Tapi, Mahi and Western Coastal Rivers. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

63. North Indian Rivers - originate from the Himalayas - perennial - get water from the rainfall as well as the melting of ice - form large basins and Catchment area - flow through deep valleys with steep rock sides - carry huge load of sand and silt - antecedent drainage - form meanders and often shifts in the plains - form big deltas at their mouths Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

64. Rivers of the Deccan region - totally dependant on the monsoons - dry up in summer - almost all of them are non-perennial rivers - have small basins and catchment area - flow in comparatively shallow valleys - have reached maturity - follow more or less straight course - Narmada and Tapi form estuaries, Mahanadi, Godavari forms delta Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

65. West flowing rivers of Sahyadris - about 600 small streams - flow westwards to fall into the Arabian Sea - 3% areal extent but 18% of the countries water resourses - flow steeply down the slope and make waterfalls - e.g. Mandovi , Zauri : Goa Sharavati, Tandri , Netravati : Karnatakka Periyar , Pamba , Pannam : Kerala Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

66. Inland Drainage - Rivers that are not able to reach sea - covers large parts of Rajasthan desert and parts of Aksai Chin in Ladakh - Ghaggar(465 km): the most important river of inland drainage, others are Luni and Sabarmati Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

67. All of India’s major rivers come from three main watersheds : 1. Himalaya and Karakoram Ranges 2. Vindhya and Satpura Ranges 3. Sahyadri or Western Ghats region Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

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69. Indus River System Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

70. Name Source Outflow Information   1. Indus (2900 Km.) Kailash range in Tibet, near Mansarovar lake Arabian Sea Its mountain tributaries are Gilit, Shyok, Shigoo. Its plain tributaries are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Satluj and Beas 2. Jhelum (1,800 Km.) Varinag Arabian Sea Its basin is between Great Himalayas and Pir Panjal Range 3. Chenab (1,800 km.) Kullu Hills Himachal) Arabian Sea It is the largest tributary of Indus. It flows between Great Himalayas and Pir Panjal Range. 4. Ravi (759 km.) Kullu Hills (Himachal) (Pradesh) Arabian Sea   5. Satluj (1050 km) in India Rakas Lake (Tibet) Arabian Sea It is the second largest tributary of Indus River. It enters India through Shipki La 6. Beas (460 km. in India) Kulu hills near the Rohtang pass Araian Sea It joins Satluj near Harike Indus river system and its tributaries Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

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72. The Indus River - is one of the few rivers in the world that has the tidal bore - The Indus River feeds the Indus submarine fan located in the Arabian Sea , which is the second largest sediment body on the Earth at around 5 million cubic kilometres of material eroded from the mountains. - There is also evidence of a steady shift in the course of the river since prehistoric times; it has deviated westwards from flowing into the Rann of Kutch. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

73. cont... - The word "India" is derived from the Indus River. - The major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization , such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro - In the Nanga Parbat region, the massive amounts of erosion due to the Indus river following the capture and rerouting through that area is thought to bring middle and lower crustal rocks to the surface. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

74. Sutlej River is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroad region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan. It is located north of the Vindhya Range, south of the Hindu Kush segment of the Himalayas, and east of the Central Sulaiman Range in Pakistan. - Geologists believe that tectonic activity created elevation changes which redirected the flow of Sutlej from the southeast to the southwest. The mighty Saraswati then began to dry up, causing desertification of Cholistan and the eastern part of the modern state of Sindh . Sutlej River in Kinnaur Valley, Himachal Pradesh Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

75. Cont… - There is some evidence that the high rate of erosion caused by the modern Sutlej River has influenced the local faulting . - The Sutlej river also exposes a doubled inverted metamorphic gradient Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

76. Satellite overview of Indus Basin Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

77. Ganga River System Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

78. Ganga River System and its tributaries Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

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80. Ganga River is a trans-boundary river of India and Bangladesh . - After entering Bangladesh, the main branch of the Ganges is known as the Padma . The Padma is joined by the Jamuna River , the largest distributary of the Brahmaputra Further downstream, the Padma joins the Meghna Rver , the second largest distributary of the Brahmaputra, and takes on the Meghna's name as it enters the Meghna Estuary , which empties into the Bay of Bengal. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

81. cont.. - The Ganges Delta , formed mainly by the large, sediment-laden flows of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, is the world's largest delta, at about 59,000 km 2 (23,000 sq mi). It stretches 322 km (200 mi) along the Bay of Bengal. - Only the Amazon and Conga rivers have a greater average discharge than the combined flow of the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, and the Surma-Meghna river system . In full flood only the Amazon is larger. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

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84. Yamuna River: - There is evidence indicating Yamuna was a tributary of the Ghaggar river, also known as the Vedic Sarasvati River in the ancient past. It changed its course to east following a tectonic event in north India and became a tributary of the Ganges instead. As the it is believed that the Saraswati river dried and it also meant the end of many Indus Valley civilization settlements, and creation of the Thar desert , the Ghaggar-Hakra river. - The  most  sacred rivers of India are Ganga, Yamuna, Godavari, Sarswati , Narmada, Sindhu   and Kaveri, a dip in any of these  rivers washes ones sins away. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

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86. Bhagirathi River at Gangotri Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

87. Bhagirathi (right) meets Alaknanda (left) to form the river Alaknanda at Devprayag Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

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89. Yamuna at Yamunotri Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

90. The Kosi River - Over the last 250 years, the Kosi River has shifted its course over 120 km (75 mi) from east to west.Its unstable nature has been attributed to the heavy silt it carries during the monsoon season. -Below the Siwaliks the river has built up a megafan some 15,000 km 2 (5,800 sq mi) in extent - Its basin contains 6 of the 14 mountains in the world higher than 8,000m (including 5 of the 6 highest). The 6 peaks are Mount Everest , Kangchenjunga , Lhotse , Makalu , Cho Oyu and Shishapangma Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

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92. Cont... - Extensive soil erosion and landslides in its upper catchment have resulted in the silt yield of the Kosi of about 19 m³/ha/year (10  cu yd /acre/yr), one of the highest in the world. (2). - On the plains beyond Chatra , the gradient falls below one metre per km, even to as little as 6 cm per km as the river approaches the Ganges. - Of major tributaries, the Arun with its origins in Tibet brings the greatest amount of coarse silt in proportion to its total sediment load. - The river is able to transport its heavy sediment load down the steep gradients and narrow gorges in the mountains and foothills where the gradient is at least ten metres per km. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

93. Name Source Outflow Infomation Brahmaputra or Tsangpo (2900 Km.) Chemayung - dung Glacier ( Kailash ) Bay of Bengal Its important tributaries are Subansiri , Kameng , Dihang , Dhansiri , Tista , Lohit , Manas and Torsa . Brahmaputra River Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

94. Brahmaputra River The average depth of the river is 124 feet (38 m) and maximum depth is 380 feet (120 m). - The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in spring when the Himalayan snows melt. - It is a classic example of a braided river and is highly susceptible to channel migration and avulsion . - It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibit a tidal bore . It is navigable for most of its length. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

95. Brahmaputra_River_SPOT ‎ Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

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97. Name Source Outflow Infomation Godavari (1,450 Km.) Trimbak Plateau (Near Nasik) Bay of Bengal It is the largest river of Penisular India. Its left bank tributaries are Penganga, Wardha , Indrawati , Wainganga , and Sabri . Their right bank tributary is Manjra. Godavari River Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

98. Godavari satellite view The Mouth of the Godavari river (East) emptying into the Bay of Bengal. Godavari River -Although the river arises only 80 kilometres from the Arabian Sea , it flows 1,465 km to empty into the Bay of Bengal. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

99. Narmada third largest - It is one of only three rivers in peninsular India that runs from east to west - the others being the Tapi and the Mahi River . - It is the only river in India that flows in a rift valley flowing west between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges although the Tapti River and Mahi River also flow through rift valleys but between different ranges. - The Narmada Valley is a graben , a layered block of the Earth's crust that dropped down relative to the blocks on either side due to ancient spreading of the Earth's crust. - The tidal rise is felt up to 32 km. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

100. Bhedaghat – Marble Rocks Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

101. Name Source Outflow Infomation Krishna (1,290 Km.) North of Mahabalesh -war Bay of Bengal It is the second largst riger of Penisular India Its important tributaries are Bhima , Tungbhadra , Ghat Prabha,Malprabha , Koyna . Krishna River Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

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103. Krishna River The delta of this river is one of the most fertile regions in India . - Ecologically, this is one of the disastrous rivers in the world, in that it causes heavy soil erosion during the monsoon season. It flows fast and furious, often reaching depths of over 75 feet (23 m). During this time, Krishna takes fertile soil from Maharashtra , Karnataka and western Andhra Pradesh towards the delta region. - The Krishna River is the fourth largest river in India after the Ganges , the Godavari and the Narmada. Krishna River Gorge by Srisailam , Andhra Pradesh, India Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

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106. The Kaveri - source for an extensive irrigation system and for hydroelectric power. - Cauvery river courses through many a gorge after the river has wound its way through the rocks and ravines of the Deccan Plateau and drops off to form a splendid Shivasamudram waterfalls on the way. Shivasamudram falls is the second biggest water falls in India. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

107. Kaveri - Hogenakal falls . Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

108. Mahanadi River -the sixth largest in India. -The combined Delta of the Mahanadi's numerous distributaries and the Brahmani is one of the largest in India -The world`s largest earthen dam Hirakud Dam is built across this river in Sambalpur -The Mahanadi River is one of the most active silt-depositing streams in India. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

109. Damodar River Damodar River was earlier known as the River of Sorrows as it used to flood many areas of Bardhaman , Hughli , Howrah and Medinipur districts. Even now the floods sometimes affect the lower Damodar Valley but the havoc it wreaked in earlier years is now a matter of history”. - Damodar Valley Corporation , popularly known as DVC, came into being on July 7, 1948 by an Act of the Constituent Assembly of India (Act No. XIV of 1948) as the first multipurpose river valley project of independent India. It is modelled on the Tennessee Valley Authority of the USA, The initial focus of the DVC were flood control, irrigation, generation, transmission and distribution of electricity, eco-conservation and afforestation . Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

110. Luni River - It originates in the Pushkar valley of the Aravalli Range, near Ajmer and ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, after travelling a distance of 530 km. - The river is highly saline but serves as the primary source of irrigation in the region. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

111. Course of River Luni Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

112. The Saraswati River - The Saraswati River is believed to have drained the north and northwest region of India in ancient times. - the river does not have a physical existence today, there are numerous references to it in the ancient Indian literature of the Vedic and post-Vedic period. - River Saraswati originated from the  Har - ki -Dun glacier in West Garhwal , Bandarpunch massif in the Himalayas, along with the river Yamuna. The two rivers flowed parallel for some distance and later joined - The seasonal rivers and rivulets, including Ghaggar, joined Saraswati as it followed the course of the present river through  Punjab and  Haryana . Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

113. The Saraswati River - Evidence collected so far shows that the river disappeared due to a combination of reasons spread over a few hundred years possibly between 2000 and 1500 BC. - The main reasons contributing to the drying of the river appear to be the loss of its important tributaries due to changes in river course, climate changes (like long periods of draught) and water seepage through earth faults, and fissures combined with the obstruction of river flow by shifting of sand due to high winds. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

114. Map of northern India in the late Vedic period Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

115. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

116. Significance of Indian Rivers: 1. Irrigation 2. Navigation 3. Electricity 4. Religious and mythological significance 5. Tourism 6. Fishing Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

117. References: http://www.zahie.com/categories/details/social-studies/the-coastal-plains-of-india.html http://www.indianetzone.com/24/the_northern_plains_india.htm http://geosis-naip-nbsslup.org/pdf/physical_chemical/IGP-RICE-WHEAT%20BOWL.PDF http://www.india.ind.in/geography/the-indo-gangetic-plain.php http://www.excellup.com/classnine/sstnine/physicalfeature.aspx   http://home.iitk.ac.in/~rsinha/Research.htm   http://home.iitk.ac.in/~rsinha/Publications.htm   http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/india/Coastal-Plains-of-India/3029   Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

118. Google images   10. D.R.Khullar ; India A comprehensive Geography   Tectonic controls on the geomorphic evolution of alluvial fans in the Piedmont Zone of Ganga Plain, Uttarakhand , India Pradeep K Goswami ∗ , Charu C Pant and Shefali Pandey Department of Geology, Kumaun University, Nainital Climate-induced variability in the Late Pleistocene–Holocene fluvial and fluvio-deltaic successions in the Ganga plains, India: A synthesis Rajiv Sinha ⁎, Sujit Sarkar Engineering Geosciences Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. Dr.Rapanwad S. R.

119. Thank You . . . Dr.Rapanwad S. R.